Ngalo lonke uloyiko olukhoyo kwizihloko zeendaba, ihlabathi alinikeli ngqalelo encinci kwisikhumbuzo seshumi leminyaka yokubulawa kwabantu abangama-1995 kaJulayi ngo-8,000 kwidolophu esempuma yeBosnia iSrebrenica emva kokuba yonganyelwe kukungqinga imikhosi yabavukeli baseSerb. Abafazi, abantwana kunye nabantu abadala bale dolophu bafakwa ezibhasini bekhonjwe ngemipu baza bagxothwa kummandla ophethwe ngurhulumente waseBosnia. Kodwa amadoda akhulileyo ahlulwa aza agcinwa yimikhosi yamaSerb ukuze โancinwe.โ
Indawo ababekuyo yaba ngumxholo wophando lwamazwe ngamazwe ngoku oluvelisa iziqhamo ezibi- amawakawaka ezidumbu ezikhutshwe kumangcwaba abantu abaninzi, ezigcinwe kwindawo yokugcina izidumbu eBosnia, apho amaqela ezizwe ngezizwe aqhuba umsebenzi onzima wokuchongwa kwe-DNA, ukuthelekisa imathiriyeli yemfuzo evela emathanjeni kunye neesampulu ezinikezelweyo. zizalamane zabalahlekileyo. Malunga nama-2,000 abafileyo ngoku achongiwe, iKomishoni yaMazwe ngaMazwe ngabantu abalahlekileyo (ICMP). Ngokufanelekileyo le ndyikityha yokufa ibizwa ngokuba yeyona imbi eYurophu ukususela ngeMfazwe Yehlabathi II.
Ubunkokeli beRiphabhlikhi yaseBosnia yase-Serb (esele inenkululeko yokwenene phantsi kwesivumelwano soxolo esaqhutywa yi-US kamsinya nje emva
massacre) ukwaphande ngokusesikweni, wazixela waza wacela uxolo ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Bebonke abantu abayi-19 bahlawuliswe yiNkundla yaMazwe ngaMazwe yaseYugoslavia (ICTY) ngokubulawa kwabantu eSrebrenica, kwaye ngoku abayi-16 babanjwe eHague. Amajoni amathathu ase-Bosnia ase-Serb avume izityholo ezininzi ebebekwa zona.
Kodwa iMagazini ye-Z ekuthiwa โiqhubela phambiliโ, kunye nolwandiso lwayo lwe-intanethi ye-ZNet, iphawula isikhumbuzo seSrebrenica ngokuqhuba isiqwenga eside sika-Edward S.
UHerman (omnye wezithandwa ezisemthethweni zaseMelika kunye nombhali wexesha elinye uNoam Chomsky) ephikisa ukuba le ndyikitya yokufa ayizange yenzeke-okanye yayibaxiwe, okanye amaxhoba ayifanele. Njengoninzi lwepropaganda yokubulawa kwabantu ngobuhlanga, esi siqwenga asize sizenze zicace iingxoxo zaso: sishiya umfundi ongacacanga enoluvo olungacacanga kodwa olunamandla lokuba nabani na okholelwa ukuba bekukho ukubulawa kwabantu eSrebrenica yinkohliso yepropaganda yama impiriyali.
Isiqwenga, esinesihloko esithi "Izopolitiko ze-Srebrenica Massacre," sichitha isiqingatha saso sokuqala sixoxa ukuba umcimbi kufuneka ubekwe "kumxholo" wokubulala "uncedo" lwamaSilamsi aseBosnia, afuna ukungenelela komkhosi waseNtshona ngokuchasene namaSerb. amandla. UHerman uphawula uthotho lwezenzo zenkohlakalo โezilulaโ ekuthiwa zenziwa ngamaSerb, njengokugqogqa imijukujelwa kwimarike yaseSarajevo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba โzacetywa zaza zabulawa ngamaSilamsi aseBosnia.โ Okumangalisayo kukuba, izikrokro (hayi iinyani) uHerman acaphula ukuxhasa olu qikelelo luvela ngokupheleleyo emkhosini wase-US kunye nemithombo karhulumente. UHerman akabonisi โukubalulaโ kwezi zityholo kwiPentagon eyayimadolwโ anzima ukuthethelela njengoko umkhosi wabavukeli baseSerb wawuzama ukukrwitsha ekuzalweni kwawo isizwe sokuqala esikhokelwa ngamaSilamsi eYurophu.
Umbhalo osemazantsi webango lokuba urhulumente waseBosnia uqhushumbise abantu bakhe eSarajevo likhonkco le-Intanethi kwingxelo ka-1997 evela kwiKomiti yoMgaqo-nkqubo weSenate yase-US-kuchulumancisa kakhulu ukubona abantu abasekhohlo besenza into efanayo neentshaba zabo zasekhaya. Eli phepha, ubuncinci, licaphula uninzi lweeakhawunti zeendaba zaseYurophu ezibanga ukuba izifundo eziyimfihlo ze-UN zigqibe ukuba amaqokobhe abetha imarike yaseSarajevo avela kurhulumente waseBosnia. Kodwa izifundo ngokwazo azikhankanywanga, kwaye nangayiphi na imeko olu hlaselo lubalelwa kwi-10,000 yabahlali baseSarajevo ababulawa ngexesha lokungqingwa kwesixeko iminyaka emithathu enesiqingatha ngamaSerbs. Ngaphaya koko, nokuba olu hlaselo lwenziwe ngobuqhetseba, ayithethi nto malunga nokuba eyona ndyikityha inkulu yaseSrebrenica yenziwa inkohliso-kwaye abantu baseRiphabhlikhi ababanga nabuganga bakuyithetha loo nto. Kodwa oko kungacacanga (hayi ngokucacileyo, nto leyo enokufuna inkalipho eyongezelelekileyo) into exoxwa nguHerman. Le ndlela yokuqiqa (ukuba sinokuyicenga) ifana nokuxoxa ukuba iMy Lai ayizange yenzeke ngenxa yokuba โibe luncedoโ kwi-NLF.
Okona kumangalisayo kukuba, le ngcinga yobuxoki iyasilela ukuthathela ingqalelo into yokuba kwisivumelwano soxolo sangemva kweSrebrenica esenziwa yiClinton White House, urhulumente waseBosnia wanyanzelwa ukuba aluyeke ulawulo olusebenzayo lobuninzi bomhlaba wakhe welizwe kwiindawo zabavukeli baseSerb naseCroat, abathi emva koko wafumana ikhava yokuba semthethweni. Ukufundwa okuchaneke ngakumbi ngale meko kungabonisa ukuba inkohlakalo โyayilunge ngakumbiโ kumaSerbs, inceda ukunyanzela urhulumente waseBosnia ukuba amkele la magama arhabaxa. Kubonakala ngathi ulwaphulo-mthetho luyahlawula.
Xa ekugqibeleni uHerman eguqukela kobona matshini bokubulala, iziphumo ziba mbi nangakumbi. Ingxoxo ephambili kaHerman ibonakala ngathi "iindawo ezikhuselekileyo" ezikhuselwe yi-UN ezifana ne-Srebrenica azizange zihluthwe, ngoko ke (kwakhona, ngokungafihlisiyo) ama-Serbs ayenesizathu sokuwabhukuqa aze abulale ama-8,000 uninzi lwabathinjwa bemfazwe. (Akayicaphukisi into yokuba abagcini boxolo beZizwe Ezimanyeneyo abangamaDatshi abazange baxhathise njengoko amaSerb atyhutyha eso sixeko.) Uthi iSrebrenica yayisetyenziswa njengendawo yokugqogqa iilali zaseSerb apho kwabulawa abemi abamalunga newaka kwiminyaka emithathu. phambi kwendyikityha yokufa-ingxelo esemazantsi kwingxelo evela kunozakuzaku we-UN waseYugoslavia, ngaphandle koluvo oluncinci lokuba oku kunokuba yinto ethandabuzekayo yokuvavanya ubunyani. Oku kuyaxaka ngakumbi kuba zonke izibhengezo ezivela kubunkokeli baseBosnia zikhatshwa bubuxoki. UHerman usikhumbuza ngamabali othusayo malunga nezenzo zenkohlakalo ezenziwa nguNasir Oric, umphathi wamaSilamsi eSrebrenica. Oku kubhalwe emazantsi kwimithombo ethembekileyo ngakumbi, kodwa uHerman ubonakala engawunanzanga "umxholo" ocacileyo (ukusebenzisa igama lakhe alithandayo) -Imikhosi yabavukeli baseSerb yayiye yoyisa malunga ne-70% yeBosnia ngelo xesha, igxotha abahlali bamaSilamsi, ishiya iSrebrenica kwaye ezinye iidolophu ezimbalwa zarhangqa iipokotho.
Oku akumvumeli u-Oric ukuba aphume kwikhonkco, kodwa ikhomba imigangatho ephindwe kabini eyoyikekayo kaHerman.
Ingxoxo yesibini kaHerman (icace ngakumbi ukuba akukho ntembeko ngakumbi) kukuba imizimba ekuthiwa yeyamaxhoba aseSrebrenica iye yavunjululwa kumangcwaba amaninzi ajikeleze impuma yeBosnia kune "indawo ezinkulu zamangcwaba" eSrebrenica. Ukujonga kwiwebhusayithi ye-ICMP kuya kumxelela uHerman ukuba oku kungenxa yabalawuli baseSerb abayalela ukuba izidumbu zikhutshwe kwaye zingcwatywe kwakhona kwiindawo ezisasazekileyo ukufihla ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kufunyanisiweyo kuxhaswe luphando lweRiphabhlikhi yaseSerb kwindyikityha yokufa-eyathi, kuvela, yenzeke kwiindawo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, kunye nokungcwatywa kwakhona kumangcwaba esibini okongeza ngabom kwisiphithiphithi. UHerman, ngoku ongaguquguqukiyo kulo mbuzo kunenkokeli yase-Bosnia Serb, uyakukhaba oko kufunyaniswe kungcwatywa kwakhona ngokuthi โakukholeleki kwaphela.โ
Okulandelayo uHerman uguqukela kwiqhinga elidala le-genocide-apologist lokukhupha amanani. Ukhokela umfundi ngokusebenzisa i-arithmetic somersaults ukuba "angqine"
ukuba ukuba kwabulawa abantu abangama-8,000 abemi baseSrebrenica bekuya kufuneka ukuba badlule kuma-37,000 abo kanye. Nangona kunjalo i-ICMP inesiseko sedatha ye-7,800 edweliswe njengelahlekileyo e-Srebrenica. Ngaba la magama avela nje? (Abalandeli bobuchwephesha bobuchwephesha boluntu baya kuba mnandi kakhulu kwiiwebhusayithi zeHolocaust revisionist.)
Emva koko ujikela komnye umgangatho we-genocide-apologist iseti: exoxa ukuba uninzi lwabafi ababulawanga kodwa babulawa ekulweni. Oku kukhatshwa bubungqina bomtyholwa eICTY. U-Momir Nikolic, owayesakuba yintloko yezobuntlola kwi-Bratunac Brigade, enye yeeyunithi zaseSerb eSrebrenica, ulivumile indima yakhe kwindyikityha yokufa, echaza ngokuphandle ukuba "amadoda angamaSilamsi anamandla phakathi kwesihlwele samaSilamsi aza kwahlulwa ... wabulawa kungekudala emva koko. Ndaxelelwa ukuba luxanduva lwam ukunceda ukulungelelanisa nokulungiselela olu tyando.โ
Ubungqina bukaNikolic bubizwa ukuba buthandabuzeke ngokuvuma ukuba wazikhohlisa ngokulandela isibongozo sakhe, isihlwele sokukhanyela ukubulawa kwabantu siyakhawuleza ukucacisa-nangona kutheni esenza njalo kuseyimfihlakalo, kwaye akazange aziphikise kwimiyalelo esisiseko. yayiyindima yakhe kuphela ekuphumezeni oko. Kodwa kukho eminye imizekelo emininzi engonakaliswa kuko nakuphi na ukuphikisana okunjalo. Ummangalelwa ka-Nikolic u-Dragan Obrenovic uthi wafumana imiyalelo yokuba amabanjwa adutyulwe, kwaye uchaza ukubulawa ngokucokisekileyo kwisivumo sakhe esisemthethweni. Ngaxa lithile uphawula ukuba umphathi-mkhosi โwayenomsindo njengoko iqela lokugqibela lamabanjwa lingazange lisiwe edamini ukuze libulawe, kodwa labulawa kanye kweso sikolo yaye amadoda akhe (i-6th Battalion Rear Services) kwafuneka acocwe. ubugxwayiba obusesikolweni kuquka nokukhutshwa kwezidumbu zisiwe edamini.โ Indoda yaseBosnia Serb Army infantryman uDrazen Erdemovic (owazinikela kuqala ityala lakhe kwiintatheli zangaphandle waza wacela uncedo lwabo ekubalekeni eBosnia) waxelela inkundla ngenxaxheba yakhe ekubulaweni. โKwafuneka ndiyenze. Ukuba ndala, ngendibulewe kunye namaxhoba.โ
Ezi ngxelo zikwaxhaswa bubungqina benkundla: abaphandi benkundla bakhupha amakhulukhulu ezinto ezivale amehlo kunye ne-ligatures kunye nemizimba, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi izandla bezibotshelelwe ngasemva. Iingcali zeForesnic nazo zafumana ubungqina bokungcwatywa kwakhona, njengamalungu omzimba omnye kumangcwaba ahlukeneyo. Obu isenokungabi bubungqina obubambekayo bokuba bonke abangama-8,000 babulawa ngegazi elibandayo-kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo kuyacebisa oku, kwaye kubonisa ukholo olubi lukaHerman ukuba akade ayikhankanye.
Ukuba uHerman ufumana ulwazi lwakhe kakhulu (kunye nohlalutyo lwakhe
ngokukodwa) kwi-Serb extremists kuyabonakala kwisigama sakhe. Usebenzisa isifinyezo se-BMA, esithetha โuMkhosi wamaSilamsi aseBosnia,โ ukubhekisa kumkhosi worhulumente waseBosnia. Igama elisemthethweni ibinguMkhosi weRiphabhlikhi yaseBosnia kunye neHerzegovina (ARBiH), kwaye (ngokungafaniyo nowazibiza ngokuba "nguMkhosi wamaSerb aseBosnia" waseBosnia "weRiphabhlikhi yaseSerb") yayizintlanga ezininzi, hayi "amaSilamsi." I-BMA ligama le-propaganda, kwaye ukulibiza njengenkunzi yesibizo esifanelekileyo kulahlekisa kakhulu.
Okokugqibela, uHerman wenza okuninzi koko akubiza ngokuba nguMongameli waseBosnia u-Alija "ngumanyano olusondeleyo luka-Izetbegovic no-Osama bin Laden," indlela urhulumente waseBosnia abonelele ngayo "i-Al Qaeda indawo yokuma kwiiBalkans." Ngoku ayihlekisi le. Kwale ZNet isicela ukuba sikholwe (kwicwecwe likaJan. 13 nguRobert Scheer-ogama lakhe uZNet lipela kakubi) ukuba "iAl Qaeda [yi] Just a Bush Boogeyman" ishicilela ipropaganda ekhohlakeleyo ngokungenazintloni malunga noloyiko lwamaSilamsi eBosnia. Ndicinga ukuba i-al-Qaeda yi "boogeyman" xa ibetha iijethi kwi-New York skyscrapers okanye iqhumisa oololiwe eLondon naseMadrid, kodwa ngequbuliso iba yinyani xa iboleka i-mujahedeen embalwa ukukhusela urhulumente osemthethweni wezizwe ezininzi zaseBosnia. imvukelo yobuFasi engenamthetho. UHerman akanikeli nelizwi malunga nendlela u-Izetbegovic aqhutywe ngayo kule mbumba (ukuba, eneneni, ikhona) ngokungcatsha kweWest urhulumente osemthethweni waseBosnia ezandleni zabavukeli baseSerb abathi, ngokubonga okukhulu komlilo kubaxhasi babo eBelgrade, ngokukhawuleza. yathatha uninzi lommandla weBosnia.
UHerman uyayichitha le nguqulelo yeziganeko nje โnjengebaliโ-igama elithe laphathwa gadalala ezandleni โzasemva kwexesha langokuโ kangangokuba ngoku kufuneka lisuswe kulwimi lwesiNgesi. UHerman, ongakhathazwa kukusetyenziswa komfanekiso wabanqolobi bamaSilamsi ukuze athethelele oku kuthatyathwa kwegunya ngokungekho mthethweni, ubiza โ'imbubhiso yaseSrebrenica'โ (kwizicatshulwa ze
ikhosi) "uloyiso olukhulu lwepropaganda" "yemisebenzi yobukoloniyali eBosnia naseKosovo" yi-NATO. Omnye uyazibuza ukuba ingaba uHerman uyayazi na i-cognitive dissonance.
Oku kokokugqibela kuluhlu lwamanqaku anje uZ aqhutywe nguHerman nabanye kule minyaka ilishumi ukusukela kwincopho yomboniso owoyikekayo waseBosnia, zonke zinciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe yaseSerb kunye nokuphikisana (njengoko uReagan watshoyo ngobuzwilakhe baseGuatemala) ukuba AmaSerb anikwe "i-bum rap." Kwaye i-Z isabonakala icinga ukuba inawo nawuphi na umhlaba wokuziphatha wokuma ukuchasa ukubulawa kohlanga oluxhaswa yi-US eGuatemala, eColombia njalo njalo. Kuyadimaza kwaye kuyoyikisa ukuba eli linqanaba ekucingelwa ukuba ushicilelo โwasekhohloโ uye watshona kwesi sizukulwana singathethiyo.
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UBill Weinberg ngumhleli wemagazini ye-Intanethi yeMfazwe yesi-4 yeNgxelo
(http://ww4report.com) kunye nombhali we Homage to Chiapas: The New Indigenous Struggles in Mexico (Verso, 2000). Ngoku usebenza kwincwadi malunga neCebo laseColombia kunye neentshukumo zokuchasa imveli kwiiAndes.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela