Isiseko seengcamango zenqanaba eliqhubekayo lokudityaniswa kwehlabathi yi-'Washington Consensus', abathi abanye abantu bayibize 'njenge-neo-liberalism' okanye 'i-market fundamentalism'. I-Washington Consensus yapapashwa nguJohn Williamson ngo-1990. Yabonisa uluhlu lwemigaqo-nkqubo eyayimiselwe ngamaziko athile ase-Washington ngo-1989 ekuqaleni kumazwe aku-Latin America ukuba yamkelwe. La maziko aquka US Treasury Department, Federal Reserve, kunye neSebe Trade ngaphandle IMF, World Bank, Inter-American Development Bank kunye GATT. Ngokutsho kukaJoseph Stiglitz, yayiyimvumelwano phakathi kwe-15 kunye nezitrato ze-19 zaseWashington, DC.
Akukho nalinye kumazwe asaphuhlayo ekuye kwaboniswana ngawo, singathethi ngokubandakanyeka kwawo, ekuphuhliseni esi mvumelwano nangona kwakujongwe ukuba samkelwe kwaye siphunyezwe ngawo. "Ubukhulu obunye bulingana konke" yayiyimantra eyayichaza lo myalelo. Yakhanyela urhulumente nayiphi na indima ebonakalayo kuqoqosho. Kwaye kwagxininiswa ukuba amashishini karhulumente, ukhuseleko, izibonelelo, njl. Ngoko ke urhulumente kufuneka azinikele ekukhuthazeni inkululeko yezoqoqosho, ukwenziwa kwamashishini abucala kumashishini karhulumente kunye nozinzo olukhulu. I-Washington Consensus yayinamanqaku alishumi, angala, ululeko lwemali (ukutshintsha izinto eziphambili esele zikho zenkcitho kawonke-wonke ngokuphelisa kakhulu uncediso-mali kunye nokuphelisa ngokukhawuleza zonke iinkqubo zokuphelisa intlupheko), uhlaziyo lwerhafu (okukhokelela ekwandisweni kwesiseko serhafu kunye nokunciphisa irhafu. amaxabiso aphezulu), ukukhululwa kwezemali (ukumiselwa kwamaxabiso enzala ngamandla emarike), uhlengahlengiso ekuzinziseni izinga lotshintshiselwano, urhwebo olukhululekileyo, ukungena okungathintelwanga kutyalo-mali oluthe ngqo lwangaphandle kwaye kungabikho lucalucalulo ngakulo, ushishino lwabucala, ukususwa kwemigaqo ukuququzelela utyalo-mali olutsha kunye namazwe angaphandle. iifemu kwimisebenzi yezoqoqosho, kunye nohlaziyo lwemithetho yepropathi ukuze kungabikho bunzima ekufumaneni, ekusebenziseni nasekudluliseleni ii-asethi.
UJohn Williamson waqinisekisa ngonyaka ka-2000 AD ukuba isitshixo kuphuhliso loqoqosho alukho kwimithombo yendalo okanye kwimali eyinkunzi, nokuba yeyomzimba okanye yomntu, kunye nobungakanani kunye nomgangatho wayo. Imfuneko yayiyeyomgaqo-nkqubo ochanekileyo nofanelekileyo owawufumaneka ngendlela ye-Washington Consensus.
Iqela lamazwe asakhasayo, ngokuzithandela okanye ngokungafuni, lenziwa ukuba aqalise uhlaziyo lwezoqoqosho, olusekelwe kule Mvumelwano yaseWashington ukususela ngeminyaka yoo-1990 ukuya phambili. UNaomi Klein kolona phando lwakhe lunabileyo nolubhalwe kakuhle, Imfundiso eyothusayo: Ukunyuka kongxowankulu bentlekele, uchaze ngokweenkcukacha indlela abanyanzelwa ngayo luxinzelelo lwezoqoqosho nezopolitiko okanye ngokudala iimeko apho bekungekho ndlela yokuphuma efumanekayo yokuwela emgceni. Iingcinga kunye nabavakalisi abanjengoFrancis Fukuyama noThomas L. Friedman bazama ukubaqinisekisa ukuba iintsuku zomzabalazo weklasi ziphelile, kwakungekho ndlela yimbi kunobukapitali kwaye, lakuba ihlabathi liphela linyule iMvumelwano yaseWashington, akusayi kubakho ngquzulwano phakathi kwamazwe amabini. . 'Imbali iya kufikelela esiphelweni' inkqubo yongxowankulu yezentlalo noqoqosho iya kuhlala ihleli. Bonke abahlali, ngaphandle kokwahluka kwenkolo, ulwimi, ummandla kunye nemeko yezoqoqosho baya kuba neengcinga ezifanayo kwaye batye ihamburger kaMcDonald kunye nokusela iCoke-Pepsi. Okuvuyisayo kukuba, abazange balwe bodwa. Uxolo novelwano lwaluya kulawula kuyo yonke indawo.
Ngaphandle koko, ukuvela kunye nolawulo olukhulayo 'loQoqosho olutsha', olusekwe kubuchwephesha bolwazi luya kuzisa uzinzo lwezoqoqosho kunye nemijikelo yoshishino iya kuba yinto yexesha elidlulileyo. Uqoqosho luya kuqhubeka lukhula ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okanye ukuphuka. Njengomhlalutyi oyintloko wezoqoqosho weFinancial Times, uMartin Wolf uthi, kukho amabango amathathu enziweyo malunga noQoqosho olutsha. Ingafane ibe semngciphekweni wokunyuka kwamaxabiso ezinto kwaye ingazinza ngakumbi, iya kuphehlelelwa ziinguqulelo ezintsha ezisingise kwi-boom ehlala ixesha elide kwaye uphawu olusisiseko lwentengiso luya kungena kwi-metamorphosis esisigxina.
Akuzange kuthathe xesha lide ukubhenca ubuxoki bala mabango. Iingxwabangxwaba zasekuhlaleni azizange ziphele neemfazwe phakathi kweentlanga azizange zipheliswe. I-Indiya kunye nePakistan, bobabini besitya i-hamburger kaMcDonald kunye nokusela i-Coke-Pepsi bafumana ukungavisisani phakathi kwabo kwanda kwaye, ekugqibeleni, kwakhokelela kwimfazwe yaseKargil. Ubume borhwebo aluzange lutshintshe okanye imijikelo yeshishini ibe yinto yexesha elidlulileyo. Kwakamsinyane emva kokuba kwenziwe ezi zityholo, imeko ye-dot com yalubamba uqoqosho. Ukusukela ngoko uqoqosho lwaseMelika lusuka kwenye ingxaki luye kwenye. Okwangoku, nangaphambi kokuba iphume kwingxaki ye-subprime, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okuqatha kuye kwehla phezu kwayo kwaye uloyiko luyavezwa ukuba lunokufuneka ludlule kwixesha elide lokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Ukungahoyi ummiselo wokuba urhulumente kufuneka ayeke ukusebenza kwemikhosi yentengiso, uRhulumente we-US Federal uze ngaphambili ukuhlangula uFannie Mae noFreddie Mac kwaye ulandela i-Keynesianism yasemkhosini.
Ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi, okusekwe kwiMvumelwano yaseWashington, kukhokelele ekukhuleni kokungalingani kwemivuzo kunye nokungalingani kwengingqi. Umntu unokuyibona lula le nto eIndiya. Imeko iye yaba mbi kakhulu kwaye iyaphazamisa kangangokuba intetho "yokukhula okubandakanyayo" ivakala ngalo lonke ixesha. IBhanki yeHlabathi ibisoloko iyigxininisa imihla ngemihla. Ukwandisa ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho kunye nentlalontle kunye nokukhula kokungalingani kwengingqi kubonakaliswa kwingingqi, ukuhlukana, ukuphathwa kakubi kwabasebenzi abavela kwamanye amazwe kunye nobugrogrisi bemibala eyahlukeneyo kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Endaweni yokuhlanganisana phantsi koqeqesho lwaseMelika, amazwe amaninzi nangakumbi abonakala ezihambela ngokwawo ukwakha uqoqosho oluzimeleyo kunye nepolitiki eyedwa. Lo mkhwa unokuqondwa ngokulula kwiLatin America, ixesha elide lithathwa njengendawo yangasemva yase-USA. E-Indiya, ukuchasana phakathi kwepolitiki yedemokhrasi esekelwe kwi-franchise yabantu abadala kunye nohlaziyo lwezoqoqosho oluchazwe yi-Washington Consensus luye lwabonakala. Ayinaye "i-Indiya eqaqambileyo" okanye umnqweno wokwenza ilizwe libe ligunya lehlabathi eliye lakhuthaza abantu ngokubanzi aboyikayo kukunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye nokungabikho kwamathuba emisebenzi. Urhulumente waseIndiya uzama, nangona kukho uqhanqalazo kunye noxinzelelo oluvela kubalinganiswa bentlalontle be-Darwinist ye-Washington Consensus, ukuthomalalisa inkitha yabantu ngokuzisa isikim sesiqinisekiso sengqesho emaphandleni, ukurhoxisa iimali-mboleko zamafama kunye nogcino-mali kwabambalwa kunye 'nabanye abasemva. iiklasi 'kwimisebenzi nakumaziko emfundo. Ingcali yezoqoqosho yaseIndiya edume kwihlabathi liphela, uProf. Amit Bhaduri, epapashwe, kungekudala, iphepha elithi "Predatory Growth" kwi-Economic and Political Weekly (Aprili 19, 2008). Iingcaphuno nje ezimbini ezivela kuyo ziyakwanela ukuzisa ekhaya ubunyani bokukhula koqoqosho eIndiya ukusukela oko kwaqala uhlaziyo lwezoqoqosho. Okokuqala, "Ibali eligxininiswe kakhulu lokukhula koqoqosho lwaseIndiya lifihla inyaniso malunga nokunyuka kokungalingani, ukuthambekela okucacileyo ngokuchasene namahlwempu, ubutshaba bukarhulumente kwintlalontle, kunye nentlupheko eyenzelwe abona bahluphekayo. Kuphela enye indlela eya kuphuhliso ebeka uxinzelelo kwisidima kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwawo onke amacandelo enokuthi ibe yimpendulo kwintshabalalo yokukhula kwezilwanyana. " Okwesibini, "Imakethi engalawulwayo imithetho yayo imiselwe ngamaqumrhu ancediswa ngamandla karhulumente abumba le nkqubo. Ingcamango yenkqubela phambili ngokuhluthwa kwabahluphekileyo, ishunyayelwe ngokungapheliyo ngamandla ahlangeneyo ezityebi, umgangatho ophakathi kunye namaqumrhu alawula ngokuthe ngqo amahlwempu, kwaye ngokungathanga ngqo sele iqalisile ukubumba iingqondo zethu. Isiphumo luhlobo loshishino olufanayo lwengqondo, ukubekwa emgangathweni kweengcinga ezingaboniyo enye indlela. Ukanti, kukho isiphene esibulalayo. Nokuba linamandla kangakanani na eli phulo limanyeneyo lemibutho ezizityebi, amajelo eendaba kunye nabezopolitiko, kwanamandla abo edibene ahlala engenakuzikhusela kumava obomi bamahlwempu. Ukuba le nkqubo yokukhula iqhubeka ixesha elide, ibiya kuvelisa ezazo iidemon. Akukho luntu, nkqu nenkqubo yethu yedemokhrasi engasebenzi kakuhle, enokumelana ngaphaya kwenqanaba elithile lokungalingani okukhulayo okukhulisa oku kukhula kuphakamileyo. Ukwanda kokuchasa amahlwempu kufuneka mhlawumbi kucinezelwe ngokwanda kobundlobongela bombuso obutyeshela yonke imilinganiselo yedemokhrasi, kwaye ubundlobongela buya kudibana nobundlobongela obuchaphazela uluntu lonke. Okanye, enye indlela eya kuphuhliso exhomekeke ekwenzeni nzulu idemokhrasi yethu ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwabantu abaninzi kufuneka kufunyanwe.
Ixesha elide, iziphumo eziphuma kuhlaziyo oluphefumlelweyo lwe-Washington Consensus bezikhathaza iMelika kunye nemibutho emi kwisitrato se-15 kunye ne-19th eWashington, DC. Baye bacinga ngeendlela kunye neendlela zokuzisa utshintsho olufanelekileyo kwi-Consensus yaseWashington ngaphandle kokuguqula isakhiwo sayo esisisiseko sokunciphisa ubutshaba ngakuyo. Ukupakishwa kwayo kwakhona kuyafuneka. Ngolu mbono, kwiminyaka emibini enesiqingatha eyadlulayo iBhanki yeHlabathi yaqhagamshelana noNjingalwazi weYunivesithi yaseStanford uMichael Spence okwaphumelele iBhaso leNobel. "IKomishoni yoHlumo noPhuhliso: Iindlela zokuKhula okuZinzileyo kunye noPhuhliso oluBandakanyayo" yasekwa phantsi kosihlalo wakhe. Amalungu angama-21, kuquka nosihlalo, amiselwa avela ehlabathini lonke. IIndiya yaza kumelwa nguMontek Singh Ahluwalia. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uninzi lwamalungu ludibene neBhanki yehlabathi kunye ne-IMF kunye nembono yabo.
Ngasekupheleni kukaCanzibe kulo nyaka, iKomishoni ingenise ingxelo yayo. Ukunqongophala kwendawo kusithintela ekwenzeni ingxoxo ecacileyo yeengcebiso zayo. Nangona kunjalo, siza kubhekisa kwezinye zazo. Okokuqala, i-protagonists ye-Consensus yaseWashington ayibonakali intshiseko efanayo kunye nokuzithemba njengakumaxesha angaphambili. Bayathandabuza ukubanga ukuba ukukhulula, ukurhoxiswa, ukuthengiswa kwamashishini abucala kunye nentengiso ekhululekileyo inokukhawulezisa izinga lokukhula kwaye izise impumelelo. Baye baqaphela kwakhona ukuba 'isayizi enye ayilingani zonke'. Ngoko ke ummiselo kufuneka utshintshwe ngokufanelekileyo kuthathelwa ingqalelo iimeko ezithile zelizwe oza kusetyenziswa kulo. Ukubunjwa okusisiseko kwechiza, nangona kunjalo, akunakutshintsha kwaye kuhlale kusekelwe kwi-Consensus yaseWashington. Iziphumo zasemva kufuneka zibekwe esweni ngononophelo kwaye zijongwe ngokutshintsha ubungakanani kunye nokuphindaphindwa kwedosi. Okwesibini, indima yombuso kwezoqoqosho iphinde yagxininiswa ngenxa yesizathu esilula sokuba iyodwa inokunciphisa imiphumo eyingozi yokuguqulwa kwezoqoqosho ngokusekelwe kwi-Consensus yaseWashington. Limele lisoloko liwabeka esweni. Okwesithathu, imifuniselo elawulwayo kufuneka yenziwe phambi kokuba kuthathwe nawaphi na amanyathelo alishumi e-Consensus yaseWashington ukuze isetyenziswe jikelele. Umzekelo, ukuba ukurhweba ngokukhululekileyo kuqaliswe ngequbuliso, kunokukhokelela ekuweni kwamashishini emveli, kubangele inani elikhulu labasebenzi bangasebenzi. Oku kunokukhokelela kwiziphumo ezibi kwezopolitiko. Okwesine, ngamazwi kaNjingalwazi uDani Rodrik weYunivesithi yaseHarvard, "Ingxelo ye-Spence ibonisa utshintsho olubanzi lwengqondo ngaphakathi koqeqesho lophuhliso, utshintsho olubandakanya kungekhona nje izicwangciso zokukhula kodwa zempilo, imfundo kunye neminye imigaqo-nkqubo yentlalo. isakhelo somgaqo-nkqubo, esithathwa yingcinga entsha ngokuthe ngcembe, siyacingela kunokuba sixilonge."
Ingxelo iqaphela ukuba ukukhula akusosiphelo ngokwako. Kufuneka incede ukuqonda ezo njongo zifanelekileyo kumntu ngamnye kunye noluntu ukuze kususwe intlupheko nentlupheko. Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, kuye kwagxininiswa ukusasazwa ngokulinganayo kwemiphumo yolwando.
I-Washington Consensus igxininise ngakumbi kutyalo-mali oluthe ngqo lwangaphandle kunye nokuququzelela ukungena kwayo ngohlaziyo olufanelekileyo lwezoqoqosho. Ingxelo yeSpence ithetha into eyahlukileyo. Ukucaphula, "Imbono yethu yeyokuba ukonga kwamanye amazwe kuthathe indawo yogcino lwasekhaya olungafezekanga, kubandakanywa ukugcinwa koluntu, ukuxhasa utyalo-mali olufunwa luqoqosho olukhulayo."
Ilumkisa abo bathanda ngokugqithisileyo malunga nohlaziyo lwezoqoqosho: "Njengokuba ukukhula ingeyiyo eyona njongo iphambili, uhlaziyo alukho. Zombini ziyindlela yokufikelela iziphelo. Uhlaziyo lungancomeka kwaye lumele impumelelo enkulu, kodwa ukuba ukukhula akukhawulezi, okanye ukuba amanani amakhulu abantu abaziva nakuphi na ukuphucuka kweemeko zabo, ngoko kukho umsebenzi omninzi ekufuneka wenziwe Ukuthembela kwiimarike ukuba zabele ngokufanelekileyo kuyimfuneko (akukho nto yaziwayo, indawo esebenzayo), kodwa oko akufani nokuvumela ezinye. indibaniselwano yeemarike kunye nemenyu yohlaziyo imisela iziphumo."
Ekugqibeleni, kukho intetho ye-Consensus entsha yaseWashington apho, njengoko uDani Rodrik esitsho, "incwadi yomthetho kufuneka ibhalwe ekhaya, kungekhona eWashington." Ukuba oku kuyenzeka, kuya kuthetha "inkqubela phambili yokwenene" njengoko "igxininisa ngokufanelekileyo ukuba ilizwe ngalinye kufuneka liqulunqe umxube walo wonyango. Iingcali zezoqoqosho zamazwe angaphandle kunye nee-arhente zoncedo zinokubonelela ngezinye izithako, kodwa kuphela ilizwe ngokwalo elinokubonelela ngeresiphi."
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela