NgoSeptemba ophelileyo, uMongameli waseColombia uJuan Manuel Santos kunye nomphathi ophezulu we-guerrilla we-Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) ekugqibeleni bavumile ukusayina isivumelwano soxolo kwiinyanga ezintandathu ezizayo. Isivumelwano esinjalo soxolo asiyonto imangalisayo: sasiya kuyiphelisa ngokusesikweni eyona mfazwe yamakhaya ithabathe ixesha elide eyaqala ngowe-1948. Kwiinyanga kamva, iRevolutionary Armed Forces yaseKholombiya yavakalisa umnqweno wayo wokuseka umbutho wezobupolitika emva kokutyobela umbutho. isivumelwano soxolo eColombia. Kodwa uphuhliso lwamva nje lwezopolitiko eColombia lusongela ukuzaliseka kobulungisa phakathi kweengxoxo zoxolo ezikhoyo.
Ibali liqala nje kunyaka ongaphambili ngoSeptemba 2014. USenator u-Ivan Cepeda weqela lezopolitiko elisekhohlo i-Polo Democrรกtico iqalise ingxoxo ngaphambi kokuba i-Congress yaseColombia iveze uMongameli wangaphambili u-Alvaro Uribe's (2002-2010) amakhonkco asondeleyo kuma-paramilitaries kunye nabathengisi beziyobisi. Ngaphezu kweyure, uCepeda wabhenca esidlangalaleni amaqhina abhaliweyo ka-Uribe kwindawo ephantsi kwegazi yaseColombia. Njengomlawuli we-Civil Aviation ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1980, u-Uribe wanika iilayisensi zokubhabha kumalungu eenkampani ezithengisa iziyobisi zaseColombia, kwaye njengerhuluneli yesebe lase-Antioquia ukusuka kwi-1995-97, u-Uribe wanceda ukudala into eya kuba yeyona mibutho ikhohlakeleyo yaseColombia: CONVIVIR. Emva phaya ngo-1998, iHuman Rights Watch yamgxeka uCONVIVIR ngokugrogrisa nokubulala iikampesino zaseColombia ekurhanelwa ukuba zingabavukeli. I-Paramilitaries yabulala i-campesinos ezilishumi elinesihlanu kwinto eyaziwa ngokuba yi-"El Aro Massacre" ngo-Okthobha ka-1997 phantsi kolawulo luka-Uribe. Ngexesha lobumongameli bakhe bamaxesha amabini ukusuka ngo-2002 ukuya ku-2010, ulawulo luka-Uribe olukude lwazixakekisa ngokuchasene nemibutho edlamkileyo yelizwe.
Ukugwetywa kukaCepeda phambi kwengqungquthela kwakuyimbali kwaye ayizange ifike ngaphandle kwemiphumo. Ngokungamangalisiyo, uCepeda wafumana ngokukhawuleza izisongelo zokufa kwiqela elidumileyo le-paramilitary Aguilas Negras (Black Eagles) emva kwentetho yakhe, esongeza kuphela kwizigidigidi zezoyikiso zokufa ukuba yena kunye namakhulu amanye amatshantliziyo amalungelo oluntu eColombia afumene amashumi eminyaka.
Phambili-phambili ngonyaka. Kwiiveki nje ezimbalwa emva kokubhengeza le mpumelelo yoxolo, iGqwetha Jikelele laseColombia u-Alejandro Ordรณรฑez ubhengeze ngasekupheleni kuka-Okthobha ukuba i-ofisi yakhe iza kuqalisa uphando ngengxoxo-mpikiswano kaCepeda ebhenca owayesakuba nguMongameli u-Uribe. Ngokukodwa, iGqwetha Jikelele u-Ordรณรฑez watyhola uCepeda ngokwenza ubungqina obuchasene no-Uribe. U-Ordรณรฑez ubanga ukuba uCepeda undwendwele abo babesakuba yi-paramilitaries ngoku abavalelwe entolongweni kwaye wabanyanzela ukuba bathethe ngokuchasene no-Uribe ukuze bafumane izibonelelo. Ukuba ufunyaniswa enetyala kwezi zityholo, uCepeda unokuhluthwa isikhundla sakhe.
Izityholo ezichasene neCepeda azithandabuzeki ngokungathandabuzekiyo. UCepeda akakhanyeli ukuba undwendwela abo babesakuba zii-paramilitaries entolongweni, kodwa izityholo ezithile ngokucacileyo zibonisa ukuba iGqwetha Jikelele libambe iindiza. Kuba u-Ordรณรฑez lihlakani elaziwayo lika-Uribe kunye ne-rightwing powerbroker eyasungula amaphulo afanayo esmear ngokuchasene nabanye abezopolitiko basekhohlo baseColombia kubandakanya noSenator wase-Afrocolombian uPiedad Cordoba kunye nosodolophu wangaphambili waseBogota, uGustavo Petro. Bobabini u-Uribe kunye no-Ordรณรฑez bangabachasi ngokulinganayo bothethathethwano loxolo oluphenjelelwa nguCepeda kunye noMongameli wangoku uJuan Manuel Santos.
Ngoko kutheni le nto ibalulekile? Ityala laseCepeda libaluleke kakhulu kuba linika umbono wento enokuthi yenzeke-izigrogriso zokufa, izoyikiso, okanye izityholo ezinzulu zenkundla-kwabo banobuganga bokubuza okanye bacele umngeni kumthetho waseColombia.
Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, iintambo zinzima kakhulu kwiCepeda. Kwi-1994, uyise u-Manuel Cepeda Vargas wonyulwa njengoSenator weqela lezopolitiko elishiya i-Uniรณn Patriรณtica (UP). Kanye njengokuba i-FARC ngoku iceba ukurhweba ngezixhobo zabo zokuvota, ngo-1985, iinkokeli ze-FARC zenze i-UP emva kweentetho zokuqala zoxolo ngo-1982. walawula phezu kweColombia izizukulwana. Kodwa kancinci kancinci, i-UP yadutyulwa phantsi. Ukususela ngowe-1985 ukusa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1990, phantse iinkokeli, amalungu nabaxhasi be-UP abamalunga nama-5,000 XNUMX babulawa okanye banyamalala, nto leyo abaninzi abaye bayibiza ngokuba โyimbubhiso yezobupolitika.โ Phakathi kwabo babulawayo kwakukho abagqatswa ababini bakamongameli kunye namakhulu ezopolitiko asekuhlaleni, iimanyano zabasebenzi, ootitshala, amagqwetha, oogqirha, kunye namafama anovelwano kwi-UP.
Njengonyana wakhe u-Ivรกn Cepeda, uManuel Cepeda Vargas wazifumana egxeka ukungohlwaywa kwe-paramilitary phambi kweCongress. Ngo-1993, uCepeda Vargas wathetha ngokuchasene nobukho benkqubo yamalungelo okuphelisa i-UP ebizwa ngokuba yi "Plan Golpe de Gracia." USenator uCepeda Vargas wayekuluhlu lwabantu abaza kubulawa kwesi sicwangciso. Emi phambi kweNkongolo, uCepeda Vargas watyhola iiNjengele uHarold Bedoya (owayengumfundi weSikolo saseMelika) kunye noRodolfo Herrera ngokuxhasa amajoni kunye nokukhuthaza "iPlan Golpe de Gracia." Kwaye njengonyana wakhe u-Ivรกn Cepeda, uCepeda Vargas watyholwa ngokungcolisa igama lakhe. Ke, izoyikiso ziye zaqina: I-15-20 ifowunela yonke imihla endlwini ixelela uCepeda Vargas ukuba kungekudala uza kubhubha. NgoAgasti 9, 1994, ababulali abathandathu ababesemotweni nakwisithuthuthu badubula baza bambulala uCepeda Vargas ngegazi elibandayo eBogota.
Isifundo sicacile. Kwezi nyanga zizayo, sinokugweba ukuzibophelela kukarhulumente eluxolweni ngendlela aphatha ngayo abantu abaphikisayo njengo-Ivรกn Cepeda. Kwabo bazibophelele kwikamva elinobulungisa neliqaqambileyo leColombia, ityala leCepeda kunye nembali ye-UP ijongeka kumnyama elundini.
U-Yesenia Barragan nguMviwa wobuGqirha kwiMbali yaseLatin America kwiYunivesithi yaseColumbia kunye nexesha elide elilwela umanyano lwaseColombia.
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