Umthombo: Ewe!
Ngo-2019, uJoseph Thompson, umlawuli wamacandelo eenkcubeko ngeenkcubeko kunye noprofesa oncedisayo wezifundo zobuhlanga kunye nezizwe kwi-Virginia Theological Seminary, watyikitya kwiqela labafundi kunye nabasebenzi abaza kulungelelanisa inkqubo yembuyekezo yeziko. Wayeziqonda izinto ezimbini: Iintlawulo azinakuze zichaze umonakalo kunye nelifa lobukhoboka, kwaye umsebenzi wawungengomali.
"Unokwazi njani ukuba yimalini enokuyenza ukulungisa?" Uyabuza uThompson. โAyikho imali kuphela. Imalunga, enye into, ukuthetha inyaniso ngembali yesikolo sobufundisi โฆ [kwaye] imalunga nokuphuhlisa ubudlelwane obuyinyani nobuyinyani nobunokulingana ngokwaneleyo kunye neentsapho kunye nenzala.โ
Iqela labaphandi beli semina sele liqalisile ukwenza imali kwiintsapho ezili-12, phakathi kwama-30 nama-35 abantu, abo uThompson ababhekisa kubo njengabanini-zabelo. Injongo kukusebenza kunye nesizukulwana esinxibelelene kakhulu nabantu abaseseminarini ababekhotyokiswe njengabakhandi besinyithi, abachweli, okanye abakhi, kunye nabo babenezikhundla ezifanayo ngexesha leJim Crow. Njengenxalenye yenkqubo, abaphandi baya kubhala iimbali zomlomo zenzala yabo babekhotyokisiwe kwaye basebenzisane nabanini-zabelo ukwenza isigqibo sokuba imbuyekezo kufuneka ihlawulwe njani.
โSinethemba lokuba [ngalo msebenzi], abantu baya kuqonda ukuba iziko lemfundo leyenzala yabantu [abakhotyokisiweyo] njengokuba yeyabantu abamhlophe ababesoloko becinga ukuba isisemina yeyabo, kuba bayinxalenye ebalulekileyo yesikolo sabefundisi. ibali,โ utshilo uThompson.
IOfisi yeziko lemfundo yabadala i-Multicultural Ministries liqela nje elinye labaninzi kwilizwe jikelele, kuquka abo bakumaziko emfundo Virginia, izixeko ezifana I-Evanston, Illinois, nakwimeko ye California, esebenzela ukulungisa umonakalo wobukhoboka namafa abo amaninzi. Iimfuno zolu hlobo lweentlawulo zembuyekezo bezikho ukusukela oko ukwenziwa kwamakhoboka kwakusemthethweni e-United States, kodwa namhlanje bafumana umgaqo omtsha kuzwelonke, bebonelela ngombono wekamva elinobulungisa nelinobulungisa eliziva linokufezekiswa ngakumbi kunasesikolweni. nangaliphi na ixesha kwimbali.
Imbali yokubiza uBulungisa
Ngokuka-Ashley D. Farmer, usekela-njingalwazi kwezeMbali kunye ne-African and African Diaspora Studies kwiYunivesithi yaseTexas eAustin, ibango lokuqala lembuyekezo lenziwa ngo-1783 libhinqa eligama linguBelinda, ikhoboka lalo, elinyanisekileyo kubukhosi, layishiya iUnited States ngowe-1775. Urhulumente wasiqinisekisa eso sibongozo ngokuvuma intlawulo yeeponti ezili-15 kunye neesheleni ezili-12 ngonyaka, nangona intlawulo yonyaka yayingangqinelani, yaye uBelinda kwakuza kufuneka afake isikhalazo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho kabini ukuze afumane intlawulo yakhe.
Umlimi utsho njalo ulungiselelo lwembuyekezo olukhulu ayizange ithathwe kude kube malunga neminyaka eyi-100 kamva, ngo-1869, ngumfazi omnyama owayesakuba likhoboka ogama lakhe. Callie House. Indlu yayiphethe uthungelwano lokuqala lwembuyekezo olukhokelwa ngabaNtsundu, eyaziwa ngokuba yi I-National Ex-Slave Mutual Relief, Bounty, kunye ne-Pension Association yase-United States of America, eya kuthi ekugqibeleni imangalele i-US Treasury kwi-1915 nge-68 yezigidi zeedola zokubuyisela. โIsimangalo sasisithi le mali, eyaqokelelwa phakathi ko-1862 no-1868 njengerhafu yomqhaphu, yayingenxa yababheni ngenxa yokuba umqhaphu wawuveliswe ngabo nookhokho babo ngenxa โyobukhoboka obunganyanzelekanga.โโ wabhala. umgcini wezinto zakudala uMiranda Booker Perry. Inkundla yezibheno eWashington, DC, yalikhanyela elo bango ngesizathu sokunganyangeki kukarhulumenteโingcamango yokuba urhulumente akanatyala ngokwenza okungalunganga, kwanokuba isenzo esiphosakeleyo singekho mthethweni.
Emva kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yesiBini, intshukumo yembuyekezo yafumana amandla avuselelweyo, utshilo uMlimi, encediswa yimibutho yamaLizwe aMnyama kunye namaLungelo oLuntu. Ngeli xesha ukuqhuba kwakukhokelwa UKumkanikazi uMama uAudley Moore, eyaziwa ngokuba ngumama wombutho wale mihla wokubuyisela. Enyanisweni, uninzi lweziphakamiso zokuba iinkokeli zentshukumo ezifana noGqr Martin Luther King Jr. kunye noMalcolm X babeza kutshata kamva bevela kuMoore, owayengumcebisi weMalcolm X's, uMlimi uthi.
Ngeminyaka yoo-1940 kunye no-'50s, le ngcamango yembuyekezo yayisanda, ngaphakathi nangaphandle, kwaye uMoore ngumntu owaqala ngokuthethelela abantu abamnyama baseMelika, uMlimi uthi. UMoore wayemi ngelithi imbuyekezo ifuna uxolo olufuziselayo ukuze kuqatshelwe isenzo esiphosakeleyo kunye nokutshintshwa kwezinto eziphathekayo kunye nempahla ukuze kulungiswe ubuhlanga obucwangcisiweyo kunye nentlalontle eMelika kunye "nobuninzi bokungalingani obuvela ebukhobokeni ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. ,โ uqhubeka uMlimi.
Njengoko iNdlu kunye noMoore bafuna ubulungisa kurhulumente wase-US, zombini iinkokeli zaziphantsi Imizamo yeminyaka emininzi yokwenza umsebenzi wabo ube lulwaphulo-mthetho. Kwaye ngoku kukho ukuvunywa ngokubanzi ukuba ilifa lobukhoboka lichaphazela imeko yobomi eMelika yanamhlanje, a I-2019 Gallup poll ibeke inkxaso ngokubanzi kwimbuyekezo kwi-29% nje yabantu.
Nyaka ngamnye ukusuka kwi-1989 ukuya kwi-2018, eMichigan Democratic Ummeli uJohn Conyers wazisa umthetho oyilwayo ukufunda imfuneko yokuhlawula. Emva kokuba uConyers eswelekile, u-Rep. Sheila Jackson Lee, uMdemokhrasi osuka eTexas, waphinda wawusungula umthetho ngo-2019. Ngaloo nyaka, wafumana umthetho ukuviwa kwembali, kwaye ngoAprili 2021, i IKomiti yeeJaji ivotele ngokuchaseneyo lokuzisa umthetho oyilwayo kumgangatho weNdlu yabaMeli.
Nangona kunjalo, isenzo esibambekayo somdibaniso sinokuba kude njengoko umthetho ungabizwanga ukuba kuvotelwe kwiNdlu, kwaye umthetho weqabane awuzange uziswe kwi-Senate. Nangoko, umthetho ufuna ukuphononongwa ngemfuneko yeentlawulo zobuyiselo, endaweni yembuyekezo eyiyo.
A Grassroots Culture Shift for Reparations
Kude kubekho imbuyekezo yomanyano, imibutho ephantsi kwilizwe lonke iyalithobela ikhwelo lokulungisa ezi mpazamo.
"Ndiye ndaziva, ukuba ndiza kulinda urhulumente ukuba akhwele imbuyekezo, ndiza kulinda ixesha elingakanani?" utsho uSue Downing, ohlawula imbuyekezo yenyanga kubantu abakwingingqi yakhe esentshona Massachusetts nakwisahluko sakhe sengingqi sombutho wesizwe oBonisa ubuLungisa bobuhlanga.
Xa esi sahluko saqala ngo-2014, umququzeleli uKelly Silliman uthi, eli qela laligxile kumsebenzi oqhelekileyo, njengokubonisa umanyano kuqhanqalazo okanye ukunkqonkqoza ezicangweni ukufundisa abantu abamhlophe ngelungelo elikhethekileyo. Esi sahluko siqale ukufundisa amalungu aso ngokubaluleka kwembuyekezo kwaye sakhuthaza abantu ukuba bazibophelele kwiintlawulo zenyanga kumaqela amathathu asekuhlaleni akhokelwa yiBIPOC. Amaqabane oxanduva lwesahluko-igama le-SURJ kubantu bemibala, kulo mzekelo uMnyama, abazinikele ekubambeni amalungu aphendule kwinjongo kunye neenjongo zabo-kucetyiswa ukuba abaququzeleli banciphise ukugxila kwabo. Unaloo nto engqondweni, isahluko sizibophelele ekuhlawuleni imbuyekezo kubaququzeleli ababini abaNtsundu nabatshintshe isini ababekhe bahlangabezana nokungakhuseleki kwezindlu ngokobuhlanga ngaphambili.
NgoJanuwari ka-2019, eli qela laphehlelela iinzame zembuyekezo ezijolise ngokukodwa ekoyiseni ukungakhuseleki kwezindlu ngobuhlanga, ukuqala ngemisebenzi yokufundisa amalungu alo. Isahluko sibambe iqela lobudlelwane bobuhlanga "iintlanzi" (apho elinye iqela lincokola ngelixa elinye lijonge incoko ngaphandle kokuthatha inxaxheba), lidlala malunga nefuthe lobukhulu obumhlophe kubazali, kunye neentetho ezisondeleyo kumakhaya amalungu e-SURJ ukufundisa amalungu oluntu olumhlophe ukubaluleka kokuhlawula imbuyekezo. NgoJuni ka-2020, isahluko kunye noluntu olubanzi kwintshona yeMassachusetts babeqokelele kwaye bahlawula ngaphezulu kwe-100,000 yeedola njengembuyekezo kwaba balweli benkululeko ababini abaNtsundu, abathi bayisebenzisela ukuthenga indlu yabo eSpringfield, Massachusetts.
UStickii Quest, omnye wabafumana imbuyekezo kunye nomnye wamaqabane oxanduva lokuphendula kwisahluko seSURJ, uthi bebengazinzanga ngezindlu ubomi babo bonke kwaye becinga ukuba bona neqabane labo, uShaeShae Quest, baya kuhlala bengabaqeshi. UStickii Quest uthi umama wabo โwazama ukuba nekhaya, [kodwa] oko kwathatha iminyaka emine kuphela,โ kwaye umama kaShaeShae wayenekhaya elathi lathathwa kwindawo edumileyo. Kwindawo eyomelezayo, apho inani elandayo labantu abaMnyama nabaBrown bayasokola ukugcina amakhaya abo, iiQuests aziqinisekanga ukuba injongo yazo iya kufezekiswa de bafake isicelo.
โUkuba nendawo endiyaziyo ukuba ekuphela kwexesha ekufuneka ndifuduke ngalo kuxa ndikhetha ukuya, ekuphela kwexesha endimele ndikhathazeke ngendawo endilele kuyo kuxa ndikhetha ukungabikho kwakhona, [kwaye] ngaphandle koloyiko oluzayo lomnini-mhlaba okanye inkampani ebolekisa ngemali exhaphazayo [okanye] ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngentlawulo yokubambisa, andikwazi nokulichaza inqanaba loxinzelelo olususe emagxeni am,โ utshilo uStickii Quest.
Ufikelelo kuMhlaba nguNdoqo walo mba
Izindlu zivakale njengendawo ebalulekileyo kwisahluko se-SURJ ukuba siqale kuba ukungalingani kweentlanga ezininzi kubuyela kumba wokufikelela kumhlaba. Ibali le-genesis yase-United States yenye ubusela bomhlaba: ukubiwa komhlaba kubantu bomthonyama ngabantu baseYurophu ukuqala kwi Kwinkulungwane ye-16 ukuya kutsho kwinkulungwane ye-19 egameni leManifest Destiny; ubusela bomhlaba ngokubhukuqa Umyalelo we-Gen. Sherman's Field Order 15, eyaphula i isithembiso sokwabiwa komhlaba kubantu ababefudula bengamakhoboka emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya; kunye nokubiwa komhlaba ngokusebenzisa Ukufuduka ngenkani kwamaJapan aseMelika ngexesha leWWII ukuthintela isoyikiso esicingelwayo sobuntlola.
Olu fikelelo lungalinganiyo lokuba nendlu kunye nomhlaba owakhiwe kuwo sisiseko sento eyakhiwe kakhulu ubutyebi bokuvelisa e-USโKwaye wadala ilizwe ubutyebi bobuhlanga. โKum, olu luvo lokubeka umhlaba njengomntu onegalelo kubutyebi kuzo zonke izizukulwana lwalubaluleke kakhulu,โ utshilo u-Downing. โUkujonga imbali yentsapho yakowethu ndize ndithi, โEwe, ndiyayibona indlela endiye ndangenelwa ngayo kwisibakala sokuba intsapho yam macala omabini yakwazi ukuthenga umhlaba ngendlela eyayingavunyelwa ngabantu ababengamakhoboka ngaphambili.โโ
Ngolungiselelo lwakhe, i-Downing ifumene ingxoxo ye ubutyebi bobuhlanga ukuba sesinye sezizathu ezinyanzelisayo ukuba umntu omhlophe agqibe ekubeni ahlawule imbuyekezo. Nditsho no-Downing, utatomkhulu wakhe wayengumfundisi kwiMfazwe yamakhaya kwaye ekhobokisa abantu, uthi โakacingi ukuba [imbali yosapho] yingxoxo eyeyisayo kubantu abaninzi. Ndithetha ukuthi, andikonqeni ukuyithetha, kwaye iyinkuthazo eyongezelelweyo kum, kodwa andiziva ndinetyala ngayo ... Ndivakalelwa kukuba ibingafanelekanga kwaye ayilunganga โฆ kodwa ukuziva ndinetyala ayilomvakalelo iluncedo ngakumbi. โ
Le asiyomvakalelo ingaqhelekanga: Umgama wesizukulwana ukusuka ekumiselweni kobukhoboka kwilizwe ubonakalise ingxoxo esebenzayo kwinqanaba lomdibaniso wokwala imbuyekezo. Umlimi uthi ukufuna imbuyekezo kunye nokufuna uxanduva kubantu baseJapan baseMelika ababevalelwe ngexesha leWWII kwakulula ngakumbi kuba yayingumzekelo oqulethwe wokungekho sikweni. Xa uMongameli uRonald Reagan watyikitya i uMthetho weNkululeko yoLuntu kumashumi amane eminyaka emva kokuphela kokuvalwa komsebenzi waseJapan, uninzi lwabasezivalelweni babesaphila. โUngakhangela ukuba ngubani kanye oye apho. Ungalandelela ngokuthe ngqo ukuthinjwa kwabo kwepropathi ngokucacileyo,โ uyacacisa uFarmer.
โMntu oMnyama, ndithetha ukuthi, niqala ngaphi? Sithe xibilili ekusekweni kwesizwe, sithe phithi kubutyebi obumhlophe, ngoku sikude kakhulu kubukhoboka bokwenene. Ungaqala njani ukuzama ukwenza uhlobo oluthile lwenkqubo yokwenza oko? " Iimbuyekezo zityalwa iminyaka engaphezu kwama-250 yobukhoboka obusemthethweni; Isenzo sombuyekezo sichaphazela yonke intlalo, yezopolitiko, kunye nemilinganiselo yezoqoqosho kubomi baseMelika obuququzelelwe bukhoboka kwaye bulandele 13th izilungiso, eyenza inkqubo yokukhotyokiswa ingekho mthethweni, ngaphandle nje kwesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho.
Ukudala loo nkqubo yokutshintsha kunye nokwanelisa indlala yobulungisa, isahluko se-Western Mass SURJ sikholelwa, kufuneka siqale ukusuka phezulu. โInxalenye yencoko ebesinayo kukwakha umdla wokubuyisela imbuyekezo,โ utshilo uMisha Viets van Dyk, umququzeleli wenethiwekhi kwiSURJ National. "Ndifuna ukubona imbuyekezo isenzeka ngomlinganiselo omkhulu ngokwemigaqo-nkqubo etshintshileyo kwaye eyona mali ihlawulweyo, kodwa ndicinga ukuba imbuyekezo ayiyontlawulo yexesha elinye."
Bongeza ngelithi ukucela uxolo ngeziphoso zexesha elidluleyo akunamazinyo ukuba amaziko aqhubela phambili ifa lezo nzakalo. Umzekelo, uViets van Dyk uthi, "Ukuba uhlala uvalela abantu abaninzi, ngakumbi abantu abaNtsundu, okanye uqhubeke nezi zenzo zokuhlaselwa kwezindlu, ukwenza intlawulo kanye" akulungisi nto.
UViets van Dyk uthi umbutho uphonononga iindlela zokwandisa imbuyekezo kunye neenzame zokwabiwa ngokutsha kobutyebi kwinqanaba elisezantsi, nokuba kungezihabhu zeSURJ okanye intsebenziswano nemibutho yesizwe efana Ingxowa-mali yoLungiso NGOKU!, elizichaza โnjengelinge leqabane elimhlophe leKomishoni yeSizwe yase-Afrika yoBuyekezo yaseMelika.โ Ngelixa izahluko ezimbalwa ze-SURJ zizinikele kumaphulo okubuyisela ekujoliswe kuwo ngeendlela zesahluko seMisa eNtshona, uninzi lwabanye luthumela imali kunye neminikelo kuMnyama kunye nabantu bemibutho ekhokelwa ngumbala.
Izicwangciso zembuyekezo zeGrassroots ezifana nezo zeVirginia Theological Seminary, izahluko zeSURJ, iiidyunivesithi, kunye nezixeko zifumana ingqwalasela enkulu, kwaye zisebenza ngeenjongo ezimbini zokubuyekeza ubugwenxa bembali kunye nenkqubo ngelixa sisakha โinkcubeko kwilizwe lethu exabisa ingcamango yembuyekezo. kwaye uyasiqonda isizathu sokuba kubalulekile, โutshilo u-Downing.
Ukuba ngaba olo tshintsho lwenkcubeko lufikelela kurhulumente womanyano luhlala lubonakala. Umlimi uthi urhulumente ukwenza iinzame ezidityanisiweyo zokulungisa iyakuba luphawu olukhulu, nokuba isixa semali singenakubalwa kwaye singenakucingelwa. Mhlawumbi owona mceli mngeni mkhulu, utsho, kukuba ilizwe kuya kufuneka lilwe nombono wokuba iMelika iyintoni kanye kanye. โYonke le ngcamango โyomhlaba wabakhululekileyo,โ le ngcamango yedemokhrasi noloyiso, bubuxoki,โ utsho uFarmer. "Ke ngoko zombini kwinqanaba lokomfuziselo nakwinqanaba lezinto ezibonakalayo, kunzima kakhulu ukubala, kuba [ukwenza imbuyekezo] kuthetha ukujongela phantsi ukongama kwabamhlophe." Kwaye yinyani leyo eli lizwe lakhelwe phezu kwayo.
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