Ngenye imva kwemini kwisiXeko saseNew York ngentwasahlobo yowe-1964, ndahamba phambi koqhanqalazo oluncinane lwamalungelo abantu, omnye wabamhlophe abambalwa kwelo qela. Bendiphethe ivatala. Yayiliqhula likaDick Gregory.
Ukuthetha okuncinci, ayinguye wonke umntu oyithandileyo le joke, kodwa bendicinga ukuba iyahlekisa, i-jab eyenziwe ngoyena mdlali ushushu kweli lizwe kwenye yeengoma. eyona stereotypes endala yobuhlanga. Abanye babaqhankqalazi abantsundu kuloo mngcelele omncinci bavakalelwa kukuba inguqulelo kaGregory yethiyetha yabanqolobi (apho ndandingumdlali omncinane kuyo) yabuthoba ubunzulu besi sihlandlo - kwaye batsho njalo. Abanye babamhlophe ababebukele babenolunye uluvo ngokupheleleyo. Ngamazwi ayengenakuba bukhali ngakumbi, bacebisa ukuba ndingumngcatshi kuhlanga lwam.
Ngaphezu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane kamva, njengoko iziqhulo zikaGregory kunye nezinto aziphumezileyo iphinde ijongwe, laa nto yevatala isabonakala ihlekisa kum ngokuqaqambileyo. Kanti ikwayinto engaqhelekanga, phantse yangaphambi konogumbe, ifuzisela imvakalelo eyayikhe yachulumancisa inkqubela. Umzabalazo okhoyo ngoku wokuchasa ubuhlanga ujongene nenkcaso ecwangcisiweyo ikhokelwa ukusuka indlu emhlophe. Abacalucalulo abakwindledlana yenkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye banesibindi, kuba befumene inkokeli ekhohlakeleyo engakwaziyo ukuhlekisa. Baninzi abanye abaye baqonda kade ukuba uDonald Trump wayengeyontlekisa emva kwayo yonke loo nto. Kwaye ngoku bayaxambulisana phakathi kwabo malunga nezihloko ezibalulekileyo kodwa zihlala ziphambukisa njenge ulwabiwo lwenkcubeko, indoda emhlophe ilungelo, kunye nencasa endala embi - endaweni yokumanyana ukulwa utshaba oluyingozi ngokwenene lokulingana kunye nedemokhrasi.
I-Nigger, umxholo wencwadi ethi Greg (njengoko inkoliso yethu yayimbiza njalo ngoko) kunye nam sabhala kunye ngaloo nyaka (kunye nembali yobomi bakhe), uphikiswana ngakumbi kunokuba kwakunjalo ngoko nohlanga lwam. Abantu bayakubuza ukufaneleka - kwanelungelo - lomntu omhlophe ukuba abhale ngaye, kunye nomntu omnyama. Incwadi, epapashwe ngo-1964, ayizange ishicilelwe kwaye kulo nyaka, okokuqala ngqa, i-paperback yorhwebo ikhutshwe kunye ne-audio version. A obungamaxwebhu, ifilimu ebonisa ifilimu, kunye ne-biography esemthethweni isendleleni, eninzi ngenxa yamandla enziwe ngunyana kaGreg uChristian, waseWashington, D.C., ugqirha we-chiropractor.
Greg, ngubani wafa ngo-2017 eneminyaka engama-84, ngoku ufumana ulwamkelo olupheleleyo ekudala emfanele njengovulindlela womdlalo ohlekisayo omnyama wezopolitiko owancama umsebenzi obalaseleyo kumatshantliziyo ee-1960s. Kule minyaka idlulileyo, unyukele kwiqela labona bahlaziyi baseMelika abadumileyo ecaleni kukaWill Rogers noMark Twain.
Ndadibana noGreg ngorhatya lwangoSeptemba 16, 1963. Umvakalisi wakhe wamisela idinga. Wayetyikitye isivumelwano sencwadi engobomi bempuku ukuya kubutyebi ukuze azuze kudumo lwakhe olutsha njengomdlali ohlekisayo emva koko wakhaba ngawo wonke umbhali umpapashi awayemthumelela yena. Xa besondela ezantsi komphanda, beza nomnye oneminyaka engama-25 ubudala ENew York Times Umbhali wezemidlalo owathi, ukunyaniseka, wayenomdla ngakumbi ekuhlangabezaneni nale mvakalelo ngequbuliso kunokuba ngokwenene abhale incwadi ebandakanya - kum - imihlaba engaqhelekanga yezopolitiko kunye nezopolitiko zobuhlanga.
Isifundo
Ukufika kwam kwihotele yakhe okokuqala, uLillian, inkosikazi yakhe, kunye noJim Sanders, umbhali wakhe we-gag, wandixelela ukuba akaboni mntu. Kodwa ndimncinci kwaye ndigcwele isiqu sam, ndangena nje egumbini lakhe. Wayephezu kwebhedi yakhe, ezisonge ngendlela yomntwana, enxibe impahla yangaphantsi kuphela, elila. Ndahlala phantsi ndambuza ukuba kwenzekani.
Uye waqengqeleka kancinci wandijonga. "Awuwafundi amaphepha?"
“Ngokuqinisekileyo,” ndatsho. "Ndisebenzela enye."
“Awuzange ufunde ngamantombazana amancinane amane awayekho bulawa izolo kwicawa yaseBirmingham?”
Ndathi: “Ibimbi loo nto. "Ngoku malunga nale ncwadi ..."
Kodwa wahlehla, kwananjengoko wayeqhubeka ethetha, ngesi sihlandlo eludongeni esithi: “Kwenzeka njani ukuba umlungu abe bubi kangangokuba ade abulale amantombazana amancinane awayengafuni nokuwalwela amalungelo awo? Nina bantu ningumhlaza wobuhlanga otshabalalisa iMelika. Nidodobalisa ubomi babantwana, niqhekeza iintsapho, ninamandla okungxwelerha abamsulwa ngokubabiza nje ngokuba ‘ngamabhongo.
Ngenxa yokuba ndandiyintatheli, ndaqalisa ukuthabatha amanqaku, kodwa ubukhulu becala ndandiphulaphula, ndithabathekile. Ndandiphambi komphefumlo onomsindo kunye neentlungu, i-hipster epholileyo eneminyaka engama-30 ubudala eyaba ngumculi wokuqala omnyama ukuyenza kwii-nightclub ezinkulu. Iqela lakhe elinye - "'Iinyanga ezili-Leven ndihleli kwindawo yokutyela, emva koko badityaniswa kwaye bangenayo le nto bendiyifuna" - bebesele bephinda-phindwa njengamagqabantshintshi entlalontle, ndingathethi ngeenyaniso ezingathandekiyo kwihlabathi ngaphambi kwentlalontle. amajelo eendaba. (“Asiyi kuya emfazweni eCongo ‘kuba soyika amajoni ethu ukuba abuyise oomolokazana basemfazweni.”) Ngee-$5,000 XNUMX ngeveki, ngoko wayezukiswa njengoJackie Robinson womdlalo ohlekisayo.
Ngokuhlwa ngobo busuku, ndade ndavuka ukuze ndihambe yaye, ndothuka, wandicela ukuba ndibuye ngosuku olulandelayo ukuze siqalise ukubhala incwadi.
Yahamba kakubi kwasekuqaleni. Ngamanye amaxesha wayeba yiyure okanye nangaphezulu kwiseshoni yodliwano-ndlebe kwaye xa ndikhalaza, wayesithi, "Ndingakuxelela ukuba ubulinda, mntwana, uvakala unemibala." Wayesoloko endibiza ngokuthi “sana.” Wayengabonakali ukukhumbula igama lam. Iidiatribes zakhe ngokuchasene neMelika emhlophe zazisekwe kwiingxoxo ezinamandla kunye neenyani eziqinileyo, kodwa zazingeyonto yabantu kwi-autobiography. Ndandithabathekile. Kum, yayiyimfundo, kodwa ngokukhawuleza ndaqonda ukuba akuncedi nto ukuqhubeka.
Ngoko emva kweeveki ezimbini zocwangciso lwamathuba athile, ngosuku awafika ngalo emva kweeyure ezintathu, ndambetha ngolwimi olulungiselelweyo. Ndamxelela ukuba kwakungeyomfuneko ukuba ndinyamezele isidenge esingakhathaliyo nesizingcayo esizama ukundixhoma ngenxa yocalucalulo. Enyanisweni, ndabhengeza ngobukhazikhazi, ekuphela kwento endandingenayo nxamnye naye yayilibala lolusu lwakhe. Ndaphuma ndaya kwi lift. Wandilandela wangena. Endleleni ehlayo wathi, "Igama lakho nguBob Lipsyte, akunjalo?"
“Kade kade,” ndaphendula.
Wathi uza kufumana isangweji kwivenkile yekofu ehotele. Ngaba ndiya kumthelela? Ndiqonde ukuba ndingafumana into kuyo yonke lento.
Sithe sisatya ebemane ephinda igama lam. Ukugqiba kwethu, wathi, “Masibuyele phezulu. Ndicinga ukuba sikulungele ukubhala incwadi. Incwadi yokwenyani, abangayilindelanga.”
Kwaye kwakusoyikeka. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ezizayo, ngokuqhelekileyo ekuseni kakhulu, emva komhla weklabhu, kwigumbi lehotele elivaliweyo ngokusa, wayelala ebhedini aze andithathe emhadini wakhe waseSt. Salila saza sahleka ngeli tyala lentlalontle libhityileyo eligama linguRichard Claxton Gregory, owazalwa ngoSuku lukaColumbus, ngowe-1932, owaba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni weso sikolo sivaliweyo ezukisa usuku lwakhe lokuzalwa. Uthe akulamba ngokwaneleyo, wandixelela, watya ukungcola. Waqalisa ukwenza iziqhulo ukuze abaxhaphazi bangabikho. Wathetha "nge-monster" yakhe, apho wayethetha ukuba udibaniso lwe-ego kunye namabhongo amqhubela ukuba abe ngumdlali wesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo kunye nekholeji kunye nomphathi wentloko kwi-honky-tonk "chittlin" yesekethe "yeeklabhu zasebusuku ezimnyama.
I-monster yayilungile ngoJanuwari 13, 1961, ngobusuku iChicago Playboy Club yambiza ngokuba ngumzuzu wokugqibela. Kwaye yayiyi-monster efanayo engazange ivume ukuthunyelwa ekhaya xa umphathi weklabhu wayexhalabile ngaphambi kokuba uGreg aye eqongeni emva kokuqonda ukuba le ndawo yayigcwele abantu abamhlophe abasezantsi. UGreg wabulela i-heckler yokuqala ngokumbiza ngokuthi "Trigger" - wathi wayesoloko encoma ihashe likaRoy Rogers - kwaye wacela owesibini ukuba aqhubeke esebenzisa elo gama kuba isivumelwano sakhe sichaza i-$ 50 eyongezelelweyo rhoqo xa ithethwa. Wababulala abo baphulaphuli. Umnikazi we-Playboy uHugh Hefner wabizwa ukuba aphume ebhedini kumboniso wesibini kwaye wamnika isivumelwano sexesha elide.
Eli Lilo Lilo lalifuna Okungakumbi
Kodwa impumelelo eqongeni yayinganelanga kwi-monster. Phakathi imihla club kunye nokubonakala kwi-TV ephezulu Le Tonight Bonisa, apho wafuna ngempumelelo ukuba abe yi-comic yokuqala emnyama ukuba ahlale phezu kwebhedi ecaleni, kwaye ngokwenene athethe, umamkeli wasebusuku uJack Paar, wagqiba ucalucalulo kwintolongo yase-Maryland ngokwala ukwenza ngaphandle kokuba amabanjwa amnyama namhlophe ayefana. abaphulaphuli. Ukwancede ngokukhulula indoda emnyama etyholwa ngobuxoki kwintolongo esemazantsi kwaye wayesoloko eqinisekisa ukuba kukho iiweyitara ezimnyama kwiiklabhu awayedlala kuzo.
Njengoko udumo lwakhe lukhula, naluphi na uqhanqalazo lwamalungelo oluntu awayecwangciselwe ukuba abonakale lunokuthembela kubasebenzi beendaba zikamabonwakude abamlandelayo, nto leyo eqhele ukunciphisa amathuba obundlobongela bamapolisa kubaqhankqalazi. Ngoko waqalisa ukukholelwa ukuba yimfanelo yakhe ukuba abonakale. Ke waqala ukuphulukana neentsuku zeklabhu kwaye waqala ukuphulukana nazo xa ababhuki beqaphela ukuba inqanaba le-nightclub lalingeyona nto iphambili kuye.
Ngeli xesha, sasisele siyibhale kakuhle le ncwadi, isihloko sayo sasiyiyo Callus eMphefumlweni wam. Ndacinga ukuba ivakala kakhulu ivangeli-y, nangona kunjalo, kwibali elihlekisayo, elingenabunkunkqele, elicace ngokumangalisayo. Noko ke, ngelo xesha kwakungekho namnye kuthi owayecinga ngenye into.
Ngesiqhelo, emva komhla weklabhu nangaphambi kokuba sizinze kwiiseshini zethu zobusuku bonke, sasidla isidlo sasemva kwasezinzulwini zobusuku, rhoqo nabahlobo bakhe okanye abanye abonwabisayo. UGreg, umntu oselayo notshayayo owayetyebe kakhulu, wayeya kuodola ukutya okuninzi ukuze wonke umntu angcamle yonke into. Ubuntwana obuphawulwa yindlala bamshiye ethe phithi kukutya, nto leyo awayethetha ngayo engayeki.
Ngobunye ubusuku eChicago, emva kwegig kwiklabhu yasebusuku uMnumzana Kelly's, waqala ukukhala ngokuvula eyakhe ivenkile yokutyela. Ibiya kuba ncinane kwaye itofotofo, ihleli enye kuphela itafile ngobusuku, iiweyitara ezintlanu, kunye neokhestra. Abatyayo baya kufaneleka konke oku, kuba igama lendawo yokutyela - kwi-neon emnyango - iya kuba I-Nigger.
“Wonke umntu omhlophe eMzantsi uza kundazisa simahla,” watsho, ezisebenza ngendlela yakhe eqhelekileyo. “Singaligqabhuza ilizwi elo. Yayingasayi kuba namandla okusenzakalisa kwakhona. Ngalo lonke ixesha nabani na esithi, 'Nigger,' iya kuba yinto entle ngokwenene. "
Ndicinga ukuba inokuba yindlela esifumene ngayo umbono wesihloko se-autobiography yakhe. Kakhulu ngenxa Callus eMphefumlweni wam, awathi wasebenzisa inkumbulo kamva.
Umvakalisi, uDutton, akazange ahlekise, kodwa uGreg wema. Watyityimbisel’ umnwe ngokuyibuyisela incwadi emva koko, ekugqibeleni, baphenjelelwa ngandlel’ ithile ngokuzinikela kwakhe:
"Mama othandekayo-Naphi na apho ukhoyo, ukuba ukhe weva igama elithi 'nigger' kwakhona, khumbula ukuba bayayibhengeza incwadi yam. "
Kuloo minyaka xa, ewe, kwakubonakala kungenakwenzeka ukuba umongameli ontsundu, ingenguye nenekazi lokuqala, angaze ayibabale i-White House, wayesenza iziqhulo ezingapheliyo ngeso sihloko: “Wathumela ikopi yencwadi yam kuMongameli Johnson. Malunga nexesha kukho i-nigger kwi-White House… I-Lady Bird Johnson ebefunda incwadi yam ebusuku, ke ngoku ulala ne-nigger. ”
Itoliki emhlophe
Ngowe-1964, xa le ncwadi yagqitywayo yaza yasiwa kumpapashi, ekugqibeleni ndambuza lo mbuzo ucacileyo: Kutheni, ehlabathini, endinyule, umlungu, ukuba ndimncede ukubalisa ibali lobomi bakhe? Impendulo yakhe yayikhawuleza kwaye ingqalileyo kwaye yandothusa. Wayendikhethile, watsho, ngokuyinxenye kuba ndandibonakala ndivuleleke kwaye ndinomdla yakhe ibali, hayi enye leyo I ndingafuna ukuxelela, kodwa ngaphezu kwako konke kuba ndandimhlophe. Abantu abantsundu, wandiqinisekisa ukuba baya kubuqonda ubomi bakhe. Babesele bephila ngayo. Kwelinye icala, abantu abamhlophe babedinga itoliki, umntu owayeza kuqinisekisa ukuba ibali libaliswa ngendlela abanokunxulumana ngayo.
Ndiye ndabambelela kuloo ngcaciso kwiminyaka engama-55 yokuzibuza kwaye, ewe, imibuzo evela kwabanye. Ngamanye amaxesha, ndiye ndacinga ngaloo vatala, nayo. Akwaba, ngelo xesha, ndandikhe ndambuza uGreg kanye ukuba wayecinga ntoni na ngaphandle kwesiqhulo sobuhlanga endandinebhongo ngokuthatha inxaxheba kuso, nokuba kukho intwana yokugculelwa (ngam) kunye nokuthotywa kuyo. Ngaba abamhlophe bebengafanelanga? Ngaphaya koko, ngaba ukuthwala ivatala yayingekomfuziselo wokwabelana ngomthwalo ombi owawungundoqo weli lizwe ukususela oko kwafika umntu wokuqala omnyama ekhotyokisweni ukuba abeke unyawo kolu nxweme kumakhulu-khulu eminyaka eyadlulayo? Akunjalo, ngelo xesha lithemba ngakumbi, indlela yokukhumbuza abantu abamhlophe ukuba thina - kunye nembali ehamba nathi - sonke sikule nto kunye, njengokuba abantu bobuhlanga bazama (njengoko besenza kunye noMongameli uTrump) ukuba bahlule. thina?
Le ncwadi yapapashwa ngowe-1964 ukuya uphononongo olulungileyo kwananjengoko umsebenzi kaGreg njengomdlalo ohlekisayo wokuma wawujikeleza umjelo. Umvuzo wakhe we-TV kunye ne-nightclub wehla - waphulukana ne-100,000 yeedola ekubhukishweni ngo-1964, intywenka yemali ngoko, kwaye ngokuphindwe kabini ngo-1965 - kuba wayesoloko ezishiya ezi ncwadi ziseluthulini, ebaleka ngomzuzu wokugqibela ukuya kwindawo enye eyingozi emva. enye kunye Ingxelo kaHuntley-Brinkley abasebenzi beendaba bavaleleke ngasemva. Wayetyholwa ngokwenza konke oko ukuze kubhengezwe, nasemva kokuba ubethwe kakubi eBirmingham, Alabama, kunye wadutyulwa emlenzeni ngelixa uzama ukwenza ezolileyo isihlwele ngexesha lodushe kwindawo yaseLos Angeles yaseWatts ngo-1965.
Indlela ehlekisayo eyavutha nguGreg yayiza kulandelwa nguBill Cosby, uRichard Pryor, kunye noChris Rock, nanjengoko umbutho wamalungelo oluntu wazinza kumzabalazo wawo ongapheliyo, wokusila. Incwadi yethu yaqhubeka ithengisa kodwa ngokucacileyo ayizange isondele ekubetheni elo gama, isihloko sethu, esiye saba luhlobo oluthile Iimpawu zeTourette kubarepha kunye nabadlali bebasketball (ehlala ilungiswa njenge "nigga"). Mna noGreg savumelana ukuba enye indlela echanekileyo kwezopolitiko, “igama elithi n," yayibonakala ithandeka kwaye ngandlel' ithile ithandabuzeka nangakumbi kwintsingiselo yayo yokuba eyona nto iphambili inamandla kakhulu ukuba ingatsho ngokuvakalayo.
Ngaxa lithile ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1970, mna naye saqalisa ukubonana kancinci nangakumbi njengoko ukuthanda kwakhe ukutya kwakuthatha inguqu ebukhali yokungatshayi, ukungaseli nokungaseli, nokuzila ukutya rhoqo. Wayesoloko esendleleni. Ikhaya lakhe lokwenene, unyana wakhe uChristian wakha wandixelela ukuba, yayisisikhululo seenqwelomoya. Waba ngumthetheleli okhutheleyo wokondleka okufanelekileyo, nto leyo awayigxininisayo, eyayisisiseko ekunokulwelwa kuso amadabi nxamnye nobuhlanga. Ngabantu abasempilweni kuphela, wayenokuthi, banamandla okwenza utshintsho olukhulu. Emva koko olo ncumo lwakhe lunobuqhophololo, lweyelenqe lwaluthi gqabhuka ebusweni bakhe abuze: Kwenzeka njani ukuba urhulumente achithe ixesha elininzi kunye nemali elawula iivithamini ngaphandle kokuvala imidiza?
Kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo, eWinston-Salem, eNorth Carolina, ndema phambi kwabaphulaphuli ababini kwiintsuku ezimbini, enye yayingabantu abaninzi abakubudala obuphakathi base-Afrika-baseMelika ababefuna ukwabelana ngeenkumbulo zikaGreg, omnye uninzi lwabaselula base-Afrika-Amerika besamkela. itheko lokuzalwa lama-50 Umlingani, inoveli eselula yabantu abadala enomlinganiswa omnyama okwishumi elivisayo endayibhala emva phayaa ngowe-1967 nababeyifunde esikolweni. Andizange ndithethe ngevatala nakweyiphi na abaphulaphuli, kodwa kuzo zombini ezi meko loo mzuzu kunye nemelon yayinzima engqondweni yam. Ndandisaziva ndikhathazwa lulo phawu lwesihogo sobuhlanga saseMelika kunye nombuzo ongaphendulwanga: Yayithetha ukuthini ke ngoko? Lithetha ukuthini ngokwenene ngoku?
Ngaphandle kokucelwa, I xelelwe isihlwele esikhulileyo ngendlela esawufumana ngayo umxholo waloo ncwadi nesizathu sokuba uGreg akhethe indoda emhlophe ukuba ibalise ibali lakhe. Kwakukho ukunqwala okukhulu kunye nokumbombozela okuvumayo kubaphulaphuli. Baqonda. Andizange ndithethe ngebali lakhe. Bendikade ndincedisa ukuyicacisa kumfundi omhlophe ongenalwazi.
Ngesibindi, ngosuku olulandelayo ndabuza umbuzo ebantwaneni. Baziva njani ngomfo omhlophe obhala inoveli ngomntwana omnyama? Babebonakala bebhidekile. Babeyithanda incwadi, bathi, enxulumene nabalinganiswa, yayibaluleke ngantoni? Enye inkwenkwe yathi ootitshala babo babaxelela ukuba bangabhala ngayo nantoni na abayifunayo, kuquka nezilwanyana ezisuka emajukujukwini.
Ndimele ndivume ukuba ndachukumiseka kuba ngoko nangoko ndaqonda ukuba uGreg ngewayeyimbe loo mpendulo. Ixesha lokubeka ivatala phantsi, ndacinga, ndiyinqumle, kwaye yabelane ngayo.
URobert Lipsyte, a TomDispatch rhoqo, ngulo mbhali I-SportsWorld: i-American Dreamland.
Eli nqaku lavela okokuqala kwi-TomDispatch.com, iblogi yeSizwe yeZiko, ebonelela ngokuhamba ngokuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, iindaba, kunye noluvo oluvela kuTom Engelhardt, umhleli wexesha elide ekupapasheni, umseki weProjekthi yoBukhosi baseMelika, umbhali we Ukuphela kweNkcubeko yoloyiso, njengenoveli, Iintsuku zokuGqibela zokuPapasha. Incwadi yakhe yamva nje ithi Isizwe esingenziwanga yiMfazwe (Iincwadi zeHaymarket).
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