SIHLALA sixelelwa ukuba i-US lelona lizwe “likhulu” kwiplanethi yethu. Kodwa ukugweba kwinkqubo yentolongo yase-US, okwahlukileyo koko kunjalo. I-US ivalela abantu bayo abaninzi kunalo naliphi na elinye ilizwe emhlabeni-hayi nje ngokulinganayo, kodwa ngokwemiqathango epheleleyo.
Ingxelo yeSebe lezoBulungisa ekhutshwe ngoDisemba iveze ukuba irekhodi labantu abazizigidi ezisi-7-emnye kubantu abadala abangama-32 e-US-wayesemva kwezitshixo, ekulingweni okanye kwingqawule ekupheleni kuka-2005.
Nangona i-US ine-5 ekhulwini kuphela yabemi behlabathi, ine-25 yepesenti engakholelekiyo yabantu abavalelwe entolongweni-i-2.2 yezigidi zabantu. Ukususela ngowe-1970, izinga lokuvalelwa eUnited States liye landa ngama-700 ekhulwini, yaye elo nani lisakhula.
Ingxelo kaFebruwari yePew Charitable Trusts ithi: “Emva kokwanda ngama-700 ekhulwini kwabemi basentolongweni eUnited States phakathi kowe-1970 nowama-2005, usenokucinga ukuba eli lizwe ekugqibeleni laliza kuphelelwa ngabaphuli bomthetho ababeza kubavalela ngaphaya kwezitshixo. Ngokucacileyo akunjalo.
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NGUBANI OPHELELEYO entolongweni? Impendulo ngama-Afrika aseMelika kunye neLatinos, uninzi lwazo zonke. Bangama-60 eepesenti ngokupheleleyo amabanjwa ase-US namhlanje.
Ukuba iimeko zangoku ziyaqhubeka, enye kwamathathu amadoda aMnyama kunye nenye kumadoda amathandathu aseLatino azalelwe e-US namhlanje aya kuvalelwa entolongweni ngexesha elithile ebomini babo. Lilonke, ngo-2005, abantu base-Afrika baseMelika babengama-40 epesenti yawo onke amabanjwa-aphindwe kathathu kunomlinganiselo wabo kubemi base-US.
Njengoko isazi ngezentlalo uLoïc Wacquant wabhalayo kwinqaku lowama-2001, “Umlinganiselo wokuvalelwa kwabantu baseAfrika baseMerika unyuke waya kutsho kumanqanaba enzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi angaziwa kulo naliphi na elinye ibutho labantu, nkqu neSoviet Union ekwincopho yeGulag okanye eMzantsi Afrika ebudeni bomzabalazo wogonyamelo. ngocalucalulo.”
Abaphambukeli kunye nabasetyhini baya besanda ukuphela ngaphaya kwezitshixo e-US Ngokwezibalo ezikhutshwe liSebe lezoBulungisa kulo nyaka uphelileyo, phakathi kwe-1995 kunye ne-2003, izigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho lokufudukela kwamanye amazwe zinyuke ngama-394 ekhulwini. Phakathi kuka-1980 kunye no-2005, inani labasetyhini kwiintolongo zombuso kunye neentolongo zomdibaniso lenyuke ngama-873 ekhulwini-ukusuka kwi-12,300 ukuya kwi-107,500.
Ubuhlwempu bekusoloko kuluphawu olucacileyo lokuba ngubani ovalelwe kwelona lizwe lityebileyo emhlabeni. Nanamhlanje kunjalo. Ukusukela ngo-2005, malunga neepesenti ezingama-37 zabasetyhini kunye neepesenti ezingama-28 zamadoda ezisentolongweni zinengeniso yenyanga engaphantsi kweedola ezingama-600 phambi kokubanjwa kwabo.
Ukunyuka okumangalisayo kwabemi basentolongweni e-US kumashumi eminyaka adlulileyo kunokubalelwa kwizinto ezininzi-ingakumbi, "imfazwe yeziyobisi" kunye nemithetho yesigwebo esisisinyanzelo.
Ngelixa abezopolitiko bebanga izigwebo ezide zentolongo zigcinelwe “ezona zimbi kakhulu,” inyaniso yeyokuba inani elikhulu labantu abasentolongweni namhlanje abaphuli mthetho beziyobisi. Ngowe-1980, babengama-40,000 XNUMX abaphuli-mthetho beziyobisi entolongweni okanye entolongweni. Namhlanje, elo nani limi kwisiqingatha sesigidi.
UMark Mauer weSentencing Project uthi: “Uninzi lwabaphuli-mthetho beziyobisi abasentolongweni ‘abangookumkani’ borhwebo lweziyobisi. “Eneneni, abathengisi abakumgangatho ophantsi ababanjiweyo batshintshwa ngokukhawuleza ezitratweni ngabanye abafuna inzuzo yezoqoqosho.”
Ukongeza, imithetho yesigwebo engaguquguqukiyo-njengomthetho waseCalifornia "wokubetha kathathu", ogunyazisa ubomi entolongweni kwizigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezithathu, kunye nemithetho ebizwa ngokuba "yinyani ekugwebeni" imithetho eyilelwe ukugcina abantu ngaphaya kwezitshixo ixesha elide. izigwebo zabo-zibangele isohlwayo esibi.
NgokweProjekthi yesigwebo, umntu omnye kwabalishumi elinanye entolongweni ngoku uthothoza isigwebo sobomi-ikota yabo ngaphandle kwengqawule. Uninzi lwezi zigwebo zezolwaphulo-mthetho olungenabundlobongela, ukukhuthuza okungephi okanye ubusela, okanye ukunceda abophuli-mthetho abanzulu bengaqondanga.
Umzekelo, uSantos Reyes, uchithe ngaphezulu kweminyaka emithandathu kwintolongo yaseCalifornia Folsom State emva kokuba efumene isigwebo seminyaka engama-26 ubomi bakhe bonke ngenxa yetyala lesithathu logwayimbo-“ulwaphulo-mthetho” lokuthatha uvavanyo lwelayisenisi yokuqhuba phantsi kwesazisi sobuxoki. umzala, owayengakwazi ukuthetha isiNgesi.
UGladys Wilson wayelixhoba lemithetho yokugweba inyaniso. Ngomnyaka ka-1978, wavuma ukuba netyala lokuncedisa kunye nokuxhasa ukuphanga exhobile eMichigan, ityala lakhe lokuqala. Wayeneminyaka engama-31 ubudala, kunye nomama wentombazana eneminyaka eli-11 ubudala.
Ngokutsho kweProjekthi yesigwebo, "uGladys wayengenalo ingxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho ngaphambili ... [Waye] wagwetywa ubomi entolongweni ngokucingelwa nguye wonke umntu obandakanyekayo kwityala ukuba akazukuhlala iminyaka engaphezu kwe-10." Kunoko, “inyathelo lebhunga lengqawule lalibaziseka de kwangowe-1992, ngelo xesha umgaqo-nkqubo omtsha owawusandul’ ukwamkelwa ‘wobomi buthetha ubomi’ owaphumela ekubeni abantu bangayifumani ingqawule.” UGladys akazange akhululwe de kwango-2005–xa wayeneminyaka engama-58 ubudala.
Nabantwana bayachaphazeleka. Ngokutsho kweHuman Rights Watch, ukususela ngo-2005, ubuncinane abantu abangama-2,225 ababengaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-18 ngexesha lolwaphulo-mthetho lwabo batyholwa ukuba badonsa ubomi ngaphandle kwezigwebo zengqawule kwiintolongo zase-US.
“UTroy L.,” wayeneminyaka eli-15 ubudala xa wabulala uyise owayemxhaphaza. Wagwetywa ubomi ngaphandle kwengqawule. Kwileta eya kwi-Human Rights Watch, watyhila ubunzulu bokuphelelwa lithemba kwakhe: “Ndingaya kwezona ndawo ziyingozi kakhulu e-Afghanistan okanye kwa-Israel, okanye nditsibe kwimishini yokuqala eya kuMars… Ithuba elithile lokuphelisa ubomi bam ndenza okulungileyo, kunokuba isibetho esicothayo emhlabeni, iya kuba yinceba enkulu kum. "
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USHISHINO lwasentolongweni lunokuba lubi ebantwini, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo lulungele ishishini.
Iinkampani zeentolongo zabucala zisebenza malunga nekota yesithathu yamazwe ase-US. Ngokwengxelo yamva nje ye-CorpWatch ka-Deepa Fernandes, i-Nashville-based Corrections Corporation of America (CCA), oyena mqhubi mkhulu wentolongo yaseMelika, ubhengeze ukuba ingeniso inyuke yaya kutsho phantse kwiidola ezingama-300 ezigidi kwikota yesibini ka-2005.
Ngokwethiyori, iintolongo zifanele ukuba ziindawo apho amabanjwa abuyiselwa kwisimo sawo-kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuba asebenze njengendawo yokugcina abantu.
Ngokomzekelo, ngo-2001, uCanyon Thixton, owayeneminyaka eyi-17 ngoko, wanyamezela iintsuku ezingama-58 kwintolongo yaseWisconsin “Supermax” yokhuseleko oluphezulu ngaphandle kwendlu yangasese esebenzayo. UThixton wayenikwa intlama yamazinyo kabini kuphela ngeveki. Wayengenampahla ngaphandle kwegawuni, engenasepha, umqamelo, umatrasi okanye ingubo. Wayebotshelelwa kwisisele sakhe kangangeeyure sihlandlo ngasinye ebethwa ngoonogada.
Ngelishwa, iimeko ezinjalo aziqhelekanga. Ingxelo ka-2003 ye-Human Rights Watch iqikelela ukuba phakathi kwama-200,000 kunye nama-300,000 amabanjwa e-US anengxaki yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, kubandakanya schizophrenia, bipolar disorder kunye noxinzelelo olukhulu. Malunga ne-70,000 yengqondo ngalo naluphi na usuku, itsho ingxelo.
Ukanti kwilizwe lonke, uninzi lweenkonzo zempilo yengqondo yeentolongo zinqongophele ngokulusizi, zikhubazeke kukungaqeshwa, amaziko angonelanga, kunye neenkqubo ezinyiniweyo,” yongeza. Le ngxelo ithi: “Kwiimeko ezimanyumnyezi, iimeko zimbi ngokwenene: amabanjwa agula ngengqondo avalelene ngokwahlukileyo yaye engaphathwa kwaphela; uvalelwe kwiiseli ezishushu ezimdaka nezifana nerhamncwa; abashiywe kangangeentsuku begqunywe lindle baye bayiqabe emizimbeni yabo; ukugculelwa, ukuphathwa gadalala okanye ukungahoywa ngabasebenzi basentolongweni; banikwa amanzi amancinane kakhulu ebudeni bamaza obushushu basehlotyeni kangangokuba basela kwizindlu zabo zangasese.”
Zimbalwa iintolongo ezinonyango olwaneleyo lokujongana namakhoboka eziyobisi okanye otywala amabanjwa. Kwaye ngokutsho kwenqaku likaPhil Gasper elithi "Amabanjwa eNgcinga" kwi-International Socialist Review, nangona isibini kwisithathu samabanjwa aseCalifornia afunda ngaphantsi kwenqanaba lesithoba kwaye ngaphezu kwesiqingatha akakwazi ukufunda nokubhala, nje i-6 ekhulwini lamabanjwa karhulumente kwiiklasi zemfundo, kwaye sisi-5 ekhulwini kuphela abakuqeqesho lomsebenzi.
Amabanjwa angaphambili ayohlwaywa nasemva kokuba ekhululwe. ULoïc Wacquant ubhala athi: “Imithetho iyala ukuhlawulwa kwentlalontle, izibonelelo zamagqala kunye nezitampu zokutya kuye nabani na ovalelwe kangangeentsuku ezingaphezu kwama-60. “UMthetho weThuba lokuSebenza kunye noXanduva loMntu ka-1996 uqhubela phambili ugxotha uninzi lwababengamabanjwa kwi-Medicaid, izindlu zikawonke-wonke, iivawutsha zeCandelo lesi-8 kunye neendlela ezinxulumene noko zoncedo.
UBill Clinton, ngokukodwa, “ngokuzingca uphehlelele 'intsebenziswano engazange ibonwe ngaphambili, yesizwe, neyengingqi kunye neenkqubo ezintsha zenkuthazo'…ukushenxisa naliphi na ibanjwa elisafumana izibonelelo,” ubhala watsho uWacquant.
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KUHLOBO olwahlukileyo loluntu—ibutho lobusoshiyali elisekelwe ekuhlangabezaneni neemfuno zabantu, endaweni yokwenza ingeniso—zonke iindidi “zolwaphulo-mthetho” beziya kuphela ukubakho.
Ukwaphulwa kwemithetho yokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe, umzekelo, bekungayi kuphinda kuvalele abantu entolongweni kwibutho labantu elaliqonda ukuba akukho mntu ungekho mthethweni. Ngokunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi akusayi kuthathwa njengolwaphulo-mthetho. Imali kunye nezibonelelo ezisetyenzisiweyo ngoku ukuvalela abo bathwaxwa bubukhoboka zinokusetyenziselwa ukunika unyango lwasimahla endaweni yoko.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, uluntu olubeka phambili ekuhlangabezaneni neemfuno zabantu luya kuhlasela iingcambu zolwaphulo-mthetho oluninzi ngokusebenzela ukuphelisa intlupheko nokwahlukaniswa.
Kambe ke, ulwaphulo-mthetho belungayi kupheliswa ngokukhawuleza. Noko ke, ingongoma, njengoko uPaul D’Amato ebhala kwi<em>The Meaning of Marxism, “yeyokuba, phantsi kobusoshiyali, ubutyebi bentlalo-ntle boluntu bebuya kusetyenziswa ngokudibeneyo ukuze kwandiswe intlalo-ntle yabantu bonke, kuneyeqela elincinane. Kwakutheni ukuze ndibe into efumaneka simahla? Ibutho elinjalo lisenokubonakala lixhaphakile. Kodwa kunjengokuba [uSoshiyali waseMerika uJames] Cannon watshoyo: ‘Into engekho ngqiqweni kukucinga ukuba le ndlu yempambano yeyokuhlala ngokusisigxina.’”
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela