Ukuba iintolongo azisebenzi, singenza ngcono njani? Ngabantu abazizigidi ezi-2.3 emva kwezitshixo e-United States, ngumbuzo ekufuneka wonke umntu ewubuza.
Njengoko iintolongo ziqhubeleka nokutshabalalisa uluntu - ingakumbi abantu abarhola imivuzo ephantsi ngokwebala - kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lukarhulumente, kuye kwakho inguqu kwingcinga ekhohlakeleyo "enzima kulwaphulo-mthetho" ngeminyaka yoo-1980 ukuya ekubuzeni ukuba ingaba baninzi na abantu abafuna ukuvalelwa. Ukuthandwa okuqhubekayo kukaMichelle Alexander's "The New Jim Crow," amabali eendaba zemihla ngemihla malunga nezenzo zentolongo, kunye nokunyuka kwentolongo yobulungisa eququzelela zombini iintolongo kunye noluntu olungaphandle lubonisa ukuba abantu abaninzi nangaphezulu - kuquka nabo babekade bethethelela izigwebo zentolongo. - bayathandabuza imfuno yokuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi.
Iingxoxo malunga nokuphelisa ukuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi zihlala zigxile kubantu ababanjelwe kulwaphulo-mthetho lweziyobisi ezingenabundlobongela. Kodwa kuthekani ngabanye abantu? Silungisa njani umonakalo abawenzileyo ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka ekuwavaleleni kwiikheyiji?
UMaya Schenwar, umhleli oyintloko wesayithi yeendaba zemihla ngemihla Thunti, uqala ukuphendula lo mbuzo kwincwadi yakhe entsha "Utshixelwe Phantsi, Utshixiwe Ngaphandle: Iintolongo ezingasebenziyo kwaye singenza Ngcono Njani.” Iyinxalenye yengxelo yobuqu, elandela ukuvalelwa kukadade wabo kunye nefuthe lako kusapho lwakhe. Kodwa u-Schenwar uqhubela phambili nophando lwakhe, ethetha nabanye abantu abavalelwe ezintolongweni, amalungu osapho, oonontlalontle, abacebisi, abaququzeleli bezobulungisa entolongweni kunye nababhubhisi kwilizwe liphela ukupeyinta umfanekiso ocacileyo womonakalo oye waba nawo ukuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi kunye neendlela mihla le. abantu bazilwela.
Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iincwadi ezimalunga nentshabalalo ebangelwe ziintolongo, iSchenwar ayichazi nje iingxaki kwaye iphakamise iingcebiso zomgaqo-nkqubo ukunciphisa inani labantu abathunyelwa ezintolongweni nakwiintolongo. Endaweni yoko, unikezela ngesiqingatha sencwadi yakhe ekuvavanyeni iinkqubo ezikhoyo ezizama ukulungisa ubundlobongela kunye nezinye iindlela zokonzakala ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka kwiintolongo okanye ezinye iindlela ezifana nentolongo, edibanisa ezi ndlela zinomnye njengoko echaza umonakalo kunye nobundlobongela obubangelwa ziintolongo.
Phakathi kokuququzelela ukupheliswa kweworkshop ye-101 yabantu beshishini leencwadi kunye neziganeko ezahlukeneyo zokusungulwa kweencwadi, uMaya Schenwar wahlala phantsi ukuze aphendule imibuzo embalwa.
Yintoni eyakukhuthaza ukuba ubhale le ncwadi? Ngaba loo nto yatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha?
Inkuthazo yam yokuqala yokubhala incwadi yayingqale ngqo: Kuba into endandithetha ngayo njengentatheli yayisele iza ekhaya kum kule minyaka isithoba idlulileyo. Ibali endifuna ukulibalisa lalimalunga nabantu kunye neenkqubo, kwaye yayilobuqu kwaye kakhulu, kakhulu, kakhulu, likhulu kakhulu kunosapho lwam. Andikwazanga ukwenza oko kwinqaku elinye. Into emathunjini am yathi mandiyenze incwadi. Nangona amathumbu am ehlala ethetha izinto ezisileyo, ndaye ndagqiba kwelokuba ndiyithathele phezulu le projekthi.
Olona khuthazo luphambili lusekho, kodwa luye lwanda xa ndiqalisa ukubhala: Kulo lonke udliwano-ndlebe lwam nabantu abasentolongweni, iintsapho zabo kunye nezihlobo zabo, amatsha ntliziyo kunye nabaququzeleli, wonke umntu wayenebali elibalulekileyo awayelibalisa elingenazindlebe zaneleyo. Inkuthazo yam yaba kukwandisa amabali abo. Ingxaki asikokuba abantu “abanikwa lizwi”; abaninzi, abantu abaninzi entolongweni okunene bathethela phezulu kakhulu. Akukho mithombo yeendaba yaneleyo - kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo azikho iincwadi zaneleyo - ezinomdla ekuqaqambiseni into abayithethayo.
Ukwajonga ngeliso elibukhali iindlela ulawulo lwentlalo kunye nophononongo olwakhelwe ezintolongweni lungena kwizinto ezibizwa ngokuba ziindlela ezizezinye.
Inyaniso kukuba, uninzi lwezi "ndlela ezizezinye" zivakala zilungile kumphezulu. Kukho into evumelanayo kweli lizwe kweli nqanaba lokuba baninzi kakhulu abantu abasentolongweni, ngoko ke umbono uthi, masinike abanye babo uncedo endaweni yokohlwaya. Kodwa uninzi lolu “ncedo” lukhangeleka ngathi yintolongo: Lusekwe kwindawo yokuhlala wedwa kunye nokwahlulwa. Ezi zinto zibizwa ngokuba zizisombululo zisabandakanya ukuvalelwa kunye nokulawula kunye nokuhlola nokulawula abantu, ikakhulu abantu bebala. Basasekelwe kubuhlanga, ukuchasa ubumnyama, ukukwazi, ukukholelwa kwi-transphobia, udidi, i-heterosexism. Kwaye basaqhubeka besenza le nto apho bamisela okulungileyo okanye okuyimfuneko ebantwini nakwimizimba yabo, nokuba oko kuthetha ukubahlukanisa noluntu lwabo, iintsapho kunye nobomi abafuna ukuphila.
Ndicinga ukuba iinkqubo ezisekwa ngaphakathi ezintolongweni zingumzekelo omhle woku, kuba ziinguqu ezigcina oomama entolongweni emva kokuba bebelekile. Bafumana ithuba lokuhlala neentsana zabo, nto leyo ethintela enye yeentlekele ezimanyumnyezi ukuvalelwa ngokufuthi ukuzisa, kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuba ingakanani na inkxaso yabazali abayifumanayo okanye zingaphi na izinto zokudlala ezinikelwa ziintsana zabo, basavalelwe. Abanakuhamba! Abasemagunyeni kunye norhulumente basamisela ukuba kwenzeka ntoni kwimizimba yabo nakwimizimba yabantwana babo abancinci. Basadityanisiwe kuye wonke umntu ebomini babo ngaphandle. Ubuni babo busabonwa njengenani ngaphezu kwegama. Loo nto isejele.
Uhlengahlengiso eCarlifonia - ukuhambisa abantu kwintolongo karhulumente ukuya kulawulo lwedolophu - ngokuqinisekileyo nayo ibonile enye yaloo nto. Ngamanye amaxesha abantu baphelela kwiintolongo zesiphaluka ngeendlela ezininzi ezimbi kunentolongo. Kodwa kwakhona, babeka izicwangciso zezinto ezibizwa ngokuba zizibonelelo zabasetyhini kunye neentolongo zempilo yengqondo. Nanini na unamagama athi "impilo" kunye "nejele" ecaleni komnye, kufuneka wazi ukuba kukho into engalunganga.
Ukuvalela abantu kwirehab yeziyobisi, ukuba abakhethi ukuba babelapho, bubugxwayiba obufanayo. Iphinda ivelise ingqiqo yentolongo: imizimba elawulayo-ngokuqhelekileyo imizimba emnyama kunye nemdaka-ukuze "ilungise" iingxaki zentlalo okanye iingxaki zentlalo. Iinkululeko ezininzi zithetha ngendlela ekufuneka sibeke ngayo wonke umntu obanjelwe ulwaphulo-mthetho lweziyobisi kunyango. Uninzi lwaba bantu alukho kwaukubakho. Okwangoku, abantu abaninzi abakwenzayo ukuba likhoboka lotywala abakwazi ukufumana unyango ukuba bayafuna yona. Ngaba kufuneka benze ulwaphulo-mthetho ukuze bazivalele kunyango?
Kwakhona, ukuxelela umntu ukuba “aphucule” kwaye avalele kwinkqubo akusebenzi; awukwazi ukuyinyanzela loo nto. Kodwa ukuzama ukunyanzela utshintsho, amaxesha amaninzi ngobundlobongela, yindalo nje yelizwe lentolongo.
Incwadi yakho ayijongi nje ukuba zingasebenzi njani kwaye kutheni iintolongo zingasebenzi, kodwa ikwabuza ukuba singenza ngcono njani kwaye iphonononga iinkqubo ezijongana nokwenzakala ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka kumapolisa neentolongo. Kum, leyo yayiyeyona nxalenye ibangel’ umdla. Unganika umzekelo?
Ndihlala ndithandabuza ukunika umzekelo nje omnye, kuba ngoko abantu bacinga, “Owu, yiloo nto esifanele siyenze endaweni yentolongo,” uyazi? Ndenze intetho kwixesha elidlulileyo kwaye ndagxila kumzekelo wokubuyisela kwisimo sobulungisa endithe mna wayemthanda kwaye ingcamango yayibaluleke ngokwenene, kodwa emva koko wonk’ ubani osegumbini wayejikeleza esithi, “Kulungile, into emasiyenze endaweni yentolongo bubulungisa obubuyisela imbuyekezo!” Kwaye ndafana, "Hayi, zininzi iimeko apho ubulungisa obubuyisela imbuyekezo ingeyonto ilungileyo ukuyenza kwaye inokuba mbi."
Into endiye ndazama ukuyenza kwincwadi yam yayikukubandakanya iqela lemizekelo eyahlukeneyo yezinto abantu abazama ngazo ukulungisa umonakalo ngaphandle kwentolongo, kunye nokukhuthaza ukuphiliswa. Umzekelo, ndijonge isaluni yeenwele eChicago apho abachebi basebenzisa iindlela zobulungisa obubuyisela kwimeko yesiqhelo ukusebenza ngeemeko zobundlobongela kunye nobundlobongela obunokwenzeka kubathengi babo. Umbono kukuba abachebi sele besebenza njengabafihlisi, kwaye iindawo zokucheba kunye neesaluni sele ziyindawo efanelekileyo kwincoko enzulu kunye nemvakalelo yokhuseleko, ngoko ke ziindawo zendalo zolu hlobo lwentsebenziswano (ngokuchaseneyo, umzekelo, isebe lamapolisa. ). Ndijonge iprojekthi ebizwa Ikhuselekile Ngaphandle kweNkqubo eBrooklyn, egxile kubundlobongela obujoliswe kubantu abangoonqevu kunye nesini esingahambelaniyo nebala. Iprojekthi - eyinxalenye ye Iprojekthi ye-Audre Lorde - usebenzela ukudala oko bakubiza ngokuba "iindawo ezikhuselekileyo" kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zoluntu, kwaye ezi ndawo zibonelela ngekhusi kubantu ababalekela ubundlobongela, kwaye zisebenza ukuhlakulela umoya wokhuseleko kunye nokuphilisa.
Ndikwaphonononga indlela izikolo ezizibandakanya ngayo izenzo zobulungisa ezisekwe kubudlelwane njengento eziyenzayo endaweni yokubiza amapolisa ngokuzenzekelayo, okanye ukunqumamisa abantwana nokubabeka emngciphekweni omkhulu wokubanjwa. Esikhundleni sokuvula umbhobho wesikolo ukuya entolongweni - ukumisa, ukugxotha, ukubamba kunye nokuvalela ulutsha olumnyama kunye nomdaka - balungisa iingxaki ngokuthetha nzulu malunga neemeko ezithile ezenzekayo, iimeko ezithile zabantu ababandakanyekayo.
Ndijonga inkqubo ezilalini zaseMontana eququzelela izangqa zoxolo - ukuba onke amaqela ayavuma, oko kubalulekile - kunye namaxhoba kunye nolutsha olubangele ububi ekuhlaleni. Inkqubo yesangqa, eqhutywa ngamandla ekuhambeni kwexesha, ihlala ikhokelela kubudlelwane obusondeleyo, obunentsingiselo phakathi kolutsha kunye nabantu abalubileyo. Kwezinye iimeko, abo bantu baye baba ngabacebisi kulutsha.
Ndikwaqaqambisa i Ukubaliswa kwamabali kunye neProjekthi yokuQuquzelela e-Oakland, eCalifornia, eqokelela amabali abantu abaye bajongana neemeko ezinzima nezihlala zinobundlobongela ngeendlela ezingabandakanyi amapolisa okanye ukuvalelwa.
Ekwenzeni umsebenzi wobulungisa entolongweni, ukuxhasa iimeko ezingcono kuqhuba umngcipheko wokuhlanganiswa kwimali eninzi kunye nezibonelelo ezininzi zeentolongo (ezifana nokwakha iiyunithi ezahlukeneyo zabantu abakhulelweyo okanye abalupheleyo). Kwangaxeshanye, ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-2.3 abasemva kwezitshixo, asinakukwazi ukuzihoya iimeko zabo ezimbi ngamanye amaxesha ezibeka ubomi esichengeni. Zeziphi ezinye iindlela abathi abathetheleli kunye namaqela badityanisene nokutyhala inguqu ekhawulezileyo entolongweni ngelixa besebenzela ukupheliswa?
Ewe, yingongoma ebaluleke kakhulu leyo. Izimemo zokupheliswa kunye "nokutshitshiswa" kwindawo yentolongo-yemizi-mveliso akufuneki babalahle abantu ngaphaya kwezitshixo, abaphila ubomi babo bokwenyani apho ngoku. Elinye iqhinga elibalulekileyo kukuthatha abona bantu bavalelweyo, endaweni yokuthi, “Yile nto esiyidingayo ukwenza intolongo ibe nobuntu!” ukusuka ngaphandle.
Umzekelo, iqela lokubhangisa entolongweni Black kunye nePinki, ethethelela kunye nokuxhasa abantu be-LGBTQ emva kwezitshixo, igcina ubudlelwane obusondeleyo kunye ne-pen-pal kunye namabanjwa, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ithatha amanyathelo angaphezulu, ngaphaya kokubhala iileta, ezibaluleke kakhulu ngokwayo. Eso senzo sisekelwe koko abantu bakucelayo. Umzekelo, ngaxa lithile, babekwazi ukuxhasa ibanjwa elidlulayo elalinqatshelwe iihomoni zalo - benza amaphulo amakhulu okubhala iileta kwaye ekugqibeleni wanikwa imvume yokufikelela kwiihomoni. Kwaye ndicinga ngendlela e-Illinois, sasikhuthaza ukuba oomama abatsha entolongweni bakwazi ukuncancisa iintsana zabo ngexesha lokutyelela, kwaye basebenzise iimpompo zamabele, ukuze bakwazi ukuncancisa xa bephuma. Besingafuni “phiko lokuncancisa” elitsha lentolongo — besibacela ukuba kuvumela banike iimpompo kwaye banike aba mama ilungelo loluntu elisisiseko.
ECalifornia, xa i Uqhankqalazo lwendlala lwenzekile ePelican Bay kwaye kulo lonke ilizwe - njengoko ubhale ngamandla - amaqela amatshantliziyo angaphandle anje ngeCalifornians United kuhlahlo-lwabiwo mali olunoxanduva, Iintsapho zaseCalifornia zokuphelisa ukuvalelwa wedwa kunye nokuchasana okubalulekileyo bathatha imixholo yabo kubantu abangaphakathi kwinto abayidingayo ukwenza ubomi babo. kuphileka ngakumbi. Nokuba oko yayikukutya okungcono, ukunxibelelana ngakumbi nehlabathi langaphandle, ixesha elininzi ngaphandle, ukusebenzisana ngakumbi.
Umququzeleli ochasene nentolongo Mariame Kaba ubhala ukuba uvavanyo lokuba sifanele siluxhase na uhlaziyo okanye akunjalo kukuvavanya ukuba “luyomeleza intolongo okanye luyanceda ekuyichitheni ekugqibeleni.” Olona vavanyo lubalaseleyo ndikhe ndeva ngalo. Ke ukuba usakha intolongo entsha okanye useka isakhiwo esitsha esifana nejele esihamba ngegama elahlukileyo, loo nto mhlawumbi luphawu olubi.
Abantu bangazibandakanya njani ezinye zezi zenzo kubomi babo bemihla ngemihla?
Kukho iprojekthi yobugcisa bezopolitiko emangalisayo kunye nebhlog ebizwa Ukupheliswa kwemihla ngemihla, kunye nabadali bayo, uChanelle Gallant noLisa Marie Alatorre, bathi kufuneka "sikhuphe amapolisa ezintliziyweni nasezingqondweni zethu." Kwinqanaba elinye, oko kuthetha ukucinga ngokuthe ngqo ngezinye iindlela zokubiza amapolisa. Oko akuthethi ukuba awufanele ubize amapolisa ukuba uziva usengozini ekhawulezileyo kwaye uziva ukuba awunayo enye indlela. Kodwa inxalenye yokupheliswa ibonakala icinga ngokuyilayo malunga nendlela yokusombulula iingxaki ngaphandle kokufowunela amandla karhulumente. Kuba loo mandla adla ngokuwenza mandundu ngakumbi umonakalo okanye enze umonakalo, ngakumbi xa ejoliswe kubantu bebala.
Kanjalo, yenzani nxamnye nesizwe esibanjiweyo, nangayiphi na indlela ecinga ukuba kulungile kuwe, nokuba ngaba uququzelela ukuvala intolongo ekufuphi nawe; ukusebenza kwiphulo lenkululeko, ukusasaza ulwazi malunga nobungakanani bohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwentolongo, ukubandakanyeka kwiinkqubo zolutsha, ukusebenza ngokubambisana nabantu abavalelwe bodwa, okanye ukuxhasa kunye nokuthethelela amaxhoba obundlobongela bamapolisa.
Enye into: Xhumana neqabane lakho uze ubhalele usiba entolongweni. Esi senzo silula sokwakha uqhagamshelo linyathelo elincinane lokudiliza iindonga.
Kwaye ukubhalwa - ukubhala, ukufota, ukwenza iividiyo, ukwenza ubugcisa - nako kubaluleke kakhulu. Eyona ndlela endisebenza ngayo ngokuchasene nale nkqubo ibe kukupapasha nokubhala umsebenzi obhentsisa intlungu ebangelwa yintolongo kwaye uqaqambisa umsebenzi owenziwa ngokuchasene nayo. Kukho umsebenzi omangalisayo oqhubekayo kweli sebe lamaxwebhu - kodwa kusoloko kukho imfuneko engaphezulu.
Okokugqibela, ukukhuthaza ukhathalelo lwempilo, imfundo, izindlu kunye nezinye izibonelelo zoluntu lonke, ngakumbi ezona zingahoywanga, yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokupheliswa. Ukhuseleko lokwenyani kunye nobulungisa bokwenyani bunokwenzeka kuphela ukuba wonke umntu unento ayifunayo ukuze aphile kwaye achume.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela