Ingcinga yokuba urhulumente akanakwenza nto ilungileyo iye yavuthelwa liphiko lasekunene kumashumi eminyaka, ngakumbi yinkokeli yakhe esandula kusweleka uMilton Friedman, owayesakuba yingcali yezoqoqosho kwiYunivesithi yaseChicago. Wakhankasela ukuphungula imisebenzi karhulumente ibe mncinci ngelixa evumela amashishini abucala ukuba angene kwaye athathe uxanduva olupheleleyo lokuqhuba onke amashishini, ukhathalelo lwempilo, imali yomhlalaphantsi, kunye nemfundo, awayeyijonga njengobusoshiyali xa ilawulwa ngurhulumente. Uqhube wathi ishishini labucala lisebenzisa ezona ndlela zisebenzayo ngelixa lisoloko livelisa iziphumo ezigqwesileyo.
Ezi ngcinga bezithathwa ngokuba ngumphetho, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe ziye zaya kumbindi weqonga, zamkelwa ngabakhululi kunye nabagcini benkqubo ngokufanayo. UGeorge W. Bush waphumelela ekuthengiseni imisebenzi emininzi ehambelana nokusebenza komkhosi wase-US phesheya kolwandle, kubandakanywa ukunikezelwa kokutya, iziseko eziyimfuneko zamajoni ezindlu, ukusetyenziswa kwemikhosi yokhuseleko ekhethekileyo efana ne-Blackwater e-Iraq, njl. baye benza uKhuseleko lweNtlalo yabucala ukuba akazange adibane nenkcaso emandla kwicala loluntu lwaseMelika.
Igalelo lika-Obama kwiphulo lokuthengisa izinto zabucala ligxile kakhulu kwezemfundo. Kodwa phambi kokuba sivavanye ifuthe lako, kuyafuneka ukuba sithathele ingqalelo iindlela ezahlukeneyo ushishino lwabucala olunokuzithatha ngokunxulumene nezikolo, njengoko lunokuthatha izikhundla ezahlukeneyo kuluhlu olubanzi lwezinto ezinokwenzeka.
Kwelinye icala loluhlu kukho izikolo zabucala ngokupheleleyo ezibonelela ngenkxaso-mali yazo kwaye zizilawule ngokwazo. Kodwa izikolo ezininzi zifana ne-hybrids, umxube wabucala kunye noluntu. Izikolo ezihlawulelwayo, amanani azo akhula ngokukhawuleza, zixhaswa ngemali karhulumente (ebeyifudula isiya kwizikolo zikarhulumente) kodwa ziqhutywa bucala. Amaxesha amaninzi aqhutywa ziinkampani zesizwe ezijonga ingeniso okanye ezingenzi ngeniso, ngokuchaseneyo neqela lootitshala abafuna ukuhlukana nezikolo zemveli bazame enye ikharityhulamu.
Ngokukwanjalo, iiyunivesithi zikarhulumente okanye izikolo ze-K-12 zinokusebenzisa izifundo ze-intanethi eziveliswe ziinkampani zabucala, zokwenza inzuzo, kwaye, ewe, iinkampani zabucala zivelisa iincwadi zezifundo.
Omnye umzekelo oxubileyo kulapho iidyunivesithi zikarhulumente ziye zanyusa ngamandla imali yokufunda kwiidyunivesithi zikarhulumente ukuze inkxaso-mali isuke kwingxowa karhulumente iye kubafundi ngokwabo njengabemi babucala. KwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia eBerkeley abafundi ngoku banegalelo elikhulu kwimfundo yabo kunokuba urhulumente esenza. Ngeminyaka yee-1960 urhulumente wahlawula uninzi lweendleko zabo.
Omnye umzekelo kulapho isikolo esixhaswa ngemali ngurhulumente nesiqhutywayo singenisa inkcubeko yoshishino kwicandelo labucala. Umzekelo, iiyunivesithi ezininzi zikarhulumente ziyawushiya umsebenzi wazo wangaphambili wokukhuthaza ubuhlakani kwizikhundla zolawulo, zibahlawula kancinci kunangaphambili kwaye, endaweni yoko, zitsalela kubalawuli kwicandelo labucala kwaye zibabhatala imivuzo ethe kratya ngelixa behlawula ifakhalthi yesingxungxo ngaphantsi kunangaphambili. umvuzo ophilayo. Abanye abongameli beeyunivesithi zikarhulumente ngoku benza ngaphezulu kwe-1 yezigidi zeedola ngonyaka. Phantsi kweemeko ezinjalo amaziko edemokhrasi olawulo olwabiweyo ayachithwa ngelixa amandla ethanda ukuzinziswa phezulu, ngaloo ndlela etshabalalisa nawuphi na umoya wokusebenzisana.
Olunye ulwamkelo lwenkcubeko kwicandelo labucala lubandakanya ukulinganisa “iziphumo zokufunda zabafundi” ukuze kuvavanywe ootitshala, ngokungathi ubani ubala izixhobo zombane ezikhutshelwe kumzi-mveliso. Ngokuqinisekileyo, isiphumo sovavanyo siya kuxhomekeka ekukhethweni komlinganiselo, kwaye nangona kukho impikiswano enkulu, iimvavanyo ezisemgangathweni ngoku zimele eyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo.
Kwakhona enye into ethathwa ngaphandle kwenkcubeko lugxininiso olukhulu kukhuphiswano. Akufuneki nje ukuba abafundi bakhuphisane omnye nomnye ngamabakala, kufuneka ootitshala bakhuphisane ukuze babambe imisebenzi yabo. Kukho iphulo elinamandla lokutshisa abafundisi-ntsapho abanamanqaku aphantsi ovavanyo ngelixa begcina kwaye bevuza abo banamanqaku aphakamileyo ovavanyo lwabafundi ngomvuzo “wokufaneleka”. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku imibutho yootitshala iwuchase ngamandla lo mkhuba.
Kodwa ngoMdyarho ka-Obama wokuya ePhezulu nezikolo zinyanzeleke ukuba zikhuphisane. Ngokubophelela inkxaso-mali yomanyano ekwamkelweni kwezikolo ezihlawulelwayo, u-Obama useka isikhokelo apho izikolo zikarhulumente zemveli kufuneka zikhuphisane nezikolo ezitsha zokutshatha zabafundi, ngakumbi kubafundi abaya kuphakamisa amanqaku ezikolo zabo zovavanyo.
Okokugqibela, ushishino lwabucala oluyinxenye lungenzeka nje ngokumisela injongo yemfundo njengokuvelisa kuphela abasebenzi abanezakhono ngokukodwa kwicandelo labucala endaweni yokugxininisa uphuhliso olupheleleyo lomfundi okanye uqeqesho lomntu ocinga nzulu olungele ukuthathela ingqalelo iimbophelelo zobumi kwelo lizwe. uluntu lwedemokhrasi. Ngokomzekelo, iKholeji yesiXeko saseSan Francisco, kumlo wayo wokwamkelwa kwanyanzeleka ukuba icinywe kwingxelo yenjongo yokufundisa “izakhono zobomi,” “ukutyebisa inkcubeko,” kunye “nokufunda ubomi bonke.” Uxinzelelo luye lwanda kuwo onke amaziko karhulumente emfundo ephakamileyo ukuba aqhubele phambili abafundi ngokukhawuleza ukuze baphumelele isidanga kwaye bangene kwimarike yezemisebenzi.
Kutheni Umele Ubekelwe Izinto Zabucala?
Kukho iinjongo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba ukhuphiswano, uphawu lwecandelo labucala, sesona siqinisekiso silungileyo seziphumo ezilungileyo. Ukhuphiswano lunyanzelisa abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bamkele ezona ndlela zisebenzayo kwaye bandise inkuthazo ngokugrogrisa ukuphela ukuba inkampani ayiphumeli.
Kodwa kwinqanaba le-pragmatic kunye nengqikelelo encinci, imfundo ibonelela ngomthombo omkhulu wengeniso xa iinkampani zabucala, ezinengeniso zivunyelwe ukuba zingene. Ngenxa yesi sizathu amaziko emfundo enza ingeniso aye akhula kwiminyaka emininzi edlulileyo.
Umbutho woshishino lwabucala ngoku usebenza ngokupheleleyo njengesiphumo sokukhula kokungalingani kubutyebi. Ngokuphela kwabo banomvuzo ophakathi, ubutyebi buye bagxila phezulu. Ngobutyebi kuza amandla. Abanini bamashishini ke ngoko bakufumanise kulula kakhulu ukunyanzelisa intando yabo kunye neenqobo ezisemgangathweni kuluntu lonke.
Yintoni Esemngciphekweni?
Akukho nto imfutshane kwimfundo yokwenene ngokwayo esemngciphekweni. Eyona nto idodobalisa ngakumbi inkqubo yokufunda kukuqaliswa kwenkqubo yenkcubeko yoshishino okanye amandla “entengiso” anyanzelisa ukulinganisa “iziphumo zokufunda zabafundi” ngemigangatho “yenjongo” efana neemvavanyo ezikumgangatho ofanayo; ezibeka ugxininiso kukhuphiswano ukuze ngokuqinisekileyo kubekho “abaphumeleleyo” kunye “nabalahlekileyo;” ezithathela ingqalelo izitraktsha zedemokhrasi ezibandakanya ootitshala ngokudelela; ecutha ikharityhulamu ukuze izakhono zomsebenzi zizodwa zixatyiswe; nabacinga ngemfundo njengexabisekileyo kuphela njengendlela yokuzuza umvuzo wezinto eziphathekayo.
Abafundi abasayi kuba ngabafundi bokwenene ngaphandle kokuba bazaliswe luthando lokufunda, nto leyo ethetha ukuba bakuthatha ukufunda njengesiphelo kuko, i-asethi engalinganiswanga lula. Utitshala ngamnye uyazi kakuhle ukuba kwiimeko ezinokhuphiswano abafundi baya kugxininisa kwimizamo yabo yokuphumelela ibanga eliphezulu, hayi ekuqondeni ngokwenene imathiriyeli. Baya kunkqaya iimvavanyo baze balibale yonke into. Baza kuthatha iintlungu ezinkulu ukufihla ukungazi kwabo, bangaphakamisi imibuzo egxekayo, bayeke imibuzo ngezinto abangaziqondiyo. Siyazi ukuba ngexesha lokuphelelwa lithemba uninzi lwabafundi besikolo samabanga aphakamileyo ngaxesha lithile baya kukopa, nto leyo engeyiyo nesinye sezakhono esifuna ukuba basifumane.
Siyazi kananjalo ukuba xa ootitshala bejongwa ngamanqaku ovavanyo amiselweyo abafundi babo, baya kufundisa ukuya kuvavanyo, apho eyona njongo iphezulu ikukufumana impendulo “echanekileyo”, beyiqonda okanye bengayiqondi imathiriyeli. Apha abafundi bayonjwa, ukuze isikolo kubo sibe buthuntu kabuhlungu kwaye sikruqukile. Kwaye ngubani owaziyo ukuba abo benza iimvavanyo baye bachonga impendulo "echanekileyo" okanye babuze umbuzo ofanelekileyo. Akukho kwaphela ithuba lokuphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo.
Eyona nto imbi ngokukhethekileyo ekugwebeni abafundisi-ntsapho ngokwamanqaku abafundi babo kukuba sinobungqina obuninzi obubonisa ukuba indlela aqhuba ngayo umfundi eklasini ibaluleke ngakumbi kwimeko yentsapho yabo kunoko kwenziwa ngutitshala.
Ulwazi lulandelwa ngcono njengelinge lentsebenziswano apho abafundi basebenza kunye ukufumana izisombululo kwiingxaki kunye nokwabelana ngolwazi lwabo. Ootitshala abatsha benza ngcono, umzekelo, xa besebenzisana nomcebisi onokwabelana nabo ngezinto abazifumeneyo ezisebenzayo nezingasebenziyo. Oku akunakwenzeka xa ootitshala nezikolo bekhuphisana.
Xa uphando lwe-particle ye-Higgs Boson, eyaziwa ngokuba "yi-particle god," iqhubekile, amaqela amabini ososayensi be-3000 ngalinye adalwe, kungekhona njengomthombo wenkuthazo ngokhuphiswano kodwa ukubonelela ngokuzimeleyo kokuqinisekisa iziphumo zelinye iqela. Abo bakwiqela ngalinye babesebenzisana ngokusondeleyo. Nangona imivuzo yangaphandle yayikhona, abathathi-nxaxheba babeqhutywa luthando lwabo lwefiziksi. Njengoko elinye ilungu legqala laxelela umntu omtsha: uya kuba “nexesha lobomi bakhe.”
Ngenxa yobume bentsebenziswano, ukufuna ulwazi akunakwahlulwa kuluntu apho umthathi-nxaxheba ngamnye efumana amandla okumamela izimvo ezahlukeneyo, alinganise ukufaneleka kwawo, aze adibanise eyona miba ibalaseleyo yembono nganye ibe yimbono entsonkothileyo. . Apha wonke umntu makaxhamle ilizwi elilinganayo ukuze kungabikho galelo lamntu lichithwa rhoqo ngenxa yewonga lomntu.
Ngako oko, amaziko emfundo asebenza ngesakhiwo seshishini ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi - apho amandla akhohlakeleyo ahlala ebeka phambili amandla engxoxo engcono - ayijongela phantsi inkqubo yokufunda ngaphakathi kwigumbi lokufundela. Ukuba abafundisi-ntsapho abakwenzi oko bakufundisayo, ukufunda kuguqulwa kube luhlobo lokuthobela kwaye impumelelo kwimfundo iba luhlobo lwenkohliso.
Kakade ke, awona maxesha abalulekileyo kwimfundo akanakulinganiswa. Xa abafundi bethabatheka yingxubusho apho ngamnye ephendula omnye nalapho ngamnye enegalelo kwimpendulo yomnye, akunakwenzeka ukubala indlela aqhuba ngayo umfundi ngamnye, ngokungathi igalelo ngalinye linokwahlulwa kwabanye. Kwaye, kambe ke, naliphi na ilinge lokulinganisa ubungakanani bemidlalo yabo liya kunceda kuphela ukujongela phantsi uyolo lokomoya olufunyanwa ngabafundi ngokusebenzisana nabanye apho ngamnye edlala indima ebalulekileyo ekudaleni isiphumo esityebileyo.
isiphelo
Ubungqina obuninzi bobungqina buxhasa ngokungathandabuzekiyo isigqibo sokuba inkcubeko yoshishino kuzo zonke iintlobo zayo ichasene nemfundo. Kwaye oku akuthatheli ngqalelo urhwaphilizo olungenakuthintelwa noluxhaphakileyo lwequmrhu olufake imfundo kumashumi eminyaka adlulileyo apho intlalo-ntle yabafundi inikelwa ngenxa yokusukela ingeniso. Kodwa abo bayintshatsheli, kubandakanywa nolawulo luka-Obama, uBill Gates, kunye nazo zonke iziseko zemfundo eziphendulayo, ababonisi nkathalo kangako kwizigqibo zezifundo zenzululwazi. Kwinzondelelo yabo yempambano baye babonakalisa ukukulungela ukunyanzelisa inkcubeko yequmrhu ngaphandle kokuchasa kwabazali nootitshala ababeqhankqalaza. Ukungabikho kwezizathu ezivakalayo, ngokungenazintloni bazama ukunyanzela, ukuvala izikolo zoluntu, umzekelo, ngenxa yenkcaso yeentsapho abakhonza kuzo.
Akukho nto ingako imangalisayo yokuba aba bantu banenzondelelo abanamdla kwindima ebaluleke kakhulu edlalwa zizikolo zikarhulumente ekukhuliseni abafundi babe ngabemi abakulungeleyo ukuthatha inxaxheba kuluntu lwedemokhrasi. Kubo, idemokhrasi isebenza kuphela njengesithintelo esicaphukisayo ekuveliseni abasebenzi abathobelayo abaya kulandela umzekelo wezopolitiko kwaye banikezele ubomi babo ngokungathandabuzekiyo ekukhonzeni iinkosi zabo zenkampani.
Qaphela: Incwadi entsha kaDiane Ravitch, UKULAWULA KWEPHUTHA, ibonelela ngohlalutyo oluhle kakhulu lwemiba emininzi ephakanyiswe kweli nqaku kwaye kufuneka ifundwe kuye nabani na onzulu ngemfundo.
UAnn Robertson unguMhlohli kwiYunivesithi yaseSan Francisco State kwaye ulilungu loMbutho weFakhalthi yaseCalifornia. UBill Leumer ulilungu le-International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Local 853 (ret.). Bobabini ngababhali be-Workers Action kwaye banokufikelelwa ku [imeyile ikhuselwe]
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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