Njengoko iMelika ingena kunyaka we-18 wemfazwe yayo Afghanistani kunye ne-16th yayo e-Iraq, imfazwe yobugrogrisi iyaqhubeka Yemen, iSiriya, kunye neendawo zaseAfrika, kuquka iLibya, Nayija, yaye Somaliya. Ngeli xesha, ulawulo lukaTrump lusongela imfazwe engakumbi, ngeli xesha kunye neIran. (Kwaye unikwe le minyaka yokugqibela, ucinga ukuba kuya kwenzeka njani oko?) Ngenene, asiloxesha amaMelika anika ingcinga ethe kratya malunga nokuba kutheni iinkokeli zabo ziqhubeka nokulwa. ukulahlekelwa ziimfazwe kuzo zonke iindawo ezibalulekileyo zeplanethi? Ke qwalasela lonke eli siqwenga ilinge lam lokwenza oko.
Masijongane nayo: iingeniso kunye namandla kufuneka zichazwe njengezizathu ezingapheliyo zokuba kutheni iinkokeli zase-US ziqhubeka ziqhuba iingxabano ezinjalo. Imfazwe inokubakho irakhethi, njengoko uGeneral Smedley Butler wabanga kudala, kodwa ngubani okhathalayo kwezi ntsuku ukusukela ishishini zikhula? Kwaye masiyongeze kwinzuzo enjalo ezinye iimpembelelo ezimbalwa zaseMelika. Qala ngento yokuba, ngandlela ithile enomdla, imfazwe isegazini laseMelika. Njengangaphambili ENew York Times umbhaleli wemfazwe uChris Hedges kanye Yibeke, โImfazwe ingamandla asinika intsingiselo.โ Ngokwembali, thina bantu baseMelika singabantu abanobundlobongela abatyale imali eninzi kumfanekiso wesiqu sakho ubulukhuni ngoku iboniswa ngapha nangapha"indawo yokulwa yehlabathi.โ (Kungoko yonke intetho kweli lizwe ingeyiyo ngamajoni ethu kodwa malunga โmaqhawe. โ) Njengoko izincamathelisi ezinkulu endizibona rhoqo apho ndihlala khona zisithi: โUThixo, imipu, namandla akhulule iMelika.โ Ukwenza ihlabathi likhululeke, kutheni ungathumeli ngaphandle zontathu?
Yongeza, ngokunjalo, umba wokuthembeka kwezopolitiko. Akukho mongameli ufuna ukubonakala ebuthathaka kwaye e-United States kumashumi eminyaka adlulileyo, ukurhoxa emfazweni kuye kwaba yinkcazo yobuthathaka. Akukho mntu - ngokuqinisekileyo ayinguye uDonald Trump - ofuna ukwaziwa njengomongameli "ophulukene" ne-Afghanistan okanye i-Iraq. Njengoko kwakunjalo ngoMongameli uLyndon Johnson noRichard Nixon kwiminyaka yaseVietnam, ngoko kule nkulungwane uloyiko lokoyiswa lunyulo luye lwanceda ukuba zandise iimfazwe zelo lizwe ezingenathemba. Iinjengele, nazo, zinoloyiko lwazo lokoyiswa, uloyiko olubaqhubela ekubeni baqhubele phambili ungquzulwano (luyibiza ngokuba kukunqwenela ukuqhambuka) kwanokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya, njengoNjengele William Westmoreland. yenze ngo-1968 ngexesha leMfazwe yaseVietnam.
EWashington siqu inkohliso ezindele ngokunzulu kunye nobuqhetseba zikwasebenza ekuveliseni nasekuqhubeleni phambili iimfazwe zayo. Ukuncoma imikhosi yethu njenge "abalwa inkululekoโ ukuze kubekho uxolo nempumelelo, abongameli abafana noGeorge W. Bush baye balwa iimfazwe ezimanyumnyezi egameni lokusasaza idemokhrasi nendlela engcono yokuphila. Ingxaki yile: imfazwe engapheliyo ayisasazi idemokhrasi - nangona kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye sifundile ukuba iyayenza. sasaza amaqela abagrogrisi - it iyayibulala. Kwangaxeshanye, iinkokeli zethu, ezomkhosi kunye nabahlali, zisinike a umfanekiso wobuxoki uhlobo lweemfazwe abalwa nazo. Bayaqhubeka nokubonisa umkhosi wase-US kunye nezixhobo zayo "ezihlakaniphile" njengesixhobo esichanekileyo sotyando esikwaziyo ukujolisa kunye nokutshabalalisa. umhlaza zobunqolobi, ngakumbi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamaSilamsi. Nangona i-hoopla malunga nabo, nangona kunjalo, ezo zixhobo ezichanekileyo zemfazwe ziba buthuntu ngokwenene, ekhokelela kwi ukubulawa kwabantu ngokubanzi yabamsulwa, ukugxothwa kwabantu abaninzi kwimimandla yemfazwe yaseMerika, nezikhukula zeembacu eziye, nazo, eziye zanceda ekubangeleni ukwanda kwabantu kumazwe asekho eluxolweni.
Ukucasha emva kwemfazwe engapheliyo yale nkulungwane yenye inkolelo, ngakumbi inyuka kwiTrump White House: ukuba imikhosi emikhulu kunye nezixhobo ezibiza kakhulu zimele "utyaloโ kwikamva elingcono - ngokungathi iPentagon yiBhanki yaseMelika okanye iWall Street. Inkcitho yasemkhosini yeSteroidal iyaqhubeka ithengiswa njengesitshixo ukudala imisebenzi kunye nokugcina umda wokhuphiswano waseMelika, ngokungathi imfazwe yayiyeyona shishini liphambili laseMelika. (Kwaye mhlawumbi kunjalo!)
Abo baququzelela uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lomkhosi omkhulu kunye neengxabano rhoqo kumazwe angaphandle basafumana indumiso ekhethekileyo apha. Ngokomzekelo, khawucinge ngeSenate uJohn McCain oxwilayo sendoff yokugqibela, kuquka indlela umenzi iingalo Lockheed Martin bamncoma njengegorha laseMelika ekucingelwa ukuba linzima kwaye lifuna xa kufikwa kwiikontraka zomkhosi. (Kwaye ukuba uyakholelwa oko, uya kukholelwa nantoni na.)
Beka zonke ezi zinto kunye kwaye into onokuthi uze nayo yinguqulelo yaseMelika yokwakheka kukaGeorge Orwell odumileyo kwinoveli yakhe. 1984: โImfazwe luxolo.โ
Imfazwe iPentagon Yazi Indlela yokuphumelela
Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini eyadlulayo, xa ndandingumsebenzi ophambili kuMkhosi woMoya wase-US, eyona nto yayixhalabisa kakhulu yayikukurhwaphilizwa kobudlelwane bomkhosi nomkhosi - ngakumbi, umsantsa okhulayo phakathi komkhosi kunye nabemi ebekufanele ukuba babalawule. Ndingumculi wamanqaku ephephandaba kwaye ndiwagcinile amanye alaa xesha kudala lihambile. โUyantlukwano olukhawulezileyo olufunyenwe kwimbono yomkhosi nabemi,โ yatsho njalo i- ENew York Times ngoSeptemba 1999 Washington Post emva kwenyanga. Ezo ziqwenga zazikhula kwiindlela esele ziphawulwe ngabahlalutyi ababalaseleyo basemkhosini abanjengoThomas Ricks noRichard Kohn. NgoJulayi 1997, umzekelo, uRicks wabhala incwadi okunempembelelo Atlantic inqaku elithi, โUkwanda komsantsa phakathi komkhosi noluntu.โ Ngowe-1999, uKohn wanika a ukufunda kwiSikolo soMkhosi woMoya esinesihloko esithi โUkhukuliseko loLawulo lwaBantu basemkhosini eUnited States namhlanje.โ
Isizukulwana esadlulayo, aba bahlalutyi babenexhala lokuba umkhosi wamavolontiya usiya usiba liziko elikhulayo nelinocalucalulo elizaliswe ziinjengele kunye nabalandeli abadelela abantu, ingakumbi uMongameli welo xesha uBill Clinton. Ngelo xesha, ngokutsho olunye uphando, I-64% yamagosa omkhosi achongiweyo njengamaRiphabhlikhi, kuphela i-8% njengeDemokhrasi kwaye, xa ifika kumanqanaba aphezulu omyalelo, elo nani leRiphabhlikhi lalikwi-stratosphere, lisondela kwi-90%. UKohn wacaphula omnye owaphumelela eWest Point esithi, โSisengozini yokuzenzela owethu umkhosi wangaphakathi wohlobo lweSoviet, apho ukuba awukho โkwitheko,โ ungaqhubeli phambili.โ Ngendlela efanayo, i-67% yamagosa asemkhosini azichonge njengabantu abalondolozayo kwezopolitiko, kuphela i-4% njengenkululeko.
Kwi 1998 inqaku yeZiko leenqanawa zase-US Iinkqubo, uRicks waphawula ukuba "umlinganiselo wabagcini benkululeko kumkhosi wenkululeko" uye waphuma "malunga ne-4 ukuya kwi-1 kwi-1976, malunga nalapho ndingalindela khona inkcubeko yenkcubeko, iziko le-hierarchical njengomkhosi wase-US, ukuya kwi-23 ukuya kwi-1. ngo-1996.โ Oku "kuhamba kwezopolitiko kumbutho wamagosa," uqukumbele ngelithi uRicks, wawudala umkhosi ongaphantsi kobuchwephesha, okwinkqubo yokuba "liqela lawo elinomdla." Oko kungakhokelela, ulumkise, kukhukuliseko lwempumelelo yasemkhosini ukuba amagosa anganyuselwa ngokweenkolelo zawo zezopolitiko endaweni yezakhono zawo zokulwa.
Butshintshe njani ubudlelwane boluntu nomkhosi kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo? Ngaphandle kokugoba kwimiba yentlalontle (amafanasini emkhosini, abasetyhini kwiindima zokulwa), umkhosi wanamhlanje ngokuqinisekileyo awunankululeko okanye ungathathi cala kunokuba wawunjalo kwiminyaka kaClinton. Ngokuqinisekileyo ayikabuyela kwiingcambu zayo zabemi-amajoni ngedrafti. Utshintsho, ukuba lufikile, lukwicala labahlali besahlulelo njengoko abantu baseMelika bekhule benomkhosi kwaye bethath' icala (ngaphandle kwenkuthazo enkulu. ukubhalisa kwaye ukhonze). Kule nkulungwane, iyantlukwano yomkhosi wasekuhlaleni yesizukulwana esidluleyo iye yapheliswa imibhiyozo engenasiphelo Lo mkhosi โnjengoyena ubalaseleyo kuthiโ (njengoSekela Mongameli uMike Pence kutshanje Yibeke).
Amazwi anjalo, ngoku aqhelekile, okholo olungenamda kunye umbulelo kuba umkhosi lowo ngokungathandabuzekiyo uqhutywa lityala ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokungasebenzeli, nokungakhathali ngokungathandabuzekiyo. Ngokwesiqhelo, uPence akazange asebenze kwaye akazange asebenze noDonald Trump (ezo ziphazamisiyo "Isithende spursโ). Njengomhlala-phantsi womkhosi uColonel Andrew Bacevich Yibeke ngowama-2007: โUkuze boyiseke izazela zabo, abaninzi abangakhonziyo [kumkhosi wamatsha-ntliziyo] bavakalisa intlonelo ngeqaqobana labo elisebenzayo. Oku kuye kwawaphakamisela phezulu amadoda namabhinqa okulwa aseMerika ukuba aye enkqenkqeza phambili kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha yesizwe. Umlingiswa kunye nothando lwakudala olunxulunyaniswa novulindlela okanye umfama omncinci - okanye oqhutywe ngo-1960s nguGqr. King kunye nentshukumo yamalungelo oluntu - ngoku ihleli phezu kwejoni. " Oku kuphakanyiswa kwemikhosi "yethu" njengokuziphatha kweMelika amaqhawe ityisa i-Pentagon efunekayo efuna ukwahlula umkhosi ukusuka ekugxekeni nabathetheli bayo bevela ukuphendula ngokuba iimfazwe ziphelile engalunganga kakhulu.
Ngokumangalisayo, abantu baseMelika baye baba bobabini uzimele kakhulu ukusuka emkhosini wabo kwaye deferential kakhulu kuwo. Ngoku siyakuthanda ukuqhwaba izandla ukuba umkhosi, leyo, i Abahloli Sixelele, wonwabela inqanaba eliphezulu lokuthenjwa kunye nokwamkelwa eluntwini kunomongameli, iCongress, imithombo yeendaba, icawa yamaKatolika, okanye iNkundla ePhakamileyo. Oko kufunwa ngumkhosi, nangona kunjalo, kweli xesha lemfazwe engapheliyo ayisiyonto ikhwazayo, kodwa uthando olunzima.
Njengendoda yasemkhosini edla umhlala-phantsi, ndicinga ukuba imikhosi yethu ifanelwe yimbeko. Kukho indlela yokuziphatha yokungazingci emkhosini ekumele ibonakale iyancomeka kweli xesha le selfies kunye nokuzingca. Oko kwathiwa, umkhosi awufanelanga ukuthotyelwa okwangoku, okanye ukunconywa rhoqo okungena kuwo imisitho engenasiphelo kuyo nayiphi na ibala lebhola okanye ibala lezemidlalo. Inene, imbeko kunye nokuthotywa, i-balm yolawulo lobuzwilakhe emkhosini, kufanele ukuba yityhefu kumkhosi wedemokhrasi.
Ngemikhosi yase-US isilwa ngokungapheliyo iimfazwe ezingazalwanga kakuhle, nokuba kuseVietnam ngeminyaka yoo-1960 okanye eIraq naseAfghanistan kumashumi amane eminyaka kamva, kulula ukuphulukana nombono wokuba iPentagon iqhubeka nokugcina irekhodi eliphumelele ngokwenene: kanye apha e-USA namhlanje, nokuba yintoni na. okwenzeka kumadabi elizwe elikude, umbono wokuba inkcitho yasemkhosini inyuke kakhulu lutyalo-mali ekwenzeni iMelika ibenkulu kwakhona ilawuleke kakhulu - njengoko yenze njalo, ngokuphazamiseka okuncinci, ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1980 kunye nexesha likaMongameli uRonald Reagan.
Injongo yomkhosi ifanele ibe, njengoko uRichard Kohn watsho kudala, โkukukhusela uluntu, kungekhona ukulichaza. Le yokugqibela yeyomkhosi.โ Unaloo nto engqondweni, cinga ngendlela amadoda ahlukeneyo asemkhosini adla umhlala-phantsi alandelelana ngasemva kukaDonald Trump kunye noHillary Clinton ngo-2016, kubandakanya neklasikhi. ukusebenza okungathintelekiyo nguLieutenant General Michael Flynn odla umhlala-phantsi (oyena โwomtshixayoโ ecula) kaTrump kwindibano yeRiphabhlikhi kunye Khwaza ngaphandle yentetho kaGeneral John Allen osele esidla umhlala-phantsi kaClinton kwiDemocratic one. Abagqatswa bobumongameli baseMerika, kwabonakala, kwakufuneka bathanjiswe ziinjengele ezidla umhlala-phantsi, bemisela umzekelo oyingozi kulwalamano lwexesha elizayo nomkhosi.
Ileta evela kwiSenator yam
Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo, ndabhala inqaku komnye wabaphathi bam ukuba ndikhalaze ngeemfazwe ezingapheliyo zaseMelika kwaye ndafumana impendulo esayiniweyo nge-imeyile. Ndiqinisekile ukuba awuyi kumangaliswa kukufunda ukuba yayiyimpendulo enkonkxiweyo, kodwa ayithethi loo nto. Umongameli wam waqala ngokuncoma amajoni aseMelika โnjengeenkani, akrelekrele, kwaye akhaliphile, kwaye ancama izinto ezininzi ukuze agcine iintsapho zethu zikhuselekile. Sonke sibatyala umbulelo ongazenzisiyo ngenkonzo yabo.โ Kulungile, ndaziva ndishushu kwaye ndididekile, kodwa ukufuna ukuqhwaba yayingeyonjongo kanye yenqaku lam.
I-Senate yam emva koko yabonisa inkxaso kwimisebenzi yokulwa nabanqolobi, oko kukuthi, "ukuqhuba imisebenzi eqingqiweyo, ejoliswe kuyo eyenzelwe ukuthintela abantu abanobundlobongela ababeka isoyikiso esithembekileyo kukhuseleko lwelizwe laseMelika, kuquka i-al-Qaeda kunye namahlakani ayo, i-Islamic State e-Iraq naseSiriya. (ISIS), amaqela angoontamo-lukhuni ekuhlaleni, nabanqolobi basekhaya.โ ISenethi yam ke yongeze i-caveat, icebisa ukuba umkhosi mawuthobele "umthetho wongquzulwano oluxhobileyo" kunye nokuba ugunyaziso lokusetyenziswa komkhosi (AUMF) iCongress yamkelwe ngokukhawuleza emva kwe-9/11 akufuneki itolikwe njenge. "Isigunyaziso esivulekileyo" semfazwe engapheliyo.
Okokugqibela, uSenator wam uvakalise inkxaso yezozakuzo kunye nentshukumo yasemkhosini, ebhala, "Ndikholelwa ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo wethu wangaphandle kufuneka ube nengqondo, uqine, kwaye ube nepragmatic, usebenzisa zonke izixhobo ezikwibhokisi yezixhobo - kubandakanya ukhuselo, idiplomacy kunye nophuhliso - ukuqhubela phambili i-US. ukhuseleko nezoqoqosho ehlabathini lonke.โ Isiphelo: idiplomacy "yomelele" kufuneka idityaniswe nomkhosi "owomeleleyo".
Ngoku, ungaqikelela igama kunye neqela leqela laloo senenja? Ngaba inokuba ibinguLindsey Graham okanye uJeff Flake, amaRiphabhlikhi athanda umkhosi owomeleleyo kunye nemisebenzi engapheliyo yokulwa nabanqolobi? Ewe kunjalo, kolu luvo luncinci lubalulekileyo kwi-AUMF, mhlawumbi sele ubonile ukuba uSenator wam yiDemocrat. Kodwa ngaba ucinge ukuba ummeli wam odumisa umkhosi, ochasene nabanqolobi yayingu-Elizabeth Warren, iDemocrat yaseMassachusetts?
Ukubhengezwa ngokupheleleyo: Ndiyamthanda uWarren kwaye ndenze igalelo elincinci kwiphulo lakhe. Kwaye ileta yakhe yachaza ukuba ukholelwa ukuba "isenzo somkhosi kufuneka sisoloko sisigqibo sokugqibela." Okwangoku, akukho naphi na apho kwakukho nakuphi na ukugxeka, okanye ukugxeka okugxekayo malunga nomkhosi wase-US, okanye imfazwe esasazekileyo yoloyiko, okanye iMfazwe yase-Afghan engapheliyo, okanye inkcitho yePentagon, okanye intshabalalo eyenziweyo. kule minyaka ngamandla okugqibela angaphaya kwesi sijikelezi-langa. Yonke into yayiyi-anodyne kwaye ikhuselekile-kwaye oku kuvela kwilungu lesentolo elithe labekwa lilungelo njengenkululeko evuthayo kunye ne-caricatured njengenye i-socialist yokutshabalalisa iMelika.
Ndiyayazi into oyicingayo: Loluphi ukhetho analo uWarren ngaphandle kokuludlala ngokukhuselekileyo? Akakwazi ukuqhubeka egxeka umkhosi. (Usele esengxakini eyaneleyo kwimeko yam yasekhaya ngenxa yokuba nesibindi ukugxeka amapolisa.) Ukuba akakuxhasi ubukho โobomeleleyoโ bomkhosi wase-US kwihlabathi liphela, angahlala njani engumgqatswa osebenzayo wokuba ngumongameli ngo-2020?
Kwaye ndingavumelana nawe, kodwa ngesi songezo sincinci: Ngaba abubo ubungqina bokuba iPentagon iphumelele eyona mfazwe ibalulekileyo, leyo yabamba - ukuba ibinzana kwenye imfazwe elahlekileyo - "iintliziyo neengqondo" zaseMelika. ? Kweli lizwe ngo-2018, njengakwi-2017, i-2016, njalo njalo, umkhosi wase-US kunye neenkokheli zayo ziyalela ukuba yintoni eyamkelekileyo ukuba siyithethe kwaye siyenze xa kuziwa ekusukeleni kwethu ukulahleka kwezixhobo kunye neemfazwe.
Ke, ngelixa kuyinyani ukuba umkhosi awuphumelelanga ukuphumelela ezo "ntliziyo neengqondo" eVietnam okanye kutsha nje e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, baqinisekile ukuba isihogo asizange sisilele ukubaphumelela apha. E-Homeland, eU.SA, enyanisweni, uloyiso luphunyeziwe kwaye, ngokugweba uhlahlo lwabiwo mali lwamva nje lwePentagon, ayinakoyisa ngakumbi.
Ukuba uyabuza-kwaye bambalwa abantu baseMelika abakwenzayo kwezi ntsuku-kutheni eli lizwe lilahlekelwa ziimfazwe ziqhubeka, impendulo kufuneka ibe, ubuncinci ngokuyinxenye: kuba akukho xanduva. Abo boyisiweyo kwezo mfazwe baye ukubamba ulawulo kwibali lethu lesizwe. Ngoku bachaza indlela umkhosi obonwa ngayo (njengotyalo-mali, i-boon, into enhle kunye nenkulu); ngoku babumba indlela esizijonga ngayo iimfazwe zethu phesheya (njengento ezisolayo mhlawumbi, kodwa iyimfuneko kunye nophawu lokuqina kwesizwe); ngoku banikezela konke ukugxeka okunzulu kwePentagon kwinto abanokuthi bayibize ngokuba ngumphetho owoyisiweyo.
Ezintliziyweni zabo, abantu baseMelika abathi bangamaqhawe bayazi ukuba banyanisile. Kodwa izinto ezingalunganga abazenzileyo, kwaye baqhubeke bezenza, egameni lethu aziyi kulungiswa ngokwenyani de abantu baseMelika baqalise ukwala impambano yemfazwe egqubayo, imikhosi egqugqisayo, kunye neemfazwe ezingapheliyo.
Umhlala-phantsi we-Air Force uLieutenant colonel kunye nonjingalwazi wembali, i-Astore i TomDispatch njalo. Ibhlog yakhe yobuqu Bracing Views.
Eli nqaku lavela okokuqala kwi-TomDispatch.com, iblogi yeSizwe yeZiko, ebonelela ngokuhamba ngokuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, iindaba, kunye noluvo oluvela kuTom Engelhardt, umhleli wexesha elide ekupapasheni, umseki weProjekthi yoBukhosi baseMelika, umbhali we Ukuphela kweNkcubeko yoloyiso, njengenoveli, Iintsuku zokuGqibela zokuPapasha. Incwadi yakhe yamva nje ithi Isizwe esingenziwanga yiMfazwe (Iincwadi zeHaymarket).
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