Kukho into eyenzekayo eSpain. Itheko elasekwa kunyaka ophelileyo, IPodemos, ngenkqubo ecacileyo yephiko lasekhohlo, inokufumana isininzi kwiPalamente yaseSpain ukuba unyulo lubanjwe namhlanje. Ukulandela ukunqoba kweSyriza kunyulo lwaseGrike ngomhla we-25 kaJanuwari, ukucinga kuye kwaphakanyiswa malunga nokuba i-Podemos ingakwazi ukuphumeza into efanayo kunyulo lwepalamente yaseSpain kamva kulo nyaka, kodwa yintoni eqhuba impumelelo yeqela?
Inkxaso yePodemos inxulunyaniswe ngokuntsonkothileyo nemigaqo-nkqubo elandelwa yi-conservative Iqela labantu urhulumente, ekhokelwa nguMariano Rajoy. Le migaqo-nkqubo ibandakanye okona kucuthwa kukhulu kwinkcitho yentlalontle yoluntu (ukutshitshiswa kwelizwe lentlalontle yaseSpain engaxhaswanga ngemali) okoko idemokhrasi yasekwa eSpain ngo-1978, kunye nolona tshintsho lunzima lwezabasebenzi olwenziwe kwangelo xesha linye, oluthe lwawohloka kakhulu iimeko zentengiso yezabasebenzi. Imivuzo yehle ngeepesenti ezili-10 ukusukela oko kwaqala uKudodobala kwezoqoqosho ngo-2007, kwaye intswela-ngqesho ifike kuma-26 ekhulwini (52 pesenti phakathi kolutsha). Ipesenti yemisebenzi yethutyana, eyingozi iye yanda, ibe uninzi lwezivumelwano ezitsha kwimarike yezemisebenzi (ngaphezu kwama-52 ekhulwini azo zonke izivumelwano), kwaye ama-66 ekhulwini abantu abangaphangeliyo abanalo naluphi na uhlobo lwe-inshorensi yokungaphangeli okanye uncedo lukawonke-wonke.
La manyathelo adale ingxaki enkulu ngokumalunga nokunqongophala kwemfuno yasekhaya, unobangela omkhulu wokudodobala koqoqosho ixesha elide. Kutshanje kuye kwavela ukukhula okuncinci kakhulu, ngenxa yokuhla kwexabiso leoli, ukuhla kwe-euro, kunye nokuzinikela kwe-European Central Bank (ECB) ukuthenga iibhondi zoluntu. Urhulumente waseSpain wayengenanto yakwenza nayo nayiphi na kwezi ziganeko, nangona ngoku ithi ukuchacha okufutshane kusisiphumo semigaqo-nkqubo yakhe.
Le migaqo-nkqubo yakhuthazwa yi-European Union nge-European Council, i-European Commission, kunye ne-ECB, kunye ne-International Monetary Fund. Zenziwa eSpeyin ngenkxaso kunye nenkuthazo yemali eyinkunzi, amashishini amakhulu amashishini, kunye nesixhobo sabo sezopolitiko, iPeopleโs Party. Ilungelo laseSpain ngokuqinisekileyo lifumene oko lalisoloko likufuna: ukuncitshiswa kwemivuzo kunye nokunciphisa ukhuseleko loluntu ngokuchithwa kwentlalontle. Le migaqo-nkqubo yinto abathathi-nxaxheba kwintlanganiso yamva nje ye-G-20 e-Australia babonisa njengesicwangciso sokuba onke amazwe alandele, elwela iSpeyin njengelizwe elingumzekelo.
Kutheni Kwenzekile Amanxeba?
Ukucuthwa kwemivuzo kunye nenani labantu abafumana imivuzo, kunye nokuncitshiswa kwenkcitho karhulumente, kukhokelele ekwehleni okukhulu kweemfuno zangaphakathi kunye, ngenxa yoko, ukukhula koqoqosho. Ukuncipha kwemivuzo kuthetha ukwanda kwamatyala eentsapho kunye namashishini amancinci naphakathi. Ityala linyuke kakhulu. Oku kuthetha ukuba ibhanki nayo yonyuka kakhulu (iSpain inelona candelo likhulu lebhanki eYurophu, ngokuphindwe kathathu ngobukhulu kunase-United States). Kodwa ingeniso ephantsi yoqoqosho oluvelisayo yathetha ukwanda okukhulu kotyalo-mali lweebhanki kwintelekelelo, ebangela amaqamza amakhulu, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kuwo yayiliqamza lezindlu.
Xa iqamza lalisenzeka, kwakukho ukonwaba phakathi kwabezopolitiko. Kwanenkokeli yobusoshiyali elawulayo, uJosรฉ Luis R. Zapatero, wayevakalelwa kukuba, ngexesha lokukhula okuchulumancisayo, irhafu ifanele ithotywe โ isiqubulo sakhe ngelo xesha sasisithi โukunciphisa irhafu kufanele kube yinjongo yasekhohloโ. Wayinciphisa kakhulu irhafu, ngokuyintloko kwimali eyinkunzi kunye nemivuzo ephezulu. Wabhengeza isilogeni sakhe ngo-2005 waza wadlula uMthetho wokuHlaziywa kweRhafu kubandakanywa nokucuthwa kwerhafu ngo-2006. Kwaye ngo-2007, xa i-bubble yaqhuma, kwavela umngxuma omkhulu kwiingeniso zombuso: i-27 billion euro. Ngokutsho kweengcali zezoqoqosho kwiofisi yezemali yoMphathiswa wezeMali, i-70 pesenti yalo mngxuma yayingenxa yokunciphisa irhafu kunye neepesenti ezingama-30 kuphela ekunciphiseni komsebenzi wezoqoqosho ekuqaleni kweRecession Great.
Yile ndlela ukucuthwa kwaqala ngayo, phantsi kwengxoxo yobuxoki yokuba ilizwe lidinga ukujongana nemilinganiselo yokunciphisa ngenxa yokuba yayichitha kakhulu. Enyanisweni, xa intlekele yaqalayo, urhulumente waseSpain waba nentsalela. Inkcitho kawonke-wonke yaseSpain eneneni iphantsi kakhulu: isezantsi kakhulu kunenqanaba lophuhliso loqoqosho elinokufuna. Oku kusikeka kubonisa ubume bezopolitiko kolu ngenelelo.
UZapatero wamisa imali yomhlalaphantsi yoluntu ukuze asindise i-euro eyi-1.5 yeebhiliyoni, xa wayenokufumana i-2.5 yezigidigidi ngokufumana kwakhona irhafu yepropathi awayeyichithile, ehlehlisa irhafu yelifa (2.3 bhiliyoni), okanye ukubuyisela umva irhafu ethotyiweyo yabantu abenza i-120,000 yee-euro ngonyaka. (2.2 yeebhiliyoni). Oku kunqunyulwa kwandiswa kamva nguRajoy, owasika iibhiliyoni ezi-6 kwiNkonzo yezeMpilo yeSizwe, egxininisa, njengoko uZapatero watsho ngaphambili, ukuba "akukho ezinye iindlela" - esona sivakalisi sisetyenziswa rhoqo kwingxelo esemthethweni.
Noko ke, zazikho ezinye iindlela. Ngewayekubuyisele umva ukuthotywa kwerhafu kwimali eyinkunzi kwiinkampani ezinkulu awayezivumile, efumana i-5.5 yezigidigidi. Ngokwenene, ndabhala, kunye noJuan Torres noAlberto Garzรณn, incwadi ethetha ngalo mbandela othi โKukho iindlela ezizezinyeโ (Hay Alternativas: Iipropuestas zeCrear Empleo kunye neBienestar Social en Espaรฑa). Le ncwadi ibonise, ngamanani acacileyo naqinisekisayo, ukuba ngokwenene zikho ezinye iinketho kwimigaqo-nkqubo elandelwayo. Yaba yinto ethengiswa kakhulu eSpain kwaye yayisetyenziswa kakhulu yi Iindignados ntshukumo.
I-Indignados Movement
Ukucuthwa kwenkcitho yentlalo yoluntu kunye nohlaziyo lwemalike yezabasebenzi ezintathu olwenziwa kuqala ngurhulumente wobusoshiyali (PSOE), kwaye kamva ngurhulumente we-Conservative (PP), bacaphukisa abemi abaninzi, kuba akukho nalinye kula manyathelo linomyalelo odumileyo. Akukho namnye kuloo migaqo-nkqubo ekhankanywe kwinkqubo yonyulo yamaqela alawulayo. Ukuphendula, i Iindignados intshukumo yavela yaza yasasazeka ngokukhawuleza kulo lonke ilizwe. Amazwi ayo, anjengathi โBona, udidi lwezobupolitika, abasimeliโ aduma ngokubanzi. Ngenxa yoko, amaziko karhulumente aqala ukuphulukana nokuba semthethweni, ngelixa urhulumente waphendula ngokuzama ukucinezela intshukumo. Oko akuzange kuthintele Iindignados, nangona kunjalo: uninzi lweenkokheli zabo zazincinci kwaye ke ngoko zichatshazelwe kakhulu yingxaki.
The Iindignados intshukumo yafuna inguqulelo yesibini, ifuna ukuba kupheliswe ulawulo lowe-1978 (inkqubo yezopolitiko eyasekwa ngowe-1978 xa ulawulo lobuzwilakhe lwaphela) nokumiselwa komyalelo omtsha wedemokhrasi, icacisa imfuneko yokushenxisa amaziko akhoyo amele abameli ngamatsha, apheleliswa ezinye iindlela zentatho-nxaxheba yedemokhrasi ezifana neereferendamu kunye/okanye iindibano ezidumileyo. Injongo yayikukuseka inkqubo yedemokhrasi yokwenyani eneentlobo zentatho-nxaxheba yabemi ngokuthe ngqo efana neereferendamu, kunye neentlobo zentatho-nxaxheba ezingathanga ngqo ezifana nedemokhrasi yabameli, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaqela ezopolitiko aya kuba nedemokhrasi ngakumbi kunokuba kunjalo namhlanje.
Lo mbutho ubenempembelelo enkulu, indawo yawo yokuqala ibe luqhanqalazo oluchasene nesiqubulo esithi โAzikho ezinye iindlelaโ. Enyanisweni, ubunkokeli be Iindignados wabonisa incwadi yethu, Hay Alternativas, phambi kwamapolisa awayezama ukulawula uqhanqalazo. Ifoto yamawaka abantu ababebonisa le ncwadi yasasazwa ngokubanzi kulo mbutho yaza yapapashwa kumaphephandaba. Eyona njongo yabo iphambili yayikukuqaqambisa ukuba ngokwenene zikhona ezinye iindlela, kunye nokuthandabuza ukuba semthethweni kukarhulumente, nto leyo eyayibeka imigaqo-nkqubo eyayingenasigunyaziso esithandwayo.
Iqela elitsha lezopolitiko: iiPodemos
The Iindignados baye baqaphela ukuba ecaleni koqhanqalazo kufuneka bangenelele kwibala lezopolitiko, kwaye le yindlela eyaqala ngayo iPodemos. Iinkokeli zePodemos zatsalwa kubantu ababedlale indima ephambili kulo mbutho. Abanye ngamalungu e-faculty ephantsi kwiSebe lezoPolitiko kunye neNtlalo yeSayensi kweyona yunivesithi inkulu kawonkewonke eSpain, Complutense. Abaninzi baye basebenza kwiintshukumo zolutsha ze-Spanish Communist Party.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuba bavela phi, bonke babevakalelwa kukuba ingcambu yengxaki yayikulawula urhulumente ngodidi lwezopolitiko, olusekelwe ngokukodwa kumaqela amakhulu - i-liberal-conservative party (PP) kunye ne-socialist (PSOE) - ababezalana ngokusondeleyo kwaye bebotshelelwe kumashishini amakhulu ezezimali neebhanki athe wonakalise amaziko karhulumente. Bacela ukusekwa kombuso wentando yesininzi kunye neYurophu yentando yesininzi, "iYurophu yabantu, kungekhona iYurophu yeebhanki".
Bema kunyulo lwePalamente yaseYurophu ngo-2014 kwaye bafumana ivoti enkulu kunokuba bebelindele. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, unyulo lubonise ukukhula okukhulu kwinkxaso yabo, ukuya kuthi ga ekupheleni kuka-2014. kwacaca basenokukwazi nokuba liqela elilawulayo laseSpain-imeko ababengazange bayicinge ukuba inokwenzeka ngexeshana nje elifutshane. Umyalezo wepati, "Vota ngokuchasene neqela: Baphose ngaphandle bonke,โ uye wachukumiseka ngokunzulu ngabavoti. Kucacile ukuba uninzi lwabantu ludliwa yimibutho yezopolitiko kunye neendaba kwaye baye baphendukela kwiPodemos ngenye indlela.
Nangona kunjalo, ngeli nqanaba iqela belingenalo ulwakhiwo oluchazwe ngokucacileyo. Oku kudale imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokuphuhlisa umbutho weqela, ngokusekwe kumfuziselo wendibano ngokwesakhelo esiphuhliswe ziinkokeli. Ukulungiselela inkqubo yayo, baye babuza mna kunye noJuan Torres (umbhali-mbhali we Hay Alternativas) ukwenza inkcazo yenkqubo yezoqoqosho ukuba urhulumente wePodemos kufuneka ayenze ukuba unyuliwe. Olu lwandlalo luya kuba sisiseko sengxoxo epheleleyo ngaphakathi kweQela. Isihloko 'Isidingo soBudemokhrasi boQoqosho ukuze kupheliswe iNgxaki kunye nokuphucula ubulungisa, iNtlalontle kunye noMgangatho woBomi: Isindululo sokuQalisa iNgxoxo yokuSombulula iingxaki zoQoqosho lwaseSpain.', ichaza injongo yoxwebhu. Yasasazwa ngokubanzi yiPodemos, phantsi kwesihloko esitsha Un Proyecto Econรณmico para la Gente (Iprojekthi yezoQoqosho yaBantu) kwaye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kunempembelelo enkulu.
Ukunikezelwa kwesindululo ngummeli wePodemos, uPablo Iglesias, kunye nathi njengababhali, yaba ngumcimbi omkhulu eSpain. Ubutshaba beendaba eziqhelekileyo kunye nezoqoqosho, kunye neengqondo kunye nabakhulumeli bamaqela amakhulu alawulayo (i-PP kunye ne-PSOE) iye yakhokelela ekuhlaselweni okuphawulekayo ngokubhekiselele kuxwebhu - kwaye ngokwenene ababhali bayo. EYurophu, uMongameli we-Bundesbank wabonisa ukuba iziphakamiso ezibekwe phambili kuxwebhu ziya kuba yingozi kuqoqosho lwaseSpain kunye neYurophu. Ecaleni kwezi mpendulo zimbi ngendlela engazange ibonwe ngaphambili, kukwadale neempendulo ezilungileyo kwinqanaba lesitrato eSpain kwaye kube negalelo elikhulu ekuguquleni ubume bengxoxo-mpikiswano yezoqoqosho ngokucela umngeni kwiimbono ezikhoyo.
Uxwebhu lwethu lwalungelohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwexesha elizayo likarhulumente wePodemos, kodwa kunokuba imigca yobuchule ilandelwe. Uhlalutyo loonobangela bentlekele lugxile ekukhuleni okukhulu kokungalingani okubangela ingxaki yezemali, yezoqoqosho nezopolitiko. Ibeka embindini wohlalutyo impixano yemali eyinkunzi (phantsi koxinzelelo lwemali eyinkunzi) ngokuchasene nabasebenzi. Oku kukhokelele ekwehleni okukhulu kwemfuno yangaphakathi ebangelwa kukuhla kwemivuzo, ukunyuka kwentswela-ngqesho, kunye nokucuthwa kwenkcitho yoluntu. Izindululo, ke ngoko, zijolise ekubuyiseleni umva oku kukhula kokungalingani ngokunyusa imfuno yangaphakathi (ngemivuzo kunye nokukhula kwengqesho) nangokwandisa inkcitho karhulumente notyalo-mali (ingakumbi, iziseko zophuhliso lwentlalontle).
Ikwabethelele imfuneko yokwandisa iibhanki zoluntu, njengendlela yokubonelela ngetyala kwiintsapho nakumashishini amancinci naphakathi. Icebise ukunciphisa iveki yokusebenza kwiiyure ezingama-35 kunye nokunciphisa iminyaka yokuthatha umhlalaphantsi ukusuka kwi-67 ukuya kuma-65, ukubuyisela umva imigaqo-nkqubo evunywe yiPP kunye nePSOE. Impembelelo yenkqubo iya komeleza abasebenzi ngexabiso lenkunzi. Ngaphaya koko, ibonise imfuneko ecacileyo yokulungisa ukungalingani ngokwesini njengendlela yokwandisa ingqesho. Ikwacebise ukuba zonke izindululo zinokuxhaswa njani ngemali, kufunwa utshintsho olukhulu kwimigaqo-nkqubo yemali yelizwe kunye nokuncitshiswa korhwaphilizo lwerhafu.
Yintoni echaza iMpumelelo yeePodemos?
Kulula ukuwuphendula lo mbuzo. Kukho umsindo omkhulu kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yiPodemos "la casta,โ isamente. Oko kuquka amagosa alawulayo kumaziko ezopolitiko athe aphuhlisa unxulumano olusondeleyo kunye nemibutho emikhulu yezemali nengeyiyo eyemali elawula ezopolitiko kunye namaziko eendaba elizwe. Umnxeba othi "bebakhuphela ngaphandle bonkeโ ivuselela inkxaso ngokubanzi phakathi kwabantu abaninzi baseSpeyin.
Ukongeza, iPodemos isebenzisa ulwimi abantu abanxibelelana nalo, ichaza ngokutsha umzabalazo weklasi njengongquzulwano phakathi kwabo baphezulu kunye nabo bonke abanye abantu - ibali elihlanganisa isiseko senkxaso eyahlukeneyo. Ngaphezu koko, i-Podemos yenza ikhwelo lokuba idemokhrasi ibe yinto ephambili kwisicwangciso sayo, ichaza kwakhona idemokhrasi ukuba ibandakanye iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuthatha inxaxheba, ezifana ne-referendums (echazwe njengelungelo lokugqiba, ilungelo lokwenza isigqibo) kunye neendlela ezingangqalanga okanye ezimele idemokhrasi. Kungenxa yolu kuzinikela kwidemokhrasi ukuba luye lwamkela ilungelo lokuzikhethela kwiintlanga ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo eSpain, ziphule umbono weSpeyin njengelizwe elihlangeneyo.
Oku kuqonda kweSpeyin njengelizwe 'lobuninzi' kuye kwaba yimfuno yembali yawo onke amaqela asekhohlo (kuquka i-PSOE), kodwa yashiywa ngexesha lokutshintshela kwidemokhrasi ngumbutho wentlalontle ngenxa yoKumkani (onyulwe nguFranco) kwaye uMkhosi. Imfuno enkulu ethandwayo ngabantu baseCatalan ngelungelo lokuzikhethela (ungabhidaniswa nekhwelo lokuzimela: iipesenti ezingama-82 zamaCatalan zixhasa okokuqala, iipesenti ezingama-33 zixhasa okwesibini) zidale uxinzelelo olukhulu kurhulumente ophakathi. kwaye namhlanje ayithandwa kakhulu.
Impumelelo yePodemos ibe sisisongelo esikhulu kwi-Spanish (kunye neYurophu) ukusekwa. Namhlanje, amaziko ezezimali, ezoqoqosho, ezopolitiko kunye namajelo eendaba aseSpain ayazikhusela kwaye asothukile, kuba epasile imithetho eyomeleza ingcinezelo. Iintloko zeebhanki ezinkulu eSpain azikhululeki. Usihlalo weqela lebhanki laseSpain uSantander, owafa ngoSeptemba kulo nyaka uphelileyo, wabonisa ngaphambi nje kokuba asweleke ukuba wayekhathazeke kakhulu, ephawula ukuba iPodemos kunye neCatalonia zibeka izoyikiso eziphawulekayo eSpain. Yena, ngokuqinisekileyo, wayethetha iSpeyin yakhe. Kwaye wayenyanisile. Ikamva livuleleke kakhulu. Njengoko i-Gramsci ibonise, kukuphela kwexesha ngaphandle kombono ocacileyo wento ezayo. IYurophu, iSpain, kunye neCatalonia ziphela ixesha. Oku kucacile. Into eshiyeke ingacacanga yeyokuba yintoni eza kulandela.
Vicente Navarro - IYunivesithi yasePompeu Fabra yaseCatalonia
UVicente (uVicenรง ngesiCatalan) uNavarro, unjingalwazi woMgaqo-nkqubo woLuntu kunye neNtlalo kwiYunivesithi yaseJohn Hopkins yaseMelika kunye nePompeu Fabra University Catalonia, eSpain. UkwanguMlawuli we-JHU-UPF yeZiko loMgaqo-nkqubo woLuntu e-Barcelona, โโeSpain. Ubhale kakhulu malunga neYurophu neSpain kunye nencwadi yakhe Bienestar Insuficiente, Democracia Incompleta: Sobre Lo Que No Se Habla En Nuestro Paรญs wafumana imbasa yeAnagrama (elingana neBhaso lePulitzer eSpeyin).
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela