Ngomhla we-12 kaFebruwari, (uSuku loLutsha lwaseVenezuela kunye nesikhumbuzo sedabi lenkululeko yaseLa Victoria) abanye abafundi baseyunivesithi kunye namaqela aphikisayo emveli bathatha izitrato zaseVenezuela. ECaracas abafundi nabanye bahlasela isakhiwo sikarhulumente, batshisa iimoto baza bawonakalisa isango lesikhululo sikaloliwe. Uqhanqalazo lwandiswa iintsuku ezininzi, njengoko kwakhawuleza kwacaca ukuba eyona njongo yoqhanqalazo yayikukudodobalisa urhulumente nokufuna ukugxothwa kukamongameli onyulwe ngokwentando yesininzi waseVenezuela, uNicolรกs Maduro.
UMaduro wajongana nolonyulo lukamongameli olushushu emva nje kokusweleka kukaHugo Chรกvez, apho woyisa kancinane uHenrique Capriles. Ukufumana inkxaso, uCapriles wathembisa ukuqhubeka neenkqubo zentlalontle ezaqalwa ngumongameli ongasekhoyo abe yiloo nto abanye babeyibiza ngokuba ngumgqatswa โweChรกvez liteโ. Amalungu eqela eliphikisayo, aquka uCapriles wala ukwamkela iziphumo zolonyulo kunye nobundlobongela basezitalatweni obuveliswe yimikhosi yolondolozo eshiywe kufutshane neshumi elinambini labantu ababhubhileyo.
NgoDisemba ophelileyo, iVenezuela yabamba unyulo loomasipala ukuba inkcaso ngabom yajika yaba yireferendamu kumongameli waseMaduro. Ngaphandle kokuphumelela kweqela eliphikisayo kwiindawo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo eCaracas kunye nesixeko saseMaracaibo umanyano oluxhaswe ngurhulumente (Polo Patriotico) luphumelele ngaphezulu kwe-70% yoomasipala belizwe. Iziphumo zolonyulo zibonise ukuba iqela eliphikisayo alikhange liphumelele uninzi phezu kwazo nje iingxaki ezinzulu zezoqoqosho zelizwe kunye nokulahlekelwa nguHugo Chรกvez owayenenzondelelo njengenkokeli yenxele.
Ukuza emva kokoyiswa kolunyulo lwakutsha nje uqhanqalazo lweqela eliphikisayo ekuqaleni kukaFebruwari lwabamba abaninzi ngokumangalisayo. Nangona iVenezuela ibambe unyulo lwe-19 ukususela ngo-1998, kunye ne-left win18, akukho lunyulo olucwangcisiweyo ngo-2014, kunqabile kumjikelo wonyulo osebenzayo welizwe. Olona nyulo lokuqala lucwangciselwe ukwenziwa kweyoMnga yowama-2015 xa abavoti beza kungenela unyulo lokunyula amalungu eNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe. Ummiselo wokukhumbula umongameli womgaqo-siseko awunakuqhutywa kude kube ngu-2016.
Kwakhawuleza kwacaca ukuba amacandelo ephiko lasekunene elibukhali ayengafuni ukulinda inkqubo yedemokhrasi ukuba ivele. Abachasi boyika ukuba urhulumente unokuba nexesha lokujongana neengxaki zokwenyani ezijongene nazo iVenezuela, kubandakanywa ukunqongophala kokutya, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okufikelele ngaphezu kwe-56% kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho oluthatha umonakalo kuwo onke amacandelo oluntu. Ngoko ke akufanele kumangalise xa uLeopoldo Lรณpez, (inkokeli yezopolitiko enethemba lokuxhamla kuqhanqalazo kwaye ithathe indawo kaCapriles njengenkokeli yeqela eliphikisayo) ebuzwa ukuba uqhanqalazo luthathe ixesha elingakanani, waphendula wathi, que se vayaโ de uMaduro ahambe.
Esi ayisosihlandlo sokuqala inkcaso ibhenela kwiindlela ezingaphaya kwepalamente yokugxotha umongameli ohleliyo eVenezuela. Ngaphambili, inkcaso yenza ubhukuqo-mbuso ngo-2002 kwaye xa oko kungaphumeleli, i-echelon ephezulu yenkampani yeoli ikhokele ugwayimbo ngo-2002-2003 olwakhubaza isizwe. Emva koko ilungelo libandakanyeka kwiinzame zokususa uzinzo eyaziwa ngokuba yi guarimba ekuqaleni kuka-2004 nayo ayiphumelelanga. Ngokwenene, inkcaso iphinde yamkele yonke into okanye akukho nto iqhinga abayamkelayo kwi-2002 kunye ne-2004; - mhlawumbi uMaduro uyarhoxa okanye baya kuqhubeka nokuqhankqalaza.
Ngoobani abafundi?
Kukwalahlekisa ukucinga ukuba bonke abafundi baseVenezuela baxhasa inkcaso; enyanisweni abaninzi bakwaxhasa urhulumente namahlakani akhe. Ngapha koko, ubunkokeli babafundi bemisebenzi echasayo ayiyonto intsha eVenezuela. Ngo-2006, emva kokubandezeleka koluhlu loloyiso lonyulo, abafundi, ngakumbi abasuka kwiiyunivesithi zabucala, baba bubuso obutsha benkcaso. Abafundi babengoyena mbutho uphambili uqhankqalazela ukungahlaziywa kwelayisenisi yosasazo ye-RCTV (inkampani kamabonakude ehamba phambili) ngokubandakanyeka kwayo kubhukuqo-mbuso luka-2002. Isimo sentlalo sabafundi baseyunivesithi eVenezuela sitshintshe kakhulu ukusukela ngoo-1960 kunye noo-1970. Ukusetyenziswa komgaqo-nkqubo we-neoliberal kwibala lemfundo, ukusetyenziswa okuqhubekayo kweemviwo zokungena ezisemgangathweni kunye nokwandiswa kweeyunivesithi zabucala kwaguqula isimo sentlalo sabafundi kwaye ipesenti enkulu ngoku isuka kwiiklasi eziphakathi neziphezulu.
Ibali lezixeko ezibini kunye namazwe amabini
Uninzi lweengxelo ngamajelo eendaba zinikela umbono wokuba iVenezuela ijongene nemvukelo yesizwe. Inyani yeyokuba uqhanqalazo luthintelwe kwiipokotho ezithile zelizwe, uninzi lwabahlali abakumgangatho ophakathi nabaphezulu, hayi izixeko ziphela. Uninzi lomonakalo kwipropati yabucala kunye neziseko zophuhliso wenzeke kwezi ngingqi. Ngokokutsho kukarhulumente oomasipala abalishumi elinesibhozo bebesisazulu soqhanqalazo kumakhulu amathathu namashumi amathathu anesihlanu. Ukanti nakoomasipala apho kukho abaqhankqalazi, abahlali bahlala ngokwebali lezixeko ezibini, ezinye iindawo zirhangqwe kwaye ezinye zisebenza phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Ngokufika kwecarnival, kukwakho nemifanekiso eyahlukileyo yabantu abaselwandle nabanye beqhankqalaza emva kwemiqobo.
Guarimba
Ukudala iimeko zokungalawuleki, into ebizwa ngokuba "yinkcaso yedemokhrasi" yayithathele ekuvaleni iindlela ukuthintela ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo kwabantu kwaye kubangele ingxaki. Baye babeka imiqobo besebenzisa amatye, iiglasi, imithi, iibhegi ezizaliswe yinkunkuma, nayo nantoni na enye abanayo. Kwezinye iimeko bagibisela iglasi nezikhonkwane (ezibizwa ngokuba zii<em>miguelitos, izikhonkwane ezityholwa ngamaqhekeza ombhobho wegadi) endleleni ukuthintela izithuthi. Amapolisa kunye noMkhosi weSizwe baye bacoca izitalato zedolophu izihlandlo ezininzi. Nangona kunjalo, abaqhankqalazi bafihla izinto kwaye bathathe izitrato kwakhona xa uMlindi emkile.
Ukuhamba kwiindawo ezilawulwa yinkcaso akunakwenzeka ukuba ungaqapheli ukuba izitrato ezininzi zifakwe ngeoli yemoto ukuze zenze iindawo ezinqabileyo ezibangela ukuba izithuthuthu zikhuphe ngaphandle kolawulo. Inkcaso icinga ukuba iimoto, abo bakhwele izithuthuthu ngabaxhasi bakarhulumente. Akukhange kubekho nje idemoni kuphelaiimoto, kodwa kunye nobuhlanga babantu abathenge izithuthuthu zamaTshayina ngexabiso eliphantsi kuba uninzi luphuma kumacandelo asezantsi ezoqoqosho kwaye bathanda ukuba ngabantu bebala.
Kwakhona akunakwenzeka ukuba ungaqapheli ucingo lwentsimbi kunye neentsimbi ezibiyelwe ngaphaya kwendlela kwaye abanye abaqhubi bezithuthuthu mhlawumbi bonzakele okanye babulawa yile miqobo. U-Edwin Duran (iminyaka engama-29 ubudala) eCaracas wabulawa ngocingo lwentsimbi olubekwe esitratweni ukuphazamisa izithuthi. UDelia Elena Lobo, umama oneminyaka engama-39 ubudala naye wabulawa xa wayekhwele isithuthuthu kunye nonyana wakhe kwisixeko saseMรฉrida.
Ujikelele osele esidla umhlala-phantsi, u-รngel Vivas ubhale kuTwitter izihlandlo ezininzi enika abalandeli bakhe imiyalelo malunga nendlela yokubeka ucingo lwentsimbi kwizitrato zedolophu. Urhulumente wazama ukumbamba ngokuphembelela ugonyamelo. Lenjengele yanxiba ivesti yokuthintela iimbumbulu, ixhobe ngeM-16 nompu yaza yaya kuphahla lwale ndlu. Inkcaso yavala indlu yakhe ngelixa amajelo eendaba ase-US eSpanish abaleka ukuya kudliwano-ndlebe naye, kodwa akazange abuze ukuba njani okanye kutheni ephethe Umpu wokubetha we-M-16.
Uloyiko lukwasetyenziswa ukoyikisa abantu apho imiqobo iphazamisa ubomi babantu. Abahlali baxelelwa ukuba izithintelo ziyafuneka ukukhusela uluntu kumaqela abaphangi babaxhasi bakarhulumente, uMgcini weSizwe okanyeiimoto, (abakhweli bezithuthuthu). Kwezinye iindawo, basebenzisa uloyiko lokuhlaselwa I-Tupamaros, intlangano yezobupolitika ephefumlelwe liqela laseUruguay elinegama elifanayo. E-Venezuela, i-Tupamaros yintlangano eshiyekileyo ephikisana nemikhosi ephikisayo kwixesha elidlulileyo. Imini yonke amarhe avelisa isiganeko esinokuba yintlekele emva kwesinye.
Imithombo yeendaba eqhelekileyo ayixeli iimeko eziyingozi ezitratweni; eneneni abaninzi abacholacholi bamanye amazwe bayoyika ukushiya intuthuzelo kunye nokhuseleko olubonwayo lweendawo ezikudidi oluphakathi noluphezulu oluphakathi apho behlala khona. Enye intatheli US tweeted akazange aphume Altamira, ummandla osisityebi Caracas, kwaye ke ngoko ayikwazanga ingxelo kwiimeko kwenye indawo.
Ngokunjalo, ngokuchaseneyo neengxelo ezininzi kwamanye amajelo eendaba, umkhosi awuzange ukhululwe ukuba uhlasele ngokungenangqiqo abaqhankqalazi. Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo kukho iziganeko zobundlobongela nezixhokonxa kumacala omabini kwaye urhulumente kutshanje uyalele ukuba kubanjwe amagosa ezobuntlola abandakanyekayo kukufa kwabantu ababini, elinye likwiqela eliphikisayo kunye nelinye i-chavista. Inani lababuleweyo ngoku lifikelele kwinani eliphindwe kabini, kodwa ubundlobongela buye bachaphazela abaqhankqalazi kunye nabaxhasi bakarhulumente. Ngelixa liphezulu kakhulu, amanani ngokungathandabuzekiyo ebeya kuba mandundu ngakumbi ukuba imikhosi yezokhuseleko ibizama ukucinezela uqhanqalazo ngamandla abulalayo.
Kutheni uTรกchira?
Uqhanqalazo kwintshona yeTรกchira lwandulela uqhanqalazo olukhulu eCaracas nakwezinye iindawo nge-12 kaFebruwari kwaye kucingelwa ukuba lwaphenjelelwa lilinge lokudlwengulwa komfundi waseyunivesithi. Irhuluneli yelizwe lase Tรกchira u nya nzelisa ukuba akukho bafundi baphumayo ukuza kufaka isikhalazo ngelinge lokudlwengula. Abafundi bangene ezitalatweni bekhalazela ukunyuka kwezinga lolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye ukubanjwa kwabaqhankqalazi ababini ngamapolisa kuchazwa njengeyona nto icaphukisa abafundi. Uqhanqalazo lwaseSan Cristobal lwasasazeka ngokukhawuleza ukuya eMรฉrida apho i-campus ephambili yeYunivesithi yaseAndes (ULA) ikhona.
Nangona kunjalo, njengayo yonke into eVenezuela, uphuhliso lweTรกchira luntsonkothile ngakumbi kunokuba lubonakala ekuqaleni. Amanye amacandelo oshishino e-Tรกchira enza inzuzo enkulu kurhwebo olungekho mthethweni lwempahla yaseVenezuela exhaswa ngemali ethunyelwe e-Colombia njengokuthengiswa kwezinto ezingekho mthethweni apho bafumana amaxabiso aphezulu kakhulu. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ngaphezulu kwe-30% yeemveliso ezisisiseko zokutya zaseVenezuela ziphuma elizweni njengezinto ezingekho mthethweni. Ukunqongophala kweemveliso zokutya okusisiseko kubonakala ngakumbi eTรกchira naseMรฉrida apho iishelufu ezininzi zeevenkile zingenanto. Umndilili wabemi bakwabandakanyeka kurhwebo olungekho mthethweni ukunyusa imivuzo yabo. Ipetroli exhaswa kakhulu eVenezuela, ixabisa ngaphantsi kwe-10 leesenti igaloni ikwayinxalenye yorhwebo olungekho mthethweni. Inkxaso-mali yepetroli, ekhoyo ukususela ngeminyaka yee-1950, ixabisa urhulumente ngaphezu kwe-12 lamawaka ezigidi zeerandi ngonyaka. I-Tรกchira liziko lorhwebo olusebenzayo lokuthumela imali phakathi kwabemi baseColombia nabaseVenezuela kwaye abarhwebi bemali baxhaphaza olu tshintshiselwano. Iinzame zikarhulumente zokulawula olu rhwebo lungekho mthethweni ziye zabangela ukungonwabi phakathi kwamacandelo athile.
I-Tรกchira iphinda imele omnye umngeni, ubukho kumhlaba waseVenezuela waseColombia kunye ne-Venezuelan paramilitaries eyenza inzuzo kurhwebo olungekho mthethweni kwaye inxulunyaniswe nothungelwano lolwaphulo-mthetho lwamazwe ngamazwe. Sele beqweqwedise elinye igosa lomkhosi laseVenezuela elalityelele usapho lwalo. Ziyinto ehlala ikhona kuqhanqalazo lwezopolitiko eTรกchira.
Isazisi seGocho
Isazisi "se-gocho" yobuhlanga (i-Andean kwaye ubukhulu becala mhlophe xa kuthelekiswa nohlanga oluxubeneyo lwaseVenezuela kunye nelifa lemveli labantu base-Afrika) iyakhuthazwa kumazwe ase-Andean e-Mรฉrida nase-Tรกchira. Iipowusta kunye neebhena ezibhengeza amandla e-gocho kunye nendima yazo kuqhanqalazo zixhaphakile kwiindibano zaseMรฉrida naseTรกchira.
Ukusukela ngo-1898 ukuya ku-1958, iVenezuela yayilawulwa luthotho lweenjengele zase-Andean ezivela kwilizwe laseTรกchira. Esi sibonakaliso se-gocho sihambelana nexesha apho iiAndes, kwaye ngokukodwa uTรกchira kunye noMรฉrida basebenzisa indima ebalulekileyo kulawulo lwaseVenezuela. Uqhanqalazo oluzinze e-Tรกchira naseMรฉrida luphakamisa umxhelo we-Bolivian Media Luna (isiqingatha senyanga), apho inkcaso ye-conservative isebenzisa isazisi esicetywayo sobuhlanga sakhuthaza ukwahlulwa kwamaphondo asempuma yeBolivia. Ngokunjalo abanye baye bacebisa ukuba uMรฉrida, Tรกchira, Trujillo kunye noZulia banokuba yinguqulelo yaseVenezuela yeMedia Luna. Nangona kunjalo, uqhanqalazo lwaseZulia naseTrujillo alukafiki kumanqanaba aseMรฉrida okanye eTรกchira kwaye le meko ayiphumelelanga.
Olunye uphawu olubalulekileyo lwematshi yoqhanqalazo lwenkcaso ibe yindima yobunkokeli yabasetyhini abakumgangatho ophakathi nophezulu. NgoMgqibelo umhla wama-22 kweyoMdumba ka-2014 abasetyhini abaxhasa urhulumente badibana eCaracas bekhuthaza uxolo nokuphelisa ubundlobongela. NgoLwesithathu umhla wama-27 kweyoMdumba 2014 abasetyhini abaphikisayo abanxibe iimpahla ezimhlophe baqhankqalaza ngokuchasene norhulumente baza badibana phambi kwesakhiwo UMlindi weSizwe eCaracas. Igosa elibhinqileyo lomlindi laphuma ukuza kufumana amabango abo kwaye labongoza abaqhankqalazi ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwiinzame zengxoxo ecetywe ngumongameli uMaduro.
Kwiindibano ezahlukeneyo zenkcaso abanye abantu basetyhini baye bajongana nobudoda obugqithisileyo, behenda amadoda ukuba ajongane neGuardia okanye amapolisa kwaye xa engakwenzi oko, aphakamisa imibuzo malunga nobudoda bamadoda. Amajelo eendaba ezentlalo aphikisayo asasaza umfanekiso womqhankqalazi oselula obhinqileyo kwenye indibano encamathele โamasendeโ kwibhulukhwe yakhe emfutshane kwaye ephethe umqondiso othi "Soy Gocha y tengo de sobra lo que algunos de ustedes les falta." (NdingumGocha kwaye ndinento eninzi eniyiphosayo nonke.) Utolo olukuphawu lwalatha โkumasendeโ wakhe ekucingelwa ukuba ngawo. Eminye imiqondiso kuqhanqalazo lwabasetyhini ithi "abafazi abanama-ovari ngokuchasene nomkhosi womfuziselo" kwaye abanye bathi, "Amadoda aseVenezuela akanazo iibhola"
Ubomi bemihla ngemihla
Apho inkcaso iye yabeka imiqobo, abantu bahlala ngeselfowuni, bathumelelana imiyalezo ukuze babone enoba kukhuselekile na ukuphuma baze benze ugqatso oluphambeneyo kuyo nayiphi na ivenkile enokuthi ivulwe kangangeeyure ezimbalwa. Uninzi lweemveliso zinokufunyanwa, nangona kungathatha iihambo ezininzi ukuya kwiivenkile ezahlukeneyo kunye nokuphazamiseka kokuma kwimigca emide. Amarhe adla ngokubakho kwiincoko zasesitratweni, apho luthengiswa khona ubisi; ngubani oneHarina Pan (umgubo wombona osetyenziselwa ukwenza iiarepa, isitya sesizwe) kwaye yeyiphi imiqobo yendlela edlulayo. Iqela elichasayo linxibelelana ikakhulu ngamajelo eendaba ezentlalo, kwaye abaninzi bachitha iiyure ezininzi kwi-Twitter, i-Whats-Apps, i-Facebook kunye ne-Zello isicelo esiphethe iingxoxo ezibukhoma.
Kwiindawo apho kuqhubeka uqhanqalazo, abasebenzi nabanye abasebenzi abakwazi ukungena kwaye baphulukana nomvuzo. Amashishini, abarhwebi kunye neshishini lezokhenketho ngobusuku beCarnival nabo bathwaxwa ziziphumo zokuvalwa. Izithuthi zikawonke-wonke zime ngxi kwezi ndawo kwaye โiimoto taxiโ ziye zaba yeyona ndlela iphambili yothutho.
Nangona uninzi lwamacandelo oshishino exhasa inkcaso bayaqala ukuzikhwebula kuqhanqalazo olunobundlobongela. Abanye babonakala beqonda ukuba ukuhlanganisana akuzukumbhukuqa urhulumente. NgoLwesithathu umhla wama-26 kweyoMdumba iinkokeli zeFedecamaras (iQumrhu lezoRhwebo), iFedeindustria (iQumrhu lezoShishino) kunye no-Eugenio Mendoza i-CEO yenkampani ephambili yokutya kweli lizwe bezizimase โiNkomfa yoXoloโ exhaswa ngurhulumente. Nangona begxeka urhulumente kwiinkalo ezininzi, babonisa inkcaso kwiibhloko kwaye bavuma ukuba semthethweni korhulumente waseMaduro. Nangona abefundisi beCawa yamaKatolika yaseVenezuela babemenyiwe, bakhetha ukungayi. Unozakuzaku kapopu uye wazizimasa kwaye wabongoza iingxoxo kunye nothethathethwano ukuze kupheliswe ubundlobongela. Iinkokeli zopolitiko zomfelandawonye weMUD (Unity Table) nazo ziwugxothile lo msitho.
Kukho, nangona kunjalo, ubungqina bokuba ezinye iinkokeli zezopolitiko eziphikisayo ziqala ukuzikhwebula kubundlobongela basesitratweni. Oku kungenxa yokuba abantu badiniwe kukuphazamiseka kobomi babo. Oosodolophu abachasayo baseBaruta, eSucre nase-El Hatillo yonke indawo yeCaracas enkulu baye bacela ukuba kupheliswe ubundlobongela kwaye bakhuphe uqhanqalazo lwasesitratweni oludala iimeko zokungqinga.
Ukulwela ubunkokheli bezopolitiko belungelo
UCapriles ubonakala enqwenela ukuphinda aqinisekise ubunkokeli bakhe kumanyano oluphikisayo ngakumbi okoko u-Lรณpez wamodlulayo, esiba yeyona nkokeli yamkelweyo yasekunene. Nangona kunjalo, uLรณpez akathenjwa ngokubanzi ngamacandelo amaninzi aphikisayo, kubandakanya nabafundi abathile. UCapriles wathetha komnye umboniso wenkcaso ebonisa ukukulungela kwakhe ukuba nenxaxheba kwingxoxo. UMaduro wabiza intlanganiso yeerhuluneli apho uCapriles, irhuluneli yelizwe laseMiranda, kufuneka aye khona; Noko ke, ngenxa yokucinezelwa liphiko lasekunene, akazange avume ukuya. Ngaphambili, wayekhe waya kwintlanganiso waza waxhawula isandla sikaMaduro awayegxekwa ngaso liphiko lasekunene. Ezinye iirhuluneli ezimbini zenkcaso ziye zavela kwaye zahlukana noMaduro. Ukungabikho kukaCapriles kunye namanye amazwi aphikisayo kwaba yimpazamo kunye nethuba elilahlekileyo lokuxoxa kunye nokuzama ukusasaza ubundlobongela ilizwe elijongene nalo.
Esoyiswa luqhanqalazo, uCapriles ekuqaleni wathi iipolitiki ezigabadeleyo zifuna ugonyamelo, kubhekiselwa kwabasekunene nasekhohlo. Ude wagxeka esidlangalaleni uLรณpez kunye nelungu lendibano yesizwe uMarรญa Corina Machado ngokuphakamisa ulindelo olungeyonyani lokuba uqhanqalazo luya kumoyisa uMaduro. Nangona kunjalo, uya kukufumanisa kunzima ukuziphosa njengemodareyitha kwi-fracas yangoku. UCapriles ujongene nemeko efana neRiphabhlikhi e-US njengoko bejongana nephiko leqela leTea. Ukuhlala uyinkokeli yeqela eliphikisayo uCapriles kufuneka abhenele kwelinye iphiko lasekunene elingavumiyo ukuthethathethana norhulumente phantsi kwayo nayiphi na imeko. Nangona kunjalo, ukuze aphumelele unyulo kufuneka afumane inkxaso yee-chavistas ezinganelisekanga kunye namacandelo ahlwempuzekileyo. Njengoko inkcaso yokuphazamiseka okubangelwa luqhanqalazo isanda, uCapriles uya kukufumanisa kunzima nangakumbi ukuziveza njengomntu ophakathi.
isiphelo
IVenezuela ayijongani nengxaki efana ne-Ukraine njengoko abanye kwiqela eliphikisayo becebisile. Umongameli ugcina inkxaso kwilizwe lonke. Kwaye ayikho kumda wokungquzulana kobudlelwane obufana naleyo yenzekileyo eSyria. Inxalenye enkulu, kodwa ngokucacileyo ingelulo uninzi loluntu luhlala lwahlukanisiwe norhulumente. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, iVenezuela ijamelene neengxaki zokwenene zezoqoqosho nezentlalo. Nangona kunjalo, iinzame zenkcaso zokubhukuqa urhulumente ziya kuzenza zibe mandundu ezi ngxaki kwaye ziqhubeke ziphakamisa ukungavisisani kweli lizwe.
Kwilizwe lamazwe ngamazwe, amazwe afana neBrazil neArgentina acele ukuba kungabikho kungenelela kwamanye amazwe eVenezuela, isalathiso kwinkxaso ye-United States yenkcaso. Ngaphandle koxinzelelo lwakutsha nje, kunye nokugxothwa koonozakuzaku, urhulumente waseMaduro kutshanje uye wandisa isebe lomnquma ngokubiza unozakuzaku omtsha waseVenezuela eWashington. Amazwe awazange abe noonozakuzaku ukususela ngo-2008. I-US ayizange iphendule ngokusesikweni kwisijekulo. I-US nangona kunjalo bonisa ukukhathazeka phezu kwamaza anokubakho asuka eCaribbean ukuba iVenezuela iyanciphisa okanye iyayeka ukuthengisa ioyile ngePetro-Caribe ukuya kumazwe alo mmandla.
Akukho bungqina bokuba amacandelo abanzi oluntu, ngakumbi abantu abahluphekayo basezidolophini ababonelela ngeyona nkxaso kurhulumente, bazibandakanye noqhanqalazo oluqalwe ngamacandelo akumgangatho ophakathi nophezulu. Eli candelo lakhokelela ekubeni omnye umhlalutyi waseColombia athi, โIVenezuela lilizwe elingaqhelekanga, ekuphela kwendawo yayiluqhanqalazo oluzizityebi kwaye amahlwempu abhiyozele.โ Kuyathandabuzeka ukuba inkcaso ingaligcina inqanaba elikhoyo loqhanqalazo. Ngokufuna ukugxothwa kukaMaduro ngeendlela ezingekho phantsi kwedemokhrasi kwaye ngaphandle kwenkxaso eninzi, inkcaso iphinde yangena "kwi-callejon sin salida," isiphelo sezopolitiko. Emva kwesiphithiphithi sogwayimbo lwe-oyile luka-2002-03 olwadla ilizwe ngaphezulu kwe-14 leebhiliyoni zeedola kwingeniso elahlekileyo, baye basindisa ubuso ngokubiza uChavez ukuba abuyiselwe. Phantsi kwekhalenda yonyulo yangoku abanalo olo khetho. Inkcaso iya kufumana kunzima ukugcina ubuso emva kolu qhankqalazo kwaye abaninzi bayabuza ukuzinikela kwabo kwimigaqo yentando yesininzi kunye nokukwazi kwabo ukudibanisa yonke iVenezuela. Emva kokuba bezinzile isiseko sabo, ngoku bajongene nomsebenzi onzima wokuphelisa abalandeli babo ukuba bafuna ukusindisa nakuphi na ukuthembeka kunyulo oluzayo.
UMiguel Tinker Salas ngunjingalwazi wembali yaseLatin America kwiKholeji yasePomona kunye nombhali weencwadi ezininzi eVenezuela, kuquka iLifa eliQinisekisayo: Ioyile, iNkcubeko, kunye noMbutho eVenezuela (iDuke University Press).
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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Miguel, Molo. Lo nguPeter Bohmer. Ndikhumbula usuka eSan Diego. Sadibana xa wawuyi-studnet e-UCSD kwaye ndandisebenza eSan Diego. Ndiyawuthanda umsebenzi wakho. Ndithathe iiklasi iinyanga ezimbini ukuya eVenezuela ngo-2009 kunye neenyanga ze-tow kunye ne-2012 kwaye ndachitha ixesha elongezelelweyo apho. Ndithumele i-imeyile yakho kwaye ndiza kukuthumelela intetho endiyinike kwiveki ephelileyo kunye neminye yemibhalo yam eVenezuela. I-imeyile yam yile [imeyile ikhuselwe]
Unokufumana ezinye zemibhalo yam apha http://blogs.evergreeen.edu/bohmerp
Ndifundisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko kwiKholeji yase-Evergreen State e-Olympia, WA
un abrazo, Peter