Ekakhulu imini iindaba ngeVenezuela zibonakala zisiba mbi ngakumbi.
Ngo-Matshi 29th iNkundla ePhakamileyo iyichithe iNdlu yoWiso-mthetho. Ukuguqulwa kwenxalenye yesi sigqibo kwiintsuku kamva akuzange kuthintele ukuqhambuka koqhanqalazo olutsha ekuqaleni kuka-Epreli. Inani lokufa limi ngoku Amashumi amathathu, kwaye uvuka emini. Bobabini abachasi kunye nabaxhasi bakarhulumente baye babulawa. Iiofisi zikarhulumente ziye zaphangwa zatshiswa, namagosa karhulumente bulawa. Akukho siphelo sibonakala.
Umbutho wamazwe aseMelika (OAS) uzakubamba enye intlanganiso kaxakeka yabaphathiswa bamazwe angaphandle ukuxoxa ngengxaki yaseVenezuela. IVenezuela ibhengeze ukuba iya kuba njalo shiya i-OAS, mhlawumbi ukuze aphephe ukunqunyanyiswa kwintlangano. Emehlweni abantu abaninzi esi senzo siya kwenza iVenezuela ibe sisizwe esine-pariah ngakumbi kunokuba sele injalo.
eVenezuela Ingxaki enkulu yezoqoqosho nentlalontle akabonakalisi zimpawu zokuncipha, kwaye kuya kuba mbi ngakumbi phakathi kombhodamo nobundlobongela obugquba ilizwe. Iqela elichasayo libonakalise ukukulungela ukuncama ngamathuba okubuyela kwimeko yezoqoqosho ukufezekisa injongo yalo yokususa uMongameli uNicolás Maduro esikhundleni, kunye ne-Associated Press. ingxelo ukuba intloko yeNdlu yoWiso-mthetho ekhokelwa yinkcaso uJulio Borges uqhagamshelane mva nje kweshumi elinesibini leebhanki eziphambili zamazwe ngamazwe, ebabongoza ukuba bangenzi shishini neVenezuela. Urhulumente, naye, ujongene nokugxekwa okwandayo ngokubonakala ngathi uphelele ukungakwazi ukusombulula, okanye ndivume ubuzaza obupheleleyo, bentlekele yentlalo noqoqosho yesizwe, kunye noko abaninzi bakubona njengokungena kwigunya.
Sifanele siyiqonde njani yonke le nto?
Kukho amabali amabini awahlukileyo ajikelezayo malunga nengxaki yaseVenezuela. Eyokuqala, ebalaseleyo kwi amajelo eendaba asentshona, ichaza urhulumente njengolawulo lobuzwilakhe olucinezele ngokungenalusini iqela eliphikisayo elinobugorha elifuna ngoxolo ukubuyela kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Eyesibini, ebekwe phambili ngurhulumente kunye neqela elincinane (kwaye mhlawumbi liyancipha) le amatshantliziyo omanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe, libonisa urhulumente onyulwe ngokwedemokhrasi erhangqwe yinkcaso enogonyamelo, engathintelekiyo (a) emele iqaqobana labantu abazizityebi; (b) ufumana inkxaso epheleleyo kubukhosi baseMelika; kwaye (c) uya kwenza nantoni na ukuphumeza utshintsho kulawulo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba semthethweni okanye ukuziphatha okuhle kwezenzo zakhe.
Omabini la mabali aqulathe izinto eziyinyani, kodwa akukho bulungisa kwingxaki yaseVenezuela.
TUcinga ukuba iVenezuela inegunya ngokuphindaphindiweyo i-ad Nauseam phantse yonke iminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo yolawulo lweChavista, eyaqala xa uHugo Chávez wonyulwa njengomongameli ngo-1998. Kuze kube kutshanje, kube lula ukuliphikisa eli bango, elingahoywayo into yokuba iqela elilawulayo laseVenezuela liye laqinisekiswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo. uvoto, okuphumelela 12 of 15 unyulo olukhulu phakathi 1998 kunye 2015, kunye nokuvuma kwizihlandlo ezithathu xa ilahlekile (ngoDisemba 2007, Septemba 2010, kunye noDisemba 2015). Kwizihlandlo ezihlanu u-Chávez wema kwisikhundla phakathi kuka-1998-2012 waphumelela ngemagins amaninzi (umda wakhe ophantsi wawuyi-55-44% 2012, kwaye elona nqanaba lakhe liphezulu lalingama-63-37%. 2006). Umongameli wangoku waseVenezuela, uNicolás Maduro, naye wonyulwa ngedemokhrasi. Izityholo eziphindaphindiweyo zobuqhophololo kunyulo azinasiseko, njengoko ubuqhophololo buyinto engenakwenzeka kwinkqubo yonyulo yaseVenezuela, athe uJimmy Carter wayibiza ngokuba “eyona ilungileyo emhlabeni. "
Nangona kunjalo, ngelixa amabango angaphambili olawulo-melo lwaseVenezuela ebenexabiso elincinci, ayisenjalo. Uluhlu lwezenzo zikarhulumente ukususela ekuqaleni kwe-2016 yenze ukuba kube nzima kakhulu ukucela umngeni kumabango okuba iVenezuela ihamba ngendlela yokulawula. Okokuqala, kuyo yonke i-2016 iNkundla ePhakamileyo, ecacileyo kwaye iphantsi ngokuvulekileyo kwisebe lesigqeba, ivimbele iNdlu yoWiso-mthetho elawulwa yinkcaso, ephumelele isininzi somthetho ngoDisemba 2015, ekugqithiseni nawuphi na umthetho omkhulu. Kwezinye iimeko, indlu yowiso-mthetho yayizama ukwenza okungaphaya kwegunya layo, ngokomzekelo, ngokufuna ukuxolelwa kwamabanjwa afana noLeopoldo López. Nangona kunjalo iNkundla ePhakamileyo yokuvala iNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe yanikezela ngokufanelekileyo uninzi lwabachasi bezomthetho-kwaye ngaloo ndlela iziphumo zonyulo zikaDisemba 2015-zingabikho. Okwesibini, emva kweenyanga zokurhuqa iinyawo, urhulumente wayicima inkqubo yokukhumbula umgaqo-siseko evunyelwe ngumgaqo-siseko ngo-Oktobha 2016. Okwesithathu, urhulumente uhlehlise ngokungenasiphelo ukhetho loomasipala kunye nolwengingqi olumele lwenzeke kwi-2016, ngokomgaqo-siseko (nangona uMaduro kutshanje yafuduka ukumisela umhla wonyulo). Okwesine, njengoko kuphawuliwe, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yakhupha isigwebo sokuchitha iNdlu yoWiso-mthetho ngo-Matshi, ngaphambi kokuba iguqule ngokuyinxenye kwiintsuku kamva, emva kukaMaduro. yacela iNkundla Ephakamileyo ukuba ihlole isigqibo sayo. UMaduro ukhuthazwe ukuba athathe amanyathelo xa igqwetha lakhe jikelele, uLuisa Ortega, wathatha inyathelo elingazange libonwe ngaphambili lokugxeka esidlangalaleni isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo "njengokuqhawuka kumgaqo-siseko." Okwesihlanu, ngo-Epreli 2017 uHenrique Capriles, umntu ochasayo ohamba phambili kunye namaxesha amabini owayengumongameli owayengumongameli (ngo-2012 kunye no-2013), kwavalwa ukusuka ekuthatheni inxaxheba kwezopolitiko iminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu, ngezizathu ezithandabuzekayo kakhulu.
Ngokurhoxisa ireferendamu yokukhumbula, ukunqumamisa unyulo, kunye nokuthintela abezopolitiko abachasayo ukuba bamele isikhundla, urhulumente waseVenezuela uvimba ngokucwangcisiweyo ukukwazi kwabantu baseVenezuela ukuzibonakalisa ngeendlela zonyulo. Kunzima ukubona ukuba ungakubiza ngantoni oku ngaphandle kobuzwilakhe oburhubuluzayo. Kodwa kukwanzima ukuvumelana nabalinganiswa beVenezuela njengolawulo olupheleleyo lolawulo olugunyazisiweyo, ngenxa yokufikelela okubalulekileyo kwabachasi kumajelo eendaba esintu kunye nentlalontle kunye namandla amakhulu okubandakanyeka kuqhanqalazo oluchasene norhulumente, ngaphandle kwezithintelo ezithile (ezinye ukuba azikho zonke. zibonakala zifanelekile, ezinjengokunciphisa ukufikelela kwabaqhankqalazi kwiindawo ezithile zeCaracas kubonakala kunengqiqo ngenxa yeziganeko eziphindaphindiweyo zokutshatyalaliswa kwempahla karhulumente).
Urhulumente ufanelwe kukugxekwa ngamandla ngenxa yezenzo zakhe zobuzwilakhe, kunye nokusilela kwakhe ukuqhubeka nokuthatha inyathelo elibonakalayo ukusombulula ingxaki yezentlalo noqoqosho yelizwe. Nangona kunjalo, inkcaso ikude kwixhoba elingenatyala kwiingxelo zemithombo yeendaba ezihlala zisenza ukuba kube njalo. Umzekelo ombi kakhulu wokwenziwa mhlophe kwamajelo eendaba ngexesha elidlulileyo kunye nolwamkelo lwangoku lobundlobongela uvela nge-19 ka-Epreli. ENew York Times inqaku, eguqula ngokumangalisayo i-2002 yobhukuqo lomkhosi olunobundlobongela olwabhukuqa u-Hugo Chávez "kwintshukumo yoqhanqalazo" ebonakala ngathi iseluxolweni: "Ngelixa iintshukumo ezidlulileyo zoqhanqalazo zisoloko zifuna ukubhukuqa urhulumente we-leftist - omnye ngo-2002 wade washenxisa ngokufutshane uHugo Chávez, umongameli. ngelo xesha…".
Kukho ubungqina obaneleyo bokuvuma kweqela eliphikisayo ukusebenzisa iindlela ezinobundlobongela nezichasene nomgaqo-siseko ngokuchasene norhulumente akupheleliselwanga kubhukuqo-mbuso luka-2002, kodwa kusaqhubeka nangoku, njengoko ndixoxa. kwenye indawo. Ngo-Epreli 2013 inkcaso yala ukuvuma uloyiso lukaMaduro, nangona kungekho bungqina bobuqhetseba, kwaye yabandakanyeka kuqhanqalazo olunobundlobongela olwakhokelela ekufeni kwabantu abasixhenxe. I-41 isweleke kwelinye iliza lobundlobongela obukhokelwa ngabachasi phakathi kweyoMdumba nekaTshazimpuzi ka-2014. Kuvunyelwene ngokubanzi ukuba oku kufa kwaba sisiphumo sezenzo zamatshantliziyo omabini aphikisayo kwakunye nemibutho yokhuseleko karhulumente, ezinye iingxelo zibonisa ukuba icala ngalinye lalinoxanduva malunga nesiqingatha. ukusweleka, nangona kulucelomngeni ukuqokelela ulwazi oluthembeke ngokupheleleyo ngalo mba ekuphikiswana ngawo.
Iqela eliphikisayo lizibandakanye kwizenzo zobundlobongela ngexesha loqhanqalazo olukhoyo. Kwingxelo esemhlabeni evela eVenezuela nge-23 ka-Epreli, uRachel Bootroyd Rojas, wabhala:
“Ikhathalogu yobundlobongela beentsuku ezili-18 ezidlulileyo iyothusa – izikolo ziye zagqogqwa, isakhiwo seNkundla ePhakamileyo sitshisiwe, ibutho lomkhosi womoya lihlaselwe, ngelixa izithuthi zikawonke-wonke, amaziko ezempilo kunye nezilwanyana ziye zatshatyalaliswa. Ubuncinci abantu abangama-23 bashiywe bebhubhile, kwaye uninzi lwabantu bonzakele. Kwelinye lawona matyala othusayo obundlobongela obuxhaphakileyo, malunga nentsimbi ye-10 nge-20 ka-Epreli, abasetyhini, abantwana kunye neentsana ezisanda kuzalwa ezingaphezu kwama-50 kuye kwafuneka bakhutshwe ngurhulumente kwisibhedlele sokubeleka sikawonke-wonke esahlaselwa ngamaqela aphikisayo. "
Esinye sezona ziganeko zibuhlungu zokufa zenzekile NgeCawa nge-23 xa u-Almelina Carillo, “umongikazi oneminyaka engama-47 ubudala wayesendleleni eya kwishifti yakhe yasemva kwemini xa wayenqumla indlela [nge] imatshi yaseChavista [embindini wedolophu yaseCaracas] waza wonzakala ngokumanyumnyezi [yibhotile enomkhenkce] ekucingelwa ukuba iphoswe [isuka kwindawo yokutyela]. amagumbi aphezulu] ngumntu ochasayo.”
Akukacaci ukuba kuya kuphela nini, okanye njani, ukuhla kweVenezuela. Phambi koku, umsebenzi wakhe nabani na okhathalayo ngeVenezuela, kwaye ngokukodwa abaphembeleli abashiyekileyo, abaphengululi, kunye neentatheli eziye zaqhwaba izandla kwaye zabhala izinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ze "Bolivarian Revolution," ziphindwe kathathu.
Okokuqala, ukuthetha inyaniso. Oku kuthetha ukuba, ngokuqinisekileyo, ukubhala kunye nokupapasha ukusetyenziswa kweqela elichasayo ngobundlobongela obujoliswe kumagosa karhulumente, iiChavistas eziphantsi, kunye nabangenacala abamsulwa. Lo mbandela ufuna ukuqwalaselwa ngakumbi kunokuba ufunyanwa kwiingxelo zeendaba eziqhelekileyo zaseVenezuela. Nangona kunjalo, iNhlohlo ayinakukwazi ukukubetha ngoyaba ukutyibilika kukarhulumente kulawulo lobuzwilakhe, okanye imigaqo-nkqubo yakhe engafanelekanga. Oku akuphumi kwinkolelo engaboniyo engafanelekanga kwidemokhrasi yenkululeko, emele idemokhrasi, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ulawulo lobuzwilakhe aluhambelani neprojekthi enhle-ephikisanayo kunye nephosakeleyo yokwakha "idemokhrasi ethatha inxaxheba kunye nedemokhrasi," eyathi uChavismo wanceda ukuqhubela phambili.
Okwesibini, ukukhaba naziphi na iifowuni kunye nazo zonke iifowuni zokungenelela kwama-impiriyali ajolise "ukusindisa" iVenezuela. Iinzame zokwenza oko aziyi kuphumelela kuphela, kodwa zinokuthi ziguqule imeko enzima ibe yintlekele, njengoko i-Iraq ne-Afghanistan ibonisa kakuhle kakhulu.
Okwesithathu, ukuma kwimbumbano kunye nesininzi sabantu baseVenezuela ababandezeleka ezandleni zempindezelo, inkcaso engenankathalo, kunye norhulumente ongakwaziyo, ongenakuphendula. Ukuba nasiphi na isilogeni sibamba i imo yangoku kwiiklasi ezidumileyo ezihlala kwii-barrios zaseVenezuela kunye neelali kunokwenzeka oku: Que se vayan todos. Ziphose phandle zonke.
UGabriel Hetland unguprofesa oncedisayo weLatin America, iCaribbean kunye ne-US Latino Studies kwiYunivesithi yaseAlbany, eSUNY. Uphando lwakhe luvavanya ukuthatha inxaxheba, ezopolitiko, kunye noqhanqalazo eLatin America naseUnited States.
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