I-Ukraine idlule kwimibutho emininzi kunye nenguqu yezopolitiko ngoNovemba, 2014 - February, 2015. Kule nto ifana nemizabalazo yaseTunisia naseYiphutha ukususela ngo-2010, kwaye njengakwimeko yaseYiputa, iziphumo zale mizabalazo (ukuza kuthi ga ngoku) ziye zadanisa kakhulu. ngasekhohlo eUnited States kwaye, ngokwenene, kumazwe ngamazwe. Ngokwahlukileyo kwimizabalazo yaseYiputa neyaseTunisia, nangona kunjalo, kwasekuqaleni imizabalazo yaseUkraine yabonwa ngeendlela ezahluke ngokupheleleyo ngasekhohlo. Abanye baye bajonga imizabalazo yaseMaidan njengombutho ongekho mthethweni owawuxhasa i-impiriyalizim yase-US (okanye i-US/EU) ngoko ke kufuneka ichaswe. Abanye baye bayibona kakuhle.
Ininzi kakhulu kwingxoxo ngasekhohlo kunye neepulications eziqhubekayo, ngokombono wam, igxile kwimiba ye-geopolitical yemizabalazo yase-Ukraine. Okuncinci kakhulu kugxininise ekusileleni kwaloo mibutho iphumelele ukukhupha oorhulumente babo e-Ukraine kodwa nase-Egypt naseTunisia ukuzisa oorhulumente abashenxileyo ekuxhaseni ubungqongqo, ukuqiniswa kwebhanti, kunye nenkxaso yeniyo-liberalism. Okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ingxoxo encinci kakhulu igxile ekungaphumelelini kwemisinga yasekhohlo kuyo nayiphi na yezi ntshukumo ukudala iinzame ezinzulu zokuzisa i-socialist, i-anarchist, i-environmentalist okanye ulungelelwaniso oluthe tyaba lwezoqoqosho nentlalontle yoluntu.
Kweli nqaku, ndizama kuqala ukucacisa okwenzeka e-Ukraine, ndigxininise ngokukodwa kwiziganeko kwintshukumo ye-Kyiv Maidan kodwa nokujongana nento eyenzekayo ukususela ngoko. Into endiyithethayo ndiyisekela kumazwi abahlobo bam abathathe inxaxheba kuyo. Ekupheleni kwephepha, ndiza kuphendula imibuzo emininzi ebalulekileyo yocazululo: 1. Kutheni urhulumente ophuhliswe kwinguqu edumileyo yezopolitiko ebenephiko lasekunene; 2. kutheni kungekho ntshukumo yesininzi iye yaphuhliswa ukuchasa ukusuka ekhohlo ubungqongqo obunciphise kakhulu umgangatho wokuphila kwiinyanga ezisukela kolu revolution; kwaye 3. zithini iimpembelelo zezi ziganeko kumacala asele ekho kumazwe โasemva kobuKomanisiโ nakwihlabathi liphela.
Ngokungafaniyo nabantu abaninzi baseMerika ababhala baze bathethe ngezi ziganeko, ndandinabahlobo abaninzi abaseUkraine ngaphambi kokuba ezi ziganeko ziqalise. Ndidibene nabo kuba ndilwenzile uphando (kwaye ndancedisa kubutshantliziyo) malunga ne-HIV/AIDS ukusukela ngo-1983, ngesixa esikhulu solu phando lugxile kubantu abasebenzisa iziyobisi kunye noluntu lwabo. Ngeminyaka yee-1990, emva kokuba i-USSR yaqhekeka, i-HIV yaqala ukusasazeka phakathi kwabasebenzisi beziyobisi base-Ukraine kunye nabathengisi ngesondo. Abantu abathi kamva baba ngabahlobo bam babandakanyeka kwiinzame zokunqanda ukusasazeka kwayo kunye nokunceda abo bagulayo, ngokuyintloko ngemisebenzi ye-International AIDS Alliance eUkraine, amaziko ahlukeneyo ezonyango kunye ne-All-Ukrainian Network of People Living with HIV. Ndaye ndabandakanyeka kwiinzame zabo ngo-2010 xa bathatha isigqibo sokusebenzisa ezinye zeembono zam ukuzama ukunqanda ukusasazeka kwe-HIV. Kule minyaka imbalwa izayo, ngakumbi kutyelelo endiya kuthabatha ukuya e-Ukraine kabini okanye kathathu ngonyaka kodwa naxa sasiya kudibana kwiinkomfa zamazwe ngamazwe malunga nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunye/okanye ne-HIV, saba nesabelo kule migudu kunye nezinye iiprojekthi zabo. Kwezinye iimeko, saba ngabahlobo abasenyongweni. Ngokomzekelo, kwezinye iimeko, bacela ingcebiso yam malunga neengxaki kunye nabathandi okanye ezinye izinto ezisondeleyo.
Kuhambo lwam lokuqala lokuya eUkraine, malunga neminyaka emibini ngaphambi kokuba kuqalise umlo kaMaidan, ndachukumiseka yindlela eyayinzulu ngakumbi ngayo imvakalelo yolawulo lwamaRashiya yaseRashiya kubahlobo bam kunokuba ndandilindele. Yayisekelwe ekuqondeni kwabo, ngokusekelwe koko bakufundileyo esikolweni nakwiinkumbulo zosapho, ngamava abantu baseUkraine ngaphambi kowe-1917, ngexesha leRevolution, kwindlala nengcinezelo karhulumente ngeminyaka yee-1930, nakumashumi eminyaka ukususela ngoko. Yachukumiseka kakhulu kum ngumfazi omncinci endikhe ndasebenza naye owakhulela e-Odessa kusapho olungakhethi buso. Njengoko bendicinga ngale nto bebeyithetha malunga nale kunye neminye imixholo yezopolitiko nezoqoqosho, ndiye ndabona indlela abaqonda ngayo abahlobo bam eUkraine-kwaye ndinokongeza, nabahlobo bam baseRussia nasePoland abasebenza nabo. abasebenzisi beziyobisi, abathengisi ngemizimba nabanye abajamelene nobhubhani weHIV kumazwe aboโiphenjelelwa ngokunzulu kukuqonda kwabo ukuba oko abanye bakubiza ngokuba โbubusoshiyali borhulumenteโ kwakuyinto embi. Ekubeni babefundiswa, yaye befundiswa, ukuba lo ngundoqo wobuMarx kunye neengcinga ezichasene nongxowankulu, oku kubeka imiqobo kwindlela abahlobo bam abacinga ngayo ngeziphumo ezinokwenzeka kunye nezicwangciso zabo zenguquko yaseMaidanโimiqobo enzima ngakumbi kunaleyo sijongene nayo. e-USA
Ngexesha lokuzabalaza kukaMaidan, ndaba neengxoxo nabanye babo nge-Skype kunye ne-imeyile, kwaye ndafumana ithuba ngasekupheleni kukaJanuwari, 2014, njengoko iimbandezelo zaseMaidan zazisondela kwincopho yazo, ukuba neeyure ezininzi zobuso ngobuso nencoko enye. zabo kwelinye ilizwe kwimeko apho sasinokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo sinoloyiko oluncinane lokuba abanye baya kuyazi into esiyithethayo. Ngelo xesha, imbono yam eyothusayo yayikukufana phakathi koko wayekuchaza kunye nento endiyikhumbulayo ngentshukumo yase-US phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1960 ngokumalunga nomzamo wayo wokuququzelela idemokhrasi ukusuka ngaphantsi ngelixa ubandakanyeka kumzabalazo onokufa kunye. "isakhiwo samandla." NgoMeyi, ngexesha lokujongana ngezikhondo zamehlo e-Odessa, abahlobo bam ababini, kubandakanywa nalowo ndathetha naye ngoJanuwari, babeseNew York kwaye babekwiofisi yam xa beva malunga nendlela yokungqubana phakathi kwe-pro- kunye ne-anti-Maidan. imikhosi ibandakanye ubundlobongela obubonakalayo kumacala omabini, kunye nendlela oku okukhokelele ngayo kwintlekele yamanqaku amaninzi achasene noMaidan abulawa kumlilo kwisakhiwo ababezimele kuso (ngelixa beqhubeka betshintshiselana ngemipu kunye nemikhosi ye-pro-Maidan.) Ngelo xesha, kwakucacile ukuba ulwalathiso lwedemokhrasi engqongqo kwingqiqo yabo lwalushukunyiswa ziziganeko ukuya kwicala lesizwe. Ukususela ngoko, ndithethe nabahlobo baseUkraine ubuso nobuso e-Australia ngexesha leNkomfa ye-AIDS yamazwe ngamazwe kunye neeveki ezimbini zohambo oluya e-Odessa naseKyiv ngoFebruwari nangoMeyi, 2015. Ngethuba lohambo lukaFebruwari, ndibe neengxoxo ezinde malunga nento ehambileyo. kwi, kwaye ndafumana amagqabantshintshi abhaliweyo okanye iinkcazelo ezininzi kuzo.
Oku kuthetha ukuba ndiqinisekile ukuba inkcazo abandinike yona kwezi nyanga ibe ziinkcazo ezinyanisekileyo. Ngokungafaniyo nezinto ezininzi esizifundayo, azizange zinikelwe ngomlomo okanye zibhalwe โngenjongo yezobupolitikaโ kodwa njengamazwi kumhlobo. Kukho okungafaniyo koku, mhlawumbi, kuba xa babethetha nam ngoFebruwari, 2015, babesazi ukuba ndicwangcise ukuyibhala ukuba ipapashwe e-US. (Kwaye bayazi ukuba ndingumlweli wokulwa nemfazwe kaMarxist e-US, kwaye abaphulaphuli bam abaphambili nabo baya kushiywa. Nto leyo, ndinokongeza, abahlobo bam abanjalo.) Kodwa nakule meko, babethetha nam ngokuyintloko njenge umhlobo. Oku akuthethi kuthi mna ndicinga ukuba amazwi abo โakathathโ icalaโ okanye โayinjongo,โ ekubeni oku kungenakwenzeka kwiingxabano zasekuhlaleni ezilolu hlobo. Kodwa ndiyakholelwa ukuba ibiziingxelo ezinyanisekileyo malunga nento abayenzayo nabayibonayo.
Kweli nqanaba, ndiza kunika iinkcazo ezininzi endizinikwe ngabahlobo malunga nento eyenzekayo eKyiv Maidan kwiinyanga zomzabalazo ngoNovemba, 2013, ukuya kutsho ngoFebruwari, 2014. Ndizibonise zihlelwe kuphela ukuze zicacise.
Iinkumbulo zaseKyiv Maidan
Le iseti yokuqala yeenkumbulo isuka kumfundi osandul' ukuthweswa isidanga kwimpilo yoluntu kwi-Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, ekuphela kweyunivesithi efundisa impilo yoluntu kweli lizwe. Bendimcelile ukuba abhale amava akhe kwaye yile nto ayibhalileyo. Kwiincoko, ubhekisela kwezi ziganeko njengenguquko yazo.
Xa zonke ezi ziganeko zaqalayo, akukho mntu wayenokucinga ukuba loo meko yayiya kuhla ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Kwakusekupheleni kwekwindla kwaye wonke umntu wayelindele ukutyikitya isisombululo sokungena kwi-EU. Kwi-Ukraine nganye kwakuthetha into eyahlukileyo: kwabanye yayilithuba lokuhamba, abanye bayibona njengethuba lokuphila njengaseYurophu. Wonke umntu wayesazi ukuba le nkqubo iya kuba nzima, kodwa kwangaxeshanye, iyimfuneko kakhulu. Xa uYanukovych [ngoko uMongameli] wathi ukusayinwa kwesivumelwano kudluliselwe [ukuseta isivumelwano kunye neRashiya endaweni yoko], yayiluphawu lokuqala lokuba sikhohlisiwe. Saziva izithembiso, kwaye asizange sizifumane. Kwaye ke kuya kuqhubeka kwixesha elizayo ukuba akukho nto itshintshileyo. Abafundi bebesoloko beluhlobo oluthile lwabavukeli, ngoko ke bekungekho mathandabuzo okuba amalungelo ethu kufuneka alwelwe, kwaye ukuba siqhubeke sithule ngoku, bebeya kusiqhatha ngalo lonke ixesha. Intloko yepalamente yethu yabafundi ikunye nogxa wayo wase National University baququzelela intlanganiso yabafundi ndaqonda ukuba mandibe yinxalenye yayo. Sadibana kufuphi nesikolo saseKyiv-Mohyla kunye nootitshala bethu nabaphumeleleyo. Ubuncinane kwakukho abantu abangama-500. Ngelo xesha ndandingaqondi nokuba sasiqala umlo. Kwakusoyikeka kakhulu ukuba abanye abezopolitiko bafuna ukwenza inqaku lobudlelwane boluntu ngomnqweno wethu wokuthi sikhululekile.
Ndicinga ukuba iMaidan yayineengongoma zayo ezintathu eziziintloko [zobunzima]. Eyokuqala yayingobusuku baxa amapolisa abetha itela kubafundi. Abanye babo ngabahlobo bam. Bendilapho kwade kwayintsimbi yesi-8 ebusuku kwaye kunzima ukuqonda ukuba bendisandula ukushiya isikwere esikhulu kwiiyure ezininzi ngaphambi kokuba yonke into iqale. Abantu abaninzi babecatshukiswa zezo zenzo baza baya eMaidan ukuze bachaze ukuma kwabo. Abantu baseUkraine bahlulahlulwe ngamaqela amabini: abo bangazange baxhase amandla njengoko ayenjalo kunye nabo bawaxhasayo. Kodwa andiyiqondi inxalenye ababengathathi cala. Ndicinga ukuba yayiyeyona nkohlakalo inkulu.
Emva koNyaka oMtsha, ka-2014, abantu baphelelwa yinkolelo yokuba ikho into enokutshintshwa baza bagoduka. Ndandingomnye wabo yaye ndandicinga ukuba asinalo ithuba lokutshintsha imeko. Kodwa iziganeko phakathi kuJanuwari zatshintsha ingqondo yethu. Imithetho eyaye yamkelwa yanyanzela abantu abaninzi ukuba babuye. [Le mithetho yenza abaqhankqalazi babe lulwaphulo-mthetho.โSF ] Yayiyeyesibini ingongoma ephambili [ingxaki]. Sasisoyika ukuhlala sodwa; sasihamba singamaqela amakhulu kuphela, kuba sasisazi ukuba asinakhuselo. Amandla ethu yayililizwi lethu.
Eyona ndawo yayishushu eMaidan yayingoFebruwari xa baqala ukubulala abantu. Ndathi ndakuzijonga ezi ndaba andakwazi nokuyicinga into yokuba ezo ziganeko zenzeka kubantu bakuthi nakwilizwe lethu. Ndandingakwazi ukubukela umabonakude ngaphandle kwenyembezi. Xa ufika eMaidan, waqonda ukuba akukho stratification: abantu abazizityebi bema ecaleni kwamahlwempu kwaye babe nenjongo efanayo - babefuna ukukhusela amalungelo abo kwaye bayeke i-junta yaseYanukovich. Icala elihle lezi ziganeko yayikukutshintsha kweengqondo zabantu. Andizange ndive ukuba lihle kangakanani iculo elenziwa zizigidi zabantu baseUkraine. Phezu kwako nje ukufa kwamawakawaka, kwakukho abantu abaninzi ababecinga ukuba siyaphambana, ingakumbi xa imeko yezoqoqosho idodobala. Abanye babo yayingabahlobo bam. Ndiqale ndaxambulisana nabo bendinexhala kakhulu, kodwa ndaqonda ukuba akukho nto inokutshintsha ingqondo yabo, ndicela bacime inombolo yam yomnxeba. Babeziimfama. Babecinga ukuba yonke into ilungile yaye aba bantu baphambeneyo bayalitshabalalisa izulu labo.
Zeziphi iindlela, ukuba zikhona, othe wathatha inxaxheba ngazo?
Xa sawela umda wemfazwe [ungquzulwano olunogonyamelo eMaidan] ngoFebruwari, ndaqonda ukuba ndifanele ndincede abo bantu babezabalazela inkululeko yam. Ndandisazi ukuba andinakukwazi ukubanceda abo bantu bakhaliphileyo ababesesigangeni, kodwa ndaqonda ukuba kufuneka ndibenzele okuthile. Sasisebenza ekhitshini ebaleni: senze iti, siphekele amadoda ethu ukutya. Ndamangaliswa kukucoceka nokuzeyisa. Andizange ndizive ndidiniwe ekupheleni kosuku lulonwabo kuphela; ibikukuwisa kwam kulwandlekazi lwenkululeko. Kwakhona, sancedisa ekuthabatheni umrhumo, ukuthenga ukutya nempahla, amayeza nezixhobo. Ukubuyela kwam ekhaya, ndandilindele usuku olulandelayo xa ndandinokwenza into encinane neyimfuneko kwilizwe lam.
Ngaba zikhona izinto obufuna ukuzenza apho kodwa awukwazanga ukuzenza kuba ungumfazi? Okanye ngezinye izizathu?
Kakade ke, ndandingakwazi ukulwa edabini. Kodwa kwakhona andizange ndikwazi ukunceda abantu esibhedlele ngenxa yezizathu ezithile: okokuqala, andinamfundo kweli nqanaba; kwakhona, andizange ndikwazi ukumelana nokubona ukuba bangaphi abantu abafele inkululeko yethu. Kwaba yingozi kakhulu kum, ngakumbi xa udibana nabantu abacinga ukuba sichitha nje ixesha lethu elilahlekileyo kwaye akukho nto sinokuyenza.
Ngaba ikuncedile ukuphuhlisa izakhono ezitsha okanye iindlela ezintsha zokucinga?
Ndicinga ukuba izinto ezenzeka kuMaidan zanditshintsha kakhulu. Ndikhulele kwintsapho ethetha isiRashiya, andizange ndithande ilizwe kwaye ndingayithandi kakhulu isimboli saseUkraine. Kodwa ngoku ndiyazi ukuba ndingumUkraine kwaye ndiyazingca ngayo. Ndiyazi ukuba xa singazitshintshi thina nekamva lethu, akukho mntu uya kusenzela oko. Andoyiki ukuthetha inyani. Ndicinga ukuba ukuba sifuna ukutshintsha uluntu, kuyimfuneko ukuba uqale ngokwakho, kwaye ungatshintshi uxanduva lweempazamo zethu komnye umntu. Kububudenge ukucinga ukuba umntu omtsha uya kuza [eofisini] kwaye atshintshe yonke into, kwaye ukuba akukho nto iguqukayo woba netyala. Ndiyaqonda ukuba andindedwa kwaye nabantu abangaziwayo banokundinceda ngaphandle kwembuyekezo. Sinokuyitshintsha imeko ukuba silwa kunye yonke imihla. Ndiyaqonda ukuba siphakathi, kodwa asinalungelo lokuyeka, kuba baninzi abantu ababuleweyo ukusinika ithuba lokonwaba.
Okwangoku, ndiza kukhomba izinto ezininzi eziphambili kodwa eziphazamisayo kwinto ayibhalileyo. Kucacile ukuba umzabalazo awuzange uphakamise imiba yomgangatho engqondweni yakhe, kodwa endaweni yoko uthi ngokucacileyo "akukho kucalulana" phakathi kwezityebi kunye namahlwempu emzabalazweni. Kwakhona kucacile ukuba wamkela ulwahlulo lwezesondo lwabasebenzi phakathi komzabalazo-amadoda alwa, abafazi benza umsebenzi wokuxhasa. Kuyafaneleka ukukhankanywa, njengoko ezinye iindaba zeendaba kunye nenkqubela phambili e-United States ibhale malunga nobungangamsha beengxabano phakathi "kwamaRashiya" kunye "nama-Ukrainians" kwezi ngxabano, uvela kwintsapho ethetha isiRashiya, kodwa iziganeko azithathayo. yamenza wazibona njengomntu waseUkraine othanda ilizwe. Okokugqibela, wenza intetho ephikisa amabango ngabaninzi โabaqhubela phambiliโ e-US nakwenye indawo ukuba into ethathe inxaxheba โkukubhukuqa.โ Uchaza ngokucacileyo ukuba: โAndizange ndive ukuba linokuba mnandi kangakanani iculo eliculwa zizigidi zabantu baseUkraine.โ Nabani na obe yinxalenye yezenzo zobunzima obukhulu uyazi ukuba akunakwenzeka ukwazi ukuba bangaphi abantu abakhoyo, kodwa uyazi nokuba ingxelo efana neyakhe ibonisa ubunyani bentshukumo yobuninzi bokwenene. (Apha ngezantsi, ndiza kuluhlalutya olu revolution ngokweziphene zalo ezininzi, kunye nemibuzo ephazamisayo yokuba ukusilela kwayo ukuba ibe ngumbutho ozama ukutshintsha ubudlelwane obusisiseko bentlalo. Kule, ndingongeza, ifana neentsilelo ezifanayo zohlaziyo lwaseTahrir. Isikwere eYiputa kunye nenguquko yaseTunisia phambi kwayo.)
Inkcazo yam elandelayo inikezelwa yindoda endiyazi ukususela ngo-2010 kwaye ibe ngumhlobo othandekayo ngokwenene. Ndidlanโ indlebe naye kwi-brunch ende ngoFebruwari, ngo-2015, ndachwetheza amanqaku, ndawathumela kuye ukuba atshintshe. Wongeza iinkcukacha ezininzi kwifomu ebhaliweyo. Xa ndandidlanโ indlebe naye, ndambuza imibuzo ngokubanzi (kwi-parenthesis), kwaye iimpendulo zakhe ngandlelโ ithile zibunjwe koko.
- (Kwakuxhaswa njani ngemali ukutya nezinye izinto zoqhanqalazo lwaseMaidan?)
Iminikelo emininzi yaziswa ngeebhasi neelori ezivela eNtshona Ukraine. Abantu babenikela ngokutya, imali, iimpahla ezindala kwiibhokisi zenkongozelo. Abanye babephuma kwimibutho yezopolitiko besiya kubantu bemibutho yabo okanye kwiintente zeqela labo. Uninzi lwabantu baseMaidan babengamavolontiya kwaye bengahlawulwa, kodwa kunokwenzeka ukuba amaqela anike amalungu amancinane amancinane kwaye abonelele ngezithuthi eziya eKyiv. IBatkivschina, iSvoboda (amaqela aphikisayo) yayineentente zayo yaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba yayihlawula imivuzo ethile kubantu ababelapho (kodwa mhlawumbi abantu abangama-50 babehlawulwe kumawaka ababelapho kakhulu) yaye baxhasa ngemali ethile yokuthenga izinto, njengepetroli. iijenereyitha, iijenereyitha, ezinye iinkuni. Kwakukho imfuneko encinci yokutya kunye namanzi njengoko eziswa ngabemi baseKyiv rhoqo ngobuninzi obukhulu kunye neempahla ezintsha ezishushu kunye nezisetyenzisiweyo. Olona ncedo luphucukileyo โ izindlu zangasese, iijenereyitha zombane, ipetroli, iintente ezinkulu zomkhosi, njl.njl. kusenokwenzeka ukuba zabonelelwa ngamaqela aphikisayo okanye eminye imibutho emikhulu yasekuhlaleni okanye imibutho yezopolitiko.
Kwakhona kwakukho amaqela amatsha azilungelelanisiweyo kawonke-wonke awadala ukuba enze izinto ezininzi ezijikeleze iMaidan. Kwakukho i-hot-line ecwangciswe kakuhle (kunye nabantu abavolontiya ukuba bafowunele abantu abahlukeneyo kwaye balungiselele iimpahla kunye nokuhanjiswa ukusuka kuluhlu abaqokelele kwiimfuno ezivela kuMaidan. Umzekelo yonke imihla bahlaziya uluhlu lwewebhusayithi lweemfuno (impahla, iikawusi, iintente. , imigqomo, iinkuni zokubasa umlilo, amanzi, izifudumezi, izigcina-ntloko zokwakha, imihlakulo yekhephu, iingxowa, iionti zamalahle, iinkuni ezinkulu zokuthintela, ucingo, amayeza abandayo) baze abantu babeke nantoni na abanokuthenga okanye banikele ngayo, bazise okanye bacele nje umntu ukuba Izinto ezincinci beziziswa ngabantu, izixa ezikhulu kwaye zinkulu kakhulu zilori ezifana nale bendiyisebenzisile Kamva ipetroli neoyile (โiti yeecocktailsโ) neebhotile zebhiya ezingenanto (โiglasiโ), amatayara (โibhegiโ) mhlawumbi babengadweliswanga ngokusemthethweni, kodwa wonke umntu owayenokuzifaka emngciphekweni wayesazi ukuba iyafuneka kwaye wathi cwaka wabazisa kuzo zonke iibhloko zamapolisa ezingqonge iMaidan.
I-Centurions (i-Maidan yokuzikhusela) yayivela kwiimvelaphi ezahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo, kuquka ezimbalwa ezivela kumaqela. Abanye babengabasebenzi beeofisi zezopolitiko, abanye abafundi, iintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zabantu. Okukhona "kukhulu" [ndicinga ukuba uthetha ukulwa, hayi iradicalism yezopolitiko] wajoyina iiyunithi zokulwa zeCandelo eliLungileyo ukuya kwinqanaba elithile. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba akukho namnye kwababuleweyo kwizenzo bebesuka kwiCandelo eliLungileyo. Iingxelo ezingobomi babafel' ukholo zaziwa kakhulu. Abo babulawayo babequka abafundi nabasebenzi (abaninzi ababevela eNtshona Ukraine). Ngubani owayephila kwaye wafa ngeendlela ezininzi umbuzo weyiphi inxalenye yeMaidan ababekuyo xa abahlaseli beqala ukudubula.
Abakhulu babengenayo iyunifomu. Abantu beza nezigcina-ntloko zabo. [Umhlobo wam] wayenesigcina-ntloko somsebenzi wokwakha, awathi kamva wasiphucula ngokuthenga isigcina-ntloko sokutyibiliza emanzini. Abanye abantu babenehoki yomkhenkce okanye izigcina-ntloko zesithuthuthu. Abantu abaninzi babenezigcina-ntloko zabasebenzi bokwakha ngexabiso eliphantsiโezazingabizi mali ininzi yaye abantu babenikela ngazo.
Abantu babedla ngokuza eMaidan xa bephuma emsebenzini, baze bagoduke ngaxa lithile ezinzulwini zobusuku. Kwaye kusasa, xa i-subways iqala ukusebenza, abanye babeza kugalela kwisikwere, ngakumbi xa kukho olunye uhlaselo lwamapolisa kwimiqobo ebusuku (yayidla ngo-3-4 am). Ngokufuthi, iiteksi zazikhwela simahla eMaidan kubahambi ngeenyawo abababona behamba ngobo busuku bohlaselo.
Ebusuku, babembalwa abaqhankqalazi, ngoko ke amapolisa ayezama ukuthatha uMaidan ngoko. Ekuseni ngeentsuku eziphambili, izihlwele ezikhulu zazifika, kwaye wawunokubona ukugcwala kweebhasi zamapolisa ziphuma kuloo ndawo (ukuba zibuye kwakhona xa ibhalansi yemikhosi itshintshile kwakhona ngobusuku obuthile.)
Izithintelo zazinzulu ngemiqobo emithathu, ubusuku obuninzi amapolisa ayeza kubamba kwaye atshabalalise umqobo ongaphandle kwaye mhlawumbi nabanye, kodwa ngengomso izihlwele zaziza kubakha ngaphezulu. Izithintelo zazisoloko zenziwe ngeengxowa zeplastiki zenkunkuma ezizaliswe ngumkhenkce nekhephu, iinkuni ezinkulu, iingcingo zentsimbi, imiphanda yentsimbi. Kodwa xa ukudubula kuqalile, amatayara kunye nee-cocktails zazingundoqo. Lo msi uthintele amapolisa abadubule kunye neenjongo zabo. Bekugcwele intente ngabantu abenza iMolotov cocktails nge petrol ne oil. Abantu beza nepetroli ngeenkonkxa, mhlawumbi ngeebhulukhwe zeemoto zabucala. Kamva, bongeza iipellets ze-Styrofoam kwaye oku kwenza umxube uncangathi njenge-napalm-nto leyo eyayithetha ukuba amapolisa ngoku ayesaba ii-cocktails ze-Molotov. Bengekabahleki.
Abantu abanamava angakumbi baququzelela i-Maidan yokuzikhusela.
(Ngeli xesha, ndithe ndivile ukuba iManyano yaBasebenzi eZimeleyo izama ukwenza intente kodwa yacinezelwa ngamabutho afanelekileyo. Uphendule ngelithi akazange eve ngeMibutho yaBasebenzi eZimeleyo.)
Kwakukho imilo phakathi kwamaqela phakathi kwamaqela asekunene malunga nokuba ngubani oye walawula ukuba yeyiphi izakhiwo zikamasipala okanye zikarhulumente emva kokuba kuqaliswe ukuthathwa kwezakhiwo eMaidan.
Inkokheli yoKhuseleko yayivela kwiqela likaTymoshenko (ะะฐััะบ ะฒัะธะฝะฐ) ngexesha le-Orange Revolution ngo-2004. Wayengumququzeleli wokuzikhusela ngoko.
Izindlu zangasese zaseMaidan zalungelelaniswa kwaye zahlawulwa ngamaqela (okunokwenzeka kakhulu). Mhlawumbi ngu ะะฐััะบ ะฒัะธะฝะฐ. Ngaxa lithile emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa emva kokungqingwa ngamandla ngamapolisa, [umhlobo wam] waphawula ukuba izindlu zangasese zazizele kwaye ziyavuza. Wafumana inkampani eyayinyamekela oku, waza wayilungiselela ukuba itshintshwe ngezilungileyo.
Walungiselela iinkuni, amatayara, ukutya njl eyedwa kunye nokulungelelaniswa namavolontiya kunye nabaququzeleli kwi-hotline. Ngeentsuku zokuqala zikaMaidan wazisa ngaphezu kwe-50 ye-4 nge-3 yeemitha zamakhaka kunye neepalethi zokwakha amazantsi eentente ezinkulu, imiphanda yentsimbi engaphezu kwama-30 yomlilo kunye neeveni ezintathu ezigcwele iinkuni, kunye neengxowa zamalahle. 250kg). Ngaxa lithile umzi-mveliso wamaplanga kufuphi ne-Kyiv wafowunela i-Maidan Hotline ukuba uthi banemfumba yeenkuni ezishiyekileyo abaza kunikela ngazo, kwaye umnxeba weHotline wabiza umhlobo wam ukuba akwenze oko. Yayikwiimfumba ezinkulu. Yena nabanye balayisha iveni baze bahambe nayo yonke imihla kangangeeveki ezimbalwa. Ngeentsuku ezithile weza neenqwelo zemithi ezimbini okanye ezintathu (ixesha ngalinye malunga neekhilogram ezingama-3,000). Ezinye iinkuni zaziphuma kwihlathi [likaMongameli] uYanukovych. (Abalindi behlathi babiza ngokufihlakeleyo baza bamnika uMaidan.) Yayizigodo ezisemgangathweni nezikhondo, zibanzi kakhulu kodwa zomile.
Ekuqaleni kwe-Maidan, kwakukho indawo yewebhu yokubhalisa ukukwazi kwakho ukunceda (naso nasiphi na isibonelelo onayo). Wabhalisa kwilori (iveni enkulu) ukuba akwazi ukuhambisa iimpahla. Washiya inombolo yakhe yomnxeba waza wavuma ukuqhagamshelwa nanini na emini okanye ebusuku ukuze ayise nantoni na kuMaidan.
Kwakukho amaxesha apho babenamanani amakhulu amavolontiya kunye nababoneleli. Ngamanye amaxesha, abantu babesoyika kakhulu. Amaxesha amafutshane, xa abantu bebenganikezeli nto simahla, umhlobo wam wathenga iinkuni ngemali yakhe kwiilori ezimi ngaphandle kwaseKyiv, kuba kwakukho imfuneko enkulu eMaidan, ngakumbi xa kubanda kakhulu. kwaye kwakungacaci ukuba kuza kwenzeka ntoni emva koko.
Iilori zazingavunyelwa ukuba zingene esixekweni yaye ngokuqinisekileyo kumbindi wedolophu, kodwa iiveni ezinkulu zemithwalo zazivumelekile. Ngoko kwakufuneka aqhube ephuma esixekweni okanye kwiindawo ezikude ukuze afumane izinto kwiilori aze azilayishe eveni.
Amapolisa ayenazo iindawo zokuhlola esixekweni kwaye ayemjikisa ngamanye amaxesha. Ngokuqhelekileyo, wayeza kufumana enye indlela eya eMaidan. Ibhalansi yemikhosi yayinjalo kangangokuba amapolisa ayengakwazi ukubaleka kakhulu. Xa sele ekufuphi ne-Maidan, wayekwazi ukubiza i-Maidan kwaye umntu omnye okanye amabini ukusuka ekuzikhuseleni beza kuvula indlela yeveni.
[Ndicime umhlathi ukukhusela umthombo wam.])
Ngaxa lithile, xa urhulumente wayezise izaphuli-mthetho ukuba zihlasele abantu balo mbutho emakhaya okanye ezitratweni, iAuto-Maidan nabemi abaninzi bagqiba kwelokuba bazikhusele, ngoko ngobunye ubusuku kwakukho iimoto ezimalunga nama-2,000 50 ezazijikeleza ezitratweni. Banokufumana iimoto ezingama-5 kwindawo ethile kwimizuzu emi-10 okanye eyi-XNUMX besebenzisa isitishi esiqhelekileyo kwi-app yeZello.
[Iqabane lakhe] limxelela ukuba abafazi bebesenza ukutya kunye nokonga kwaye benza iicocktails zaseMolotov. Ngexesha lomlo, inkqubo yesandisi yeSiteji yayiza kwalathisa abantu ngento abafanele bayenze. Abasetyhini baya kuxelelwa ukuba bafudukele kwiindawo zangaphakathi kufuphi neqonga kwaye amadoda aye kumgca wokulwa.
Umhlobo wam akazi ukuba ngubani oququzelele kwaye wabaleka eqongeni. Ulawulo lwezopolitiko aluzange luqine kangako. Nabani na ovela kwisihlwele unokunyuka aye kuthetha ngokwakhe okanye ubuncinane ngenkxaso yoluntu evela kubantu baseMaidan.
Apha kwakhona kucacile ukuba ezi ziganeko zazinkulu kwaye zazizilungelelanise. Kwezopolitiko, amaqela e-neoliberal pro-European Centre (efana ne-ะะฐััะบ ะฒัะธะฝะฐ) adlale indima ebalulekileyo yokuqala, kwaye iCandelo eliLungileyo kunye nabanye babaluleka njengoko umzabalazo wawuqhubeka-kodwa akukho xesha la maqela anamanani amaninzi amalungu ahlanganiswe. Endaweni yoko, ukuzihlanganisa ngewebhu kunye neefowuni zeMaidan Hotline kwadlala indima ephambili, njengoko kwenza izihlwele zabantu abavele beze kuthabatha inxaxheba. Kwakhona kucacile ukuba kwakukho ubukho obuncinane obulungelelanisiweyo obusekhohlo-okwabangelwa ukungakwazi kweMibutho yaBasebenzi abaZimeleyo, abafazi kunye nabanye ukulungelelanisa ngempumelelo kwinqanaba elikhulu eKyiv. (Umbutho kaMaidan eKrivih Rih, kwelinye icala, wawusekelwe kwimibutho yabasebenzi basezimayini.)
Ingcaciso yam yesithathu yeyomfazi ongugqirha esele ndineminyaka eliqela ndimazi. Ndambuza ngokubhala imibuzo ethile evela njengeembumbulu ngezantsi. Iimpendulo zakhe ziyazilandela.
Imibuzo endifuna ukuyibuza malunga ne-Ukraine kwimeko yezopolitiko
- Ukutya nezinye izinto ezazisetyenziswa kuqhanqalazo lwaseMaidan zaxhaswa njani ngemali?
Ngokuqinisekileyo, kwiinqanaba zangaphambili zikaMaidan kwakukho iimali ezivela kumaqela ahlukeneyo ezopolitiko (kwaye mhlawumbi ezinye ii-oligarchs), kodwa emva kwexesha elithile abantu baqala ukuba namaqela azimeleyo ajongene neenkonzo ezahlukeneyo ezifunekayo eMaidan. Iinethiwekhi zoluntu zazisetyenziswa njengomthombo ophambili wolungelelwaniso. Kwalungiselelwa iminxeba eshushu kwaye le nkcazelo yabelwana ngayo nakwi-Intanethi. Iimfuno ezizizo zahlaziywa yonke imihla (ezinje ngeemfuno zabasebenzi, ukutya, izibonelelo). Iiakhawunti zebhanki zenziwe ukuze nabani na ovela eUkraine okanye ovela kwamanye amazwe anikele ngemali.
Kwakhona ezinye iinkampani kunye namaziko aququzelela amaqela angaphakathi awayenoxanduva lokubonelela ngenkxaso uMaidan (ukuqokelela imali njl.njl.) Ezinye iintsuku zokusebenza zarhoxiswa ukuze abantu bazibandakanye nombutho.
- Kuthekani kwezinye iindawo zelizwe?
Njengoko ndiyazi, eNtshona Ukraine nakweminye iMimandla (ngaphandle kweMpuma), imeko yayifana neKiev kodwa incinci. Kwakhona abantu abaninzi beza eKiev Maidan kwaye baxhasa uMaidan ngemithombo eyahlukeneyo.
Iingxelo zabo malunga neMizabalazo echasene noMaidan ngaphandle kweKyiv
Ndacela ababini kwaba bahlobo ukuba baphendule imibuzo ethile ephathelele imizabalazo eyayikweminye imimandla yaseUkraine nxamnye nemvukelo yaseMaidan. Iimpendulo zabo zivela ngezantsi. Iseti yokuqala ivela kumfazi ogama lakhe lichazwa ngumzabalazo waseMaidan ngqo ngasentla.
(Imibuzo iphakamisa abanye endifumana kunzima ukuyiphendula)
- Yayingowuphi umkhamo intshukumo yantlandlolo yokuchasa uMaidan eMpuma Ukraine yayiyeyemveli? Sazi njani? Ngaba siyayithemba le mithombo ukuba zombini inyanisekile kwaye siyazi ukuba bathetha ngantoni? Ukuba kunjalo, kutheni?
Andiqondi ukuba intshukumo yokuqala eMpuma Yurophu yayiyeyemveli ngokwenene. Kulo mmandla abantu abaninzi baxhasa iRashiya xa kuthelekiswa neminye imimandla yaseUkraine. Kodwa ukuqonda kwam kukuba lo mbutho uququzelelwe ngabapolitiki baseUkraine abaxhasa iRussia abavela kwiqela likaYanukovych kunye nabantu ababexhaswa ngurhulumente waseRussia. Kwasekuqaleni baququzelela imibutho ethile ehlawula imali kubantu abavela eMpuma Ukraine ukuba beze eKiev [ukuze bachase] iMaidan, baza baphinda baququzelela imibutho kwizixeko ezikwiMpuma yeUkraine besebenzisa inkqubo efanayo โyokuthenga abantu.โ Kwakhona kwakulula ukwenza kuba (njengoko ndabhala ngaphambili) ekuqaleni iRashiya kunye neYanukovych yayinenkxaso eninzi kulo mmandla.
Kwakhona abantu ababedla ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwezo ntlanganiso (anti-Maidans) ubukhulu becala babevela kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba โngabantu abakumgangatho ophantsiโ [sic] eyayixhaphakile kwimpuma yeUkraine ngenxa yeempawu zoqoqosho nezenkcubeko.
- Ngaba abo balwa ngoku bangabemi bomthonyama ukusa kuwuphi umkhamo? IsiRashiya? Sazi njani? Ngaba siyayithemba le mithombo ukuba zombini inyanisekile kwaye siyazi ukuba bathetha ngantoni? Ukuba kunjalo, kutheni?
Kukho abantu baseUkraine abathatha inxaxheba kumlo, uninzi lwabo yayizizihange kwaye bengabandakanywanga abantu ngexesha loxolo. (Ngoku bafumene indima yabo kuluntu olutsha olwakhiweyo). Kukwakho nomkhosi waseRussia omninzi kulo mmandla. Ndiyayazi kubantu abaye basuka eMpuma Ukraine, kwakhona kukho iingxelo ezininzi zamaxwebhu aseRashiya afunyenwe apho. Abantu baseRashiya kunye nabemi baseRashiya baseRashiya bayalwa apho).
Kolu caphulo, kwakhona, kucacile ukuba ingqiqo yombhali (ilungelo elithile) yesakhiwo seklasi kunye nentsingiselo yomahluko weklasi ayizange iguqulwe ngamava akhe kwintshukumo. Inkcazo yakhe ikwangqamana naleyo yabanye abahlobo bam ababini ekubeni intshukumo yaqala ukusa kumlinganiselo othile njengenyathelo elixhaswa ngamaqela akhoyo kunye namanye ama-oligarchs, kodwa ukuba ekuhambeni komzabalazo intshukumo yaphuncuka kulawulo lwabo yaba yintshukumo yesininzi kwaye emva koko yaba ngumbutho olawulayo. revolution.
Ndingongeza ingcaciso ebalulekileyo kule nto. Kwinqanaba elithile, ubuncinci, ii-oligarchs ezilawulayo zase-Ukraine ziye zancedwa ukuba zifumane le revolution phantsi kolawulo lokubanjwa kweRashiya eCrimea kunye nokubhala phantsi kokulwa kwiindawo zaseDonetsk naseLuhansk.
Emva koko, ndinikela iimpendulo kwimibuzo yam evela kwindoda echazwe ngasentla ngemisebenzi yayo yokuzisa izinto eKyiv Maidan ngeveni yayo. Ifomathi kukuba ndambuza le mibuzo ngexesha lodliwano-ndlebe lwe-brunch, ndayibhala, ndayithumela kuye. Emva koko wongeza iinkcukacha kunye nezilungiso waza wayibuyisela kwakhona. Kwakhona, ndiyihlelele kuphela ingcaciso.
Imibuzo ephakamayo kwabanye ekunzima ukuyiphendula
- Ngaba intshukumo yokuqala yaseMpuma Ukraine yayiyeyomthonyama ukusa kuwuphi umkhamo? Sazi njani? Ngaba siyayithemba le mithombo ukuba zombini inyanisekile kwaye siyazi ukuba bathetha ngantoni? Ukuba kunjalo, kutheni?
- Ngaba abo balwa ngoku bangabemi bomthonyama ukusa kuwuphi umkhamo? IsiRashiya? Sazi njani? Ngaba siyayithemba le mithombo ukuba zombini inyanisekile kwaye siyazi ukuba bathetha ngantoni? Ukuba kunjalo, kutheni?
Intshukumo eMpuma ixhaswa kakhulu yiRashiya. Ekuqaleni, ii-oligarchs zendawo zazama ezinye iindlela zokuzama ukulawula ummandla (nangona babephulukene nolawulo lukarhulumente kazwelonke) ngokuzama ukuququzelela i-federalism. Kodwa i-czarist yaseRashiya yabemi belizwe bethanda iRussia ukusuka elwandle ukuya elwandle beza ngaphaya komda ukuze baqhubele phambili injongo yabo. Babezimele kwii-oligarchs. UPutin wabavumela ukuba bayenze. Babenenkxaso-mali, Umhlobo wam akazi ukuba usuka phi.
(SRF: Yilento uyithethileyo okanye awutshongo usuka phi?)
KONKE oku akungqinwanga lulwazi oluvela kwimithombo emininzi. Abanye babefudula bekwi-KGB. U-Igor Strelkov wayengumtshintshi omkhulu womdlalo kule nto. Waququzelela phakathi kwabafana be-Fundamentalist Russian Orthodox Church, abanezimvo ezifanayo nezo zoMkhosi oMhlophe. Bafumana izixhobo kunye neengcali ezithile zomkhosi kwaye bathatha izakhiwo zolawulo kunye namapolisa ezixekweni. Yayiyi ubukuqo-mbuso ngokuchasene ne-oligarchs eququzelelwe ngamaRashiya avela eRashiya. รbamthobela uYehova. oligarchsThey ke bathatha amajelo asekuhlaleni kunye propaganda kwaye wabiza Maidan etc. fascists. Bafuna ukwenza iUkraine neYurophu ibe yinxalenye yeRashiya.
Bayiqala le mfazwe. Emva koko urhulumente waseUkraine waqonda ukuba yimfazwe waza wahlanganisa umkhosi waza waqalisa ukulwa.
UStrelkov wabuyela eRashiya emva kokuba inqwelomoya idutyulwe. Emva koko igunya laya koorhulumente bomkhosi basekuhlaleni. Yaye izixeko ezibini [iDonetsk neLuhansk] zahlukana phakathi.
(SRF; Uyazi njani yonke le nto?)
Ndifunde iintatheli ezibika apho. Kwaye imibhalo kunye neentetho zikaStrelkov. Kwaye iingxelo ezisemthethweni zaseUkraine.
(SRF: Bakuxelela ntoni abantu baseMpuma obaziyo?)
Abantu endibaziyo abathabathi nxaxheba kuyo nayiphi na kwezi. Bafuna nje ukuphila ubomi babo. "Oorhulumente abatsha" bathetha namaqela okunciphisa umonakalo kwaye bawayeke aqhubeke.
Umkhosi namapolisa neejaji zikhokelwa ngabantu abavela eRashiya. Bathetha oku ngokukhululekileyo kwiintatheli nakwividiyo, ukuba beza kunceda abanye abantu baseRussia ngexesha lesidingo kwaye baseholideyini emsebenzini wabo / inkonzo yasemkhosini / nantoni na ebuyela eRashiya. Abanye "amaqela abaphangi" abalweli abaveli eRashiya, abanye bavela eRashiya, eChechnya naseAbkhazia (apho kungekho msebenzi mninzi ngoko ndicinga ukuba abaninzi beza ukufumana imali okanye bafumane imali ngenkani) kodwa balungelelanisa imisebenzi yasemkhosini kunye. umkhosi okhokelwa yiRashiya. Iiyunithi zomkhosi waseRashiya zinamaqela amahange asekuhlaleni athatha izikhundla eziphambili kwiindibano. Ngaloo ndlela inxalenye enkulu yamaxhoba ngala maqela ezihange. Kula maqela maninzi โamageza asekuhlaleni anemipu.โ Oko kuya kuba yingxaki. Kodwa uninzi lwazo lubulawa lusebenza njengeliza lokuqala okanye phantsi komlilo we-artillery (inokuba ivela kumacala omabini).
Iinkokeli zoorhulumente baseMpuma kunye nezomkhosi ziye zayalela ukuba kubulawe abantu abaninzi. Kufuneka bajongane nezigwebo zobomi bonke xa ubutshaba buphelile.
(SRF: Ngubani olwayo kwicala laseUkraine?)
Umkhosi, amapolisa, kunye nemikhosi yamavolontiya.
(I-SRF: Abanye "abaqhubekileyo" base-US bathi amanye ala mabholo ngama-fascists.)
Umhlobo wam akayivanga le nto. Enye ye-battalion yi-Right Sector, kodwa leyo yi-battalion enye kwi-10 okanye i-15. Kwaye umhlobo wam uvile abantu beCandelo eliLungileyo bethetha, kwaye uthi ubuncinane esidlangalaleni bathetha ubuzwe kodwa abathethi ubuFascist.
Xa ndabhala amanqaku odliwano-ndlebe lwethu, ndaqonda ukuba ndisilele ukumbuza ngesiganeko esibalulekileyo e-Odessa. Ngoko ndambuza ngale nto kumanqaku endandimthumelela wona. Iimpendulo zakhe zilandela umbuzo.
- Ithini ingcaciso yakho yangoku yeziganeko e-Odessa ukuba uChomsky ubize ngokuba "yindyikityha yase-Odessa"?
Kwakukho iqela le-pro-Russian ehlelwe e-Odessa kwi-anti-Maidan encinci kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambi kwe-2 kaMeyi. Ndicinga ukuba babenethemba lokuba kuya kubakho inkxaso eninzi yoluntu ye-pro-Russian okanye ubuncinci imo ye-pro-Russian efana neCrimea. Intshukumo efanayo ye-pro-Russian yayikwezinye izixeko - iDonetsk, Kharkiv ... ngoko ke ndicinga ukuba kwakukho imo yokuqalisa intshukumo echasene neMaidan kunye ne-pro-Russian kuzo zonke izixeko ezisemazantsi nasempuma. Ayiphumelelanga e-Kharkiv kwaye ayiphumelelanga e-Odessa - yaphumelela kuphela eDonetsk naseLuhansk - ndicinga ukuba emva kwe-Odessa kukho ukusebenza komkhosi empuma.
Ngokukodwa e-Odessa - kwakukho umdlalo webhola kunye namaqela amabini abalandeli bebhola be-Ultras (kakhulu i-Ukrainian) eyayifuna ukuhamba ukuya kumdlalo kunye ne-United Ukraine imashi. Kwakukho abaxhasi bakaMaidan. Ndicinga ukuba imeko ekujoliswe kuyo yayi (njengangaphambili eDonetsk) ukohlwaya ngobundlobongela abaxhasi bakaMaidan ngamanye "amaqela amakhulu aseRashiya" ngenkxaso yamapolisa asekuhlaleni. Oku kwenziwa ngempumelelo eDonetsk โ injongo ibikukwenza abantu boyike ukuxhasa iMaidan kwezo zixeko zikhulu. Kodwa ngeli xesha alizange liphumelele ngenxa yabalandeli bebhola kunye nabanye be-Self-Defense evela ku-Odesa Maidan ababekulungele ukusabela ekuhlaselweni kobundlobongela. Xa babehlaselwa bazilwela-amapolisa ayegubungela [ekhusela] abantu abaxhasa iRussia. Kwakukho udubulo kwaye abanye abantu babulawa ezitratweni-yayinyusa imeko kwaye i-pro-Russian yatyhalwa ngasemva ngamapolisa ezama ukufihla ukubaleka kwabo. Abalandeli baba nomsindo kakhulu kuba abanye babo babulawa. Inkampu ye-anti-Maidan yatshiswa kunye nesakhiwo apho abantu baseRashiya bavalwe khona, nangona ndicinga ukuba abantu ababulalayo kwisakhiwo kwakuyingozi embi kunye negesi okanye iikhemikhali ezibandakanyekayo - andicacanga kule nxalenye.
Ngokuqhelekileyo ndicinga ukuba ukuba bekungekho abalandeli bebhola bebhola kunokubakho amaxhoba amaninzi phakathi kwabantu baseMaidan abanoxolo e-Odessa ababecetywe ukuba bajeziswe ngabapro-Russian ngenkxaso yamapolisa asekuhlaleni.
Ndifuna nje ukongeza iiseti ezimbini zamagqabantshintshi malunga nento ayithethileyo ngasentla. Iseti yokuqala ichaphazela iziganeko Odessa. Abantu abaninzi e-US ekhohlo baye batolika iziganeko e-Odessa njengendyikityha yokubulawa kwabantu yimikhosi yobu-fascist yabo babachasayo. Ndikhumbula ndisiva malunga nokubakho kongquzulwano nge-2 kaMeyi kumhlobo wam owayesebenza kwiprojekthi yethu yophando e-Odessa. Wakhulela eOdessa ngaphambi kokuba aye kwisikolo sikarhulumente sezempilo eKyiv, yaye ndandikhe ndaya kwigumbi likanina eOdessa kwiinyanga ezithile ngaphambi kwezi ziganeko. Wayenexhala lokuba ngaba abaqhankqalazi baseMaidan abaseluxolweni baya kubulawa. Njengoko kwavela, kwabakho ukujongana ngezikhondo zamehlo, kwaye yayiyimikhosi echasene noMaidan elahlekileyo. Kwiintsuku ezilandela isiganeko, ndafunda ngokubanzi kwiwebhu ukuzama ukufikelela emazantsi okwenzekileyo. Ndachukumiseka ngakumbi yimibhalo yabanye abantu baseUkraine abangama-anarcho-syndicalist (njengeAutonomous Workers' Union)โbona. http://avtonomia.net/2014/05/05/awu-kiev-statement-odessa-tragedy/#comments. Bona kwakhona ingxelo yengqina lokuzibonela eshicilelweyo evela kwi "Sergei" in Abantu neNdalo) owagqiba kwelokuba amapolisa ayeyixhasa imikhosi elwa noMaidan ukusa kumlinganiselo othile, nokuba xa isakhiwo sasitshatyalaliswa ngomlilo baza abantu babaleka kuso, abanye abaphembeleli bakaMaidan babanceda. (Kodwa abanyeโkwaye nam andazi ukuba bangaphiโbadutyulwa ngabaxhasi bakaMaidan.) Ngoko ezi ziganeko ndizigqala njengentlekeleโneyeyafakโ isandla kugonyamelo eMpuma Ukraineโkungekhona njengendyikitya yokufa. Ngaphezu koko ndicinga ukuba abaninzi kumazwe ngamazwe abakhohlo ababiza ngokuba kukubulawa kwabantu baye bavuma ngokungathandabuzekiyo iindaba zeendaba kwaye mhlawumbi iingxoxo zomatshini we-propaganda waseRashiya, ngelixa ndibona oku (njengoko ndiyakrokrela ukuba uChomsky wenza) njengombono ochanekileyo kunobuxoki kunye neengxabano. ikhutshwe yinkqubo ye-propaganda yase-US. (Eyam indlela yokutolika kukaChomsky kule nto kukuba ebegxile kakhulu kwinkqubo yepropaganda yase-US kwiminyaka yakutshanje kangangokuba uphulukene nombono wobukho bamazwe abambeneyo asebukhosini aneenkqubo zawo zokusasaza. UPutin, njengegosa langaphambili. kumapolisa aseRussia ayimfihlo kunye ne-oligarch enelungelo lakhe, uqhelene ngakumbi nendlela yokusebenzisa inkqubo yaseRashiya.)
Kodwa ndifuna ukugxininisa ingongoma enye malunga ne-Odessa abantu abaninzi ababonakala bengayiqondi: Ukuba imikhosi ye-Odessa anti-Maidan iphumelele kungquzulwano lwe-2 May 2014, ngoko i-Odessa yayiza kuphanziswa yimfazwe eyaqhambuka njengemfazwe. imimandla yaseMpuma. Amakhulu amawaka eembacu ezongezelelweyo, kunye namawakawaka okufa, bekuya kuba sisiphumo.
Ingongoma yesibini endifuna ukuyenza ngokusekelwe kwinto ethethwa ngumhlobo wam ngasentla kukutsalela ingqalelo kuhlalutyo lwakhe lwendima kaStrelkov ekuququzeleleni imfazwe eMpuma. UStrelkov liphiko lasekunene lelizwe laseRussia elineengcambu kwiCawa yobuOthodoki yaseRussia kunye nakuMkhosi waseRussia kunye nokucinezelwa kwabo abazimele kunye nabalwela ukuzimela eChechnya. Ngaloo ndlela, umququzeleli oyintloko wale mfazwe yayiyindoda enengcambu enzulu kumkhosi wasebukhosini baseRashiya. (Ngenxa yogxininiso lokuba abanye ngasekhohlo baye babeka ubukho bee-fascists kurhulumente wase-Ukraine emva kokuba i-revolution yakhupha urhulumente ngoFebruwari, 2014, ndingongeza ukuba kukho iingxelo ezithembekileyo malunga neefascists kwelinye icala lale mfazwe njengoko. Aba baquka uOleg Tsarev; uPavlo Gubarev, owayesakuba yintloko yomkhosi waseDonbass nokwalilungu leqela lomkhosi wobuFasi baseRashiya, iRussian National Unity kunye neProgressive Socialist Party yaseUkraine [ekuluhlu lwamaqela obuFasi baseRashiya]; noValeriy Bolotov.)
Ezinye iingcamango eziqukumbelayo
Esona sizathu siphambili kweli phepha kukwenza zifumaneke kumazwe ngamazwe ekhohlo iinyani Maidan revolution Ukraine njengoko namava abanye abathathi-nxaxheba bayo. Engqondweni yam, bayenza icace gca into yokuba okwenzekileyo luguquko lwezopolitiko yintshukumo yezopolitiko nentlalo-ntle eyathi yakhupha urhulumente ngempumelelo.
Kumazwi am okugqibela, ndifuna ukuphendula imibuzo emithathu, yonke efuna unyango olupheleleyo. Okokuqala, kwakutheni ukuze urhulumente owaphuhliswa kwiNguquko yaseMaidan abe ngasekunene? Okwesibini, kutheni i-Maidan Revolution ayizange iphuhliswe ibe yi-revolution yentlalontle okanye ibe yingxabano enkulu yentlalo phakathi kwabasebenzi (nangona kunjalo ikhulelwe) kunye nephiko lasekunene longxowankulu "ooligarchs" abalawula urhulumente wangoku waseUkraine? Okwesithathu, kutheni uninzi lwamazwe asekhohlo lujonga olu revolution njengobhukuqo-mbuso kwaye luphose iimpembelelo zalo ezinzulu kwiqhinga loguqulo kunye nemibono namhlanje?
Kwakutheni ukuze urhulumente owaphuhliswa kwiNguquko yaseMaidan ibe ngasekunene?
Asifanele simangaliswe kukuba i-Maidan Revolution yaphumela kurhulumente wephiko elifanelekileyo. Oku phantse kuhlala kusenzeka xa umzabalazo wovukelo ugxotha urhulumente. Ngelo xesha, amacandelo abalawuli phantse asoloko esongamela urhulumente wexeshana olawulayo. Oku kwenzeka eYiputa ekuqaleni kweli shumi leminyaka, kwenzeka eArgentina ngo-2003, kwaye kwenzeka nakwimizabalazo yamandulo kuBukhosi baseRashiya ngoFebruwari 1917 naseJamani ngoNovemba ka-1918. Ubuzalwana bamaMoslem e-Egypt-kwaye e-Ukraine, yayiquka abaxhasi bobuzwe abaphiko lasekunene kunye nee-fascists ezimbalwa. Ngenxa yobuthathaka obugqithisileyo bekhohlo elilungelelanisiweyo kwimizabalazo yaseMaidan-nangona kwakukho amanani amakhulu abathathi-nxaxheba abashiywe ngokungacacanga, kwaye nangona ubuninzi bedemokhrasi, i-impiriyali echasene neRashiya, kwaye inqwenela utshintsho lwezoqoqosho kunye nokuphela korhwaphilizo. -oko kukuthi, uvule ukuya ngasekhohlo-amandla ongxowankulu alawulwa. Kwakhona, njengoko kuhlala kuyinyani, kangangoko banako, abameli kunye/okanye ii-arhente ezifihlakeleyo zoluhlu lwamagunya ama-impiriyali azama ukuphembelela ukwakhiwa korhulumente wethutyana. Kule meko, abaninzi baye babhekisela kwindima ye-US ekuxhaseni uYatsenyuk ukuba abe yindoda eyaphela njengenkulumbuso yesikhashana. Abanye abasekhohlo bakubize oku โlubhukuqo-mbuso,โ kodwa kuchaneke ngakumbi ukuyibiza ngokuba yinkqubo apho ama impiriyali kunye namaqela alawulayo asabela kuguqulo olukhulu oluyimpumelelo ukuba bayakwazi. Ngolo hlobo, inkqubo yaseUkraine ngoFebruwari, 2014, yayingelulo ubhukuqo-mbuso ngaphezu kwaleyo yakhokelela kurhulumente wethutyana kubukhosi baseRussia ngoFebruwari, 1917, okanye leyo yakhokelela kurhulumente wethutyana eYiputa ngoFebruwari, 2011.
Kutheni le nto iMaidan Revolution ingazange ihambe ibe yinguqu kwezentlalo?
Ndicinga ukuba kufuneka sijonge kwimbali ye-USSR kunye neminyaka ukususela ekuweni kwayo ukuqala ukuqonda oku. Imfundiso kaStalin yayingamava amabi eUkraine, njengoko kwakunjalo ngeMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Izigidi zabantu baseUkraine zabulawa kuzo zombini. Iminyaka nje emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II yaba yiminyaka yokuqhubeka kwenkohlakalo kaStalinist eUkraine njengakwezinye iindawo, ilandelwa kukukhula okuqhubekayo koqoqosho, imifuniselo eyahlukeneyo yohlaziyo lwezoqoqosho nezopolitiko, emva koko ukuwa kweUSSR kunye nokudakumba okumangalisayo kwezoqoqosho kunye nokudodobala kwezentlalo. 1990s. Kodwa ngandlela-thile, iStalinism yaba yimpumelelo: Yaqinisekisa uninzi lwabantu baseUkraine (kunye namaRashiya kunye nehlabathi ngokwenene) ukuba iStalinism yayiyintsingiselo yokwenyani yeMarxism kunye neyobusoshiyali. Kumxholo we-Maidan Revolution, oku kwabeka umqobo omkhulu weengcamango kwintshukumo. Ngokusekwe kwintetho yobuso ngobuso endibenayo nomhlobo wam waseUkraine kwelinye ilizwe ngoJanuwari, ngo-2014, ndicinga ukuba ngelo xesha abaninzi kulo mbutho babexhasa iifomu zedemokhrasi eziqatha ezifana noko sasikubiza ngokuba โyidemokhrasi yokuthatha inxaxhebaโ kwiintshukumo zase-US. malunga nowe-1963. Kodwa bayeka ngelo xesha. Mhlawumbi ngenxa yobuthathaka bombutho we-Independent Trade Union elizweni (owona wona ngokwawo ubonakalisa ngokuyinxenye lo mqobo wengcinga mnye), amatsha ntliziyo aqhubeka ebona zonke iiklasi njengabathathi-nxaxheba kumzabalazo, kwaye akukho ngqiqo ye-arhente yabasebenzi okanye I-socialism esekelwe kuyo yaba yinto ekhoyo ngoku eMaidan eKyiv. Ngokoluvo lwam, ukusilela kwabo basekhohlo kunye nabaphembeleli bemanyano yabasebenzi ukuba bakwazi ukuseka ubukho obuqhubekayo eMaidan eKyiv kunye nezinye izixeko ezikhulu kubonisa ubuthathaka obukhulu basekhohlo kumazwe ngamazwe, ngakumbi kula mazwe ebefudula ube yinxalenye โyeblok yamaKomanisi.โ
Ukusombulula le ngxaki, eyinxalenye ngenxa yenxaki ethandwayo "yasekhohlo" kunye neStalinism kunye nezinye iindlela zokuzimela kwamanani, yingxaki ebalulekileyo yekhohlo kunye noluntu luphela. Ukufumana izisombululo zale nto kunokuthintelwa kukutolikwa kunye nezenzo ezininzi zase-US ezishiye ukutolika ingxaki yaseUkraine njengomba we-fascism e-Ukraine kunye / okanye ngokwemigaqo yelungelo "elisemthethweni" laseRussia lokulawula ezopolitiko kumazwe kunye. imida yayo. (Kuyothusa ukuva abanye kwicala lasekhohlo kwi-US yokwala ukuvumela iCuba ukuba ibambe imijukujelwa yaseRussia njengesizathu esifanayo sokungenelela kweRussia eMpuma Ukraine. nokuba ithini na iminqweno yommelwane wayo omkhulu, nokuba yi-US okanye iRussia โ nokuba asivumelani nokhetho lwesizwe esincinci.) Zombini ezi nkcazelo zinceda ekuqinisekiseni abasebenzi abaninzi abacinga ngasekhohlo kunye namatsha ntliziyo e-Ukraine, eRashiya nakwamanye โ amazwe asemva kobuKomanisiโ apho asekhohlo alahlekiswa okanye lutshaba lwawo.
Nangona le miba, ngexesha le-Maidan Revolution, intshukumo yayinamandla amakhulu okuhamba ngokukhawuleza ngakwesobunxele. Oku kungenxa yokuba urhulumente ozayo wayengomnye urhulumente worhwaphilizo kwaye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, kuba wayexhasa kwaye ngokwenene uye wamkela iimfuno ze-IMF / US / zaseYurophu zohlengahlengiso lwezakhiwo kunye nokunciphisa. Oku kukhokelele kuqhankqalazo oluninzi kunye neminye imizabalazo esekelwe kudidi-kodwa iye yathuliswa kwaye yaphelelwa ngamandla ngenxa yokungenelela kweRashiya kunye nokufakwa kweCrimea kunye nemizabalazo eyalandelayo eMpuma.
Kubalulekile ukuqonda impembelelo enokubakho kwamanye amazwe kunye nehlabathi ukuba i-revolution yase-Ukraine iye yavela kwintshukumo ekhohlo kunye nentshukumo yabasebenzi ngexesha le-Spring, 2014. Kwakukho inyani-kodwa kunzima ukuyilinganisa-ithuba lokuba le nto yayinokusasazeka. amanye amazwe. Kwakukhoโkwaye mhlawumbi kwasalaโithuba lokuba usasazeke eBosnia, eGrisi, eItali, eSpeyinโngokukodwa eRashiya. Onke la mazwe ayengavisisani noorhulumente bawo kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba alandele inkokeli yaseUkraine okanye enye inguqu kwezentlalo okanye intshukumo yoguqulo. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukunyakaza kwilizwe ngalinye kunobuthathaka kunye nokungacaci malunga nezikhokelo zezopolitiko kunye neenjongo, ezaziza kubumba iimpendulo zabo-kodwa njengoko iziganeko emva kwe-revolution yaseTunisia yabonisa, iintshukumo zokuguqula ngamanye amaxesha zinokusasazeka ngaphezu kokuba sinokulindela.
UPutin akukho nto iphosakeleyo. Yena kunye namagosa karhulumente kunye namaRashiya (mhlawumbi angaphandle) ongxowankulu abamngqongileyo babona esi sisongelo sinokubakho kumandla abo kwaye ngokwenene, mhlawumbi, kwi-capitalism. Bahamba ngobulumkoโkodwa besengozini yokubangela imfazwe yehlabathiโukuze bayithintele ukudala isoyikiso kwinkululeko yesizwe yase-Ukraine ngomphathi wayo wangaphambili. Bayithimba eCrimea, kwaye baxhasa iinzame zokuvukela ngamaqela ase-East Ukraine nase-Odessa. E-Odessa, boyiswa ngokukhawuleza, kodwa umatshini we-propaganda waseRashiya wagqwetha into eyenzekayo njengoko kuxutyushwa ngasentla. EMpuma Ukraine, baye baphumelela ngakumbi. Oku, njengoko ndicinga ukuba bayazi ukuba kuya kuba njalo, komeleza imikhosi yelizwe kunye nemikhosi yase-Ukraine, kwaye ngoko ke yenza buthathaka amathuba okulwa nokunciphisa ukuthatha iifom eziza kusongela ulawulo lukaPutin eRashiya, ulawulo lwe-oligarch e-Ukraine, kwaye, ngokubanzi, leyo yongxowankulu kunye nawo onke ama impiriyali.
Inxalenye yempumelelo yabo yayisekelwe kumgca owawugqwetha isoyikiso sobuFasi kulo lonke umlinganiselo. Inani elifanelekileyo labantu base-Ukraine, ngakumbi abo bangayiqondi kangako iRussia njenge-impiriyali, bakholelwa le nkcazo kaMaidan okanye urhulumente omtsha njengobuFasi. Abanye babedidekile kwaye bengakwazi ukuhamba, okanye bamchase uMaidan ngenxa yezinye izizathu. (Impendulo echasene noMaidan yancedwa bubudenge-obuguqulwe ngokukhawuleza-yabo bakurhulumente wethutyana waseKyiv abapasisa umthetho owenza isiUkraine lube lolona lwimi lusemthethweni.) Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kunyulo ngexesha lokwindla, ngo-2014, akukho namnye I-Right Bloc kunye no-Svoboda bafumene iivoti ezi-5% ezifunekayo ukuze bangene epalamente.
Kutheni le nto uninzi lwamazwe asekhohlo lujonga olu revolution njengobhukuqo-mbuso kwaye luphose iimpembelelo zalo ezinzulu kwisicwangciso soguqulo kunye nemibono namhlanje?
Andinayo indawo apha yokwenza umsebenzi ofanelekileyo wokubonisa iinkcazo ezahlukeneyo ngamaqela ajonga le revolution njengengqungquthela kunye nokuxhasa ngokucacileyo okanye ngokucacileyo izenzo zaseRashiya ekubambeni iCrimea kunye nokuxhasa imizabalazo eMpuma Ukraine. Endaweni yoko, ndiza kuveza ngokufutshane izizathu zabo zesenzo esinjalo kwaye ke ngokufutshane ndisigxeke.
Ngokusisiseko, babonisa oku ngokwemigaqo ye-impiriyalizim yaseMelika (kunye ne-European Union) njengoyena mbhexeshi mkhulu wobundlobongela ehlabathini (oluyiyo) kunye nowona mkhosi ulawulayo wama impiriyali. Babona izenzo zeRussia ekuchaseni nakuphi na ukonyuka kwamandla e-US/EU e-Ukraine okanye kwamanye amazwe akufutshane nemida yaseRashiya njengezenzo zokhuselo โezisemthethweniโ ezichasene nama impiriyali. Abanye babo basalibona ihlabathi ngokwembono yokuba abaninzi e-US bashiya ekupheleni kwee-1960s njengehlabathi apho abathathi-nxaxheba abakhulu bangama-impiriyali (i-US kunye namahlakani ayo) kunye nalawo mazwe aphikisana ne-imperialism-eye yaquka, kwezinye zazo, iLibya kaGaddafi, iSyria, iChina, neRussia, phakathi kwabanye.
Kwiingxoxo zam kunye nabo, ngaphezu koko, bavakalisa ngokuzingca ukuba bayayichasa impiriyali yase-US kwaye babone la mazwe amanye njengamahlakani abo. Xa kubekwa ngokwemigaqo uLenin okanye uMarx asenokuba wayisebenzisa, ngaloo ndlela baxhasa abalawuli bobukapitali bala mazwe kwaye ngokuchasene nabalawuli bobukapitali belizwe labo. Ngandlelโ ithile, oku kuphinda ikhwelo likaLenin lokudala uguqulo kwilizwe lakho ekubeni abalawuli bakho belutshaba lwakho oluphambiliโkodwa akakuhoyanga ukukhankanya ukuba uLenin wakubona oku njengesicwangciso esifanelekileyo selizwe elisekhohlo kwaye ngaloo ndlela uya kugxeka ngokukhululekileyo kwaye enze ngokuchasene nabalawuli. yaseJamani okanye yase-USA nangona yayizixakekise kumzabalazo ochasene neCzarism kunye neRussian impiriyali.
Ngexesha lokutshintsha kwemozulu yehlabathi, singasathethi ke ngeengxaki ezinzima phakathi kwamazwe axhobe ngenyukliya afana ne-US, iRussia neTshayina, ndinengxaki yokubona ukuba uhlalutyo olunjalo lwabalawuli bamanye amazwe anamandla njengamahlakani lunika isiseko esikhulu sethemba okanye isicwangciso. I-Petro-state Russia (esanda kuhlutha iCrimea kunye nemithombo yayo yamafutha ekhabhoni yoLwandle oluMnyama ekufutshane) ayizukuhamba ukuphelisa utshintsho lwemozulu ngokukhawuleza kune-USA.
Ngaphaya koko, olu hlalutyo aluwahoyi kwaphela amalungelo edemokhrasi abantu baseUkraine abazizigidi ezingama-45 nakwamanye amazwe akwimida yaseRashiya. Ngaphakathi kwe-US, iqhuma ebusweni bethu xa abantu bebona "ekhohlo" ezixhasa urhulumente ezifana no-Assad okanye uPutin.
Okubaluleke ngakumbi, ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba lokuba abantu baseUkraine nakwamanye amazwe baqonde ngokufanelekileyo ukuba iRussia ibiyi-impiriyali-ebandakanya abanye kwicala lasekhohlo laseRussia-bona "ekhohlo" bexhasa ama-impiriyali asondeleyo kubo, baya kubona ekhohlo. njengotshaba okanye ingqondo ebuthathaka. Kuya kuba nzima ngokwaneleyo ukuba ekhohlo kula mazwe (kunye neRashiya nayo, ngaloo nto) ukuba bafunde izifundo ze-USSR ezilinganisa inkqubo ababehlala phantsi kwayo ngelo xesha kunye neMarxism kunye ne-socialism. Ukongeza koko inkxaso yamacandelo amakhulu aseNtshona ashiye i-imperialism yaseRashiya, kwaye umsebenzi uba nzima kakhulu.
Ekugqibeleni, mandicacise. Andikholelwa ukuba amazwe ongxowankulu anamandla okwenza okulungileyo. Bakha isiseko sama impiriyali, imfazwe, ukuxhatshazwa kwabasebenzi, kunye nentlaninge yengcinezelo malunga nobuhlanga, inkolo, ubuzwe kunye nesini. Into endiyifundileyo kubutshantliziyo bam kunye nasekufundeni imbali kukuba utshintsho luvela ngaphantsi. Naliphi na ithemba lokukhululwa okanye ngokwenene ukusinda kwempucuko yabantu kwixesha lokutshintsha kwemozulu kuxhomekeke kubasebenzi kunye nabalingane babo bahlanganise kwaye bathathe amandla okutshabalalisa iplanethi kunye nobomi bethu kunye nolonwabo kude nenkunzi kunye namazwe ayo. Ukuzinikela kwethu ngaphakathi e-US nakwihlabathi jikelele kufuneka kube kwiintshukumo zamalungelo namandla abasebenzi, idemokhrasi, uzinzo, ukupheliswa kwawo onke ama impiriyali, kunye nokupheliswa kwayo yonke ingcinezelo. Ngokubhekiselele eUkraine, oku kuya kuthetha ukumamela abo balwela amalungelo abo kunye neemfuno zabo, njengabasebenzi baseKrivih Rih ababeyininzi yentshukumo yaseMaidan yalapho, kwaye kamva baqhuba uqhankqalazo olukhulu malunga nemiba yezoqoqosho, okanye njengabaqhubi betram. eKyiv abaye bahlasela ngokuchasene nokunciphisa okwasungulwa ngurhulumente omtsha apho. Kwakhona kuya kuthetha ukuchasa ngokubanzi ulawulo lwe-Kyiv, i-US / i-imperialism yaseNtshona-kunye ne-imperialism yaseRashiya. Kwaye njengoko ndinqwenela ukuba i-US yokuchasana nemfazwe kunye nabachasene nama-impiriyali baxhase abasebenzi, i-pro-demokhrasi kunye ne-anti-Russian impiriyalisti e-Ukraine, ndinqwenela ukuba idemokhrasi engaphezulu yase-Ukraine kunye nabaphembeleli bangachasi kuphela iRashiya kodwa i-US / EU impiriyali. .
Ucaphulo
Dzarasov, Ruslan. 2013. IConundrum yeRussian Capitalism: UQoqosho lwasemva kweSoviet kwiNkqubo yeHlabathi. ELondon: Pluto Press
Pinkham, Sophie
- Siphupha ngeYurophu, nge-3 kaDisemba, ngo-2013. https://nplusonemag.com/online-only/online-only/we-dream-of-europe/
- Amabali kaMaidan, ngoDisemba 17, 2013. https://nplusonemag.com/online-only/online-only/maidan-stories/
- Uyaphila mntakwethu? NgoFebruwari 23, 2014. https://nplusonemag.com/online-only/online-only/are-you-alive-brother/
- I-Ukraine kwiFlames, ngoJulayi 22, 2014. https://nplusonemag.com/online-only/online-only/ukraine-in-flames/
- Yiyiphi iUkraine? New Yorker, ngoFebruwari 12, 2015. http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/ukraine
Isihlomelo:
Ixesha: Ingxaki yezopolitiko yaseUkraine
(Umthombo: Al Jazeera http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/03/timeline-ukraine-political-crisis-201431143722854652.html 20 Sep 2014 05:48 GMT) ikhutshelwe 4/15/2015
Ndilungise umda wexesha we-Al Jazeera ngokucima amangeniso amaninzi angekho ngundoqo weli nqaku kunye nokuhlelwa kombhalo omnye ukuze kucace kwaye kucace. Nabani na onqwenela ukubona imvelaphi angajonga i-URL ekhankanywe ngasentla.
Imihla yohambo lwam ukuya eUkraine ibonakala ekunene
NgoSeptemba 2010 Kyiv
NgoMeyi/Juni 2011 Kyiv
October 2011 Kyiv, Kriviy Rih, Lviv
NgoMeyi 2012 eKyiv, eCrimea
October 2012 Kyiv, Odessa
NgoMeyi 2013 eKyiv, eOdessa
Oktobha 31/Novemba 14, 2013 Kyiv, Odessa
Ngomhla wama-21 kuNovemba 2013: Umongameli uYanukovich ushiya isivumelwano sorhwebo kunye ne-EU, ufuna ubudlelwane obusondeleyo kunye neMoscow.
NgoNovemba 30: Inkxaso yoluntu iyakhula kubaqhankqalazi abachasene norhulumente be-EU njengoko imifanekiso yabo yophazanyiswe lugonyamelo lwamapolisa isasazeka kwi-intanethi nakumajelo eendaba.
Disemba 1: Bamalunga nama-300,000 XNUMX abantu abaqhankqalazayo kwi-Independence Square yaseKiev. IHolo yeSixeko ithinjwa ngamatshantliziyo.
Disemba 17: Umongameli waseRussia uPutin ubhengeza izicwangciso zokuthenga i-15 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kwiibhondi zikarhulumente wase-Ukraine kunye nokuthotywa kweendleko zerhasi yendalo yaseRussia e-Ukraine.
NgoJan 16 2014: Imithetho echasene noqhanqalazo ipasiswa kwaye igwetywe ngokukhawuleza njenge "draconian".
UJan 22: Abaqhankqalazi ababini basweleke emva kokudutyulwa. Owesithathu uyabhubha emva kokuwa ngexesha lokuqubisana namapolisa.
UJan 28: UMykola Azarov uyarhoxa njengenkulumbuso yaseUkraine; ipalamente itshitshisa imithetho echasene noqhanqalazo ebangele ukuba uqhanqalazo lunyuke kwasekuqaleni.
UJan 29: Kupasiswe umthetho oyilwayo, othembisa uxolelo kubaqhankqalazi ababanjiweyo ukuba izakhiwo zikarhulumente ezithinjiweyo ziyayekwa.
UJan 31: Itshantliziyo eliphikisayo uDmytro Bulatov wafunyanwa ngaphandle kwaseKiev emva kokuvalelwa entolongweni waza wangcungcuthekiswa kangangeentsuku ezisibhozo, ngokucacileyo ezandleni zeqela elixhasa isiRashiya.
NgoFebruwari 4 - 8, 2014 Odessa
NgoFebruwari 16: Amatshantliziyo aphikisayo aphelisa ukuhlala kwiHolo yeSixeko saseKiev. Utshintshiselwano ngabaqhankqalazi abangama-234 abavalelweyo bayakhululwa.
NgoFebruwari 18: Ungquzulwano lwasezitalatweni lushiya ubuncinci be-18 befile kwaye malunga nekhulu benzakele. Udushe luqala xa abaqhankqalazi behlasela imigca yamapolisa emva kokuba ipalamente ime ekupasiseni uhlaziyo lomgaqo-siseko ukucutha amandla kamongameli. Abaqhankqalazi babuyisela umva izakhiwo zikarhulumente.
NgoFebruwari 20: I-Kiev ibona usuku lwayo olubi kakhulu lobundlobongela malunga neminyaka engama-70. Ubuncinci abantu abangama-88 babulawa kwiiyure ezingama-48. Umboniso ubonisa abahlaseli bakarhulumente bedubula abaqhankqalazi bephezu kwezindlu.
NgoFebruwari 21: Iinkokeli zoqhanqalazo, inkcaso yezopolitiko kunye noYanukovich bayavuma ukuseka urhulumente omtsha kwaye babambe unyulo kwangoko. Amandla kaYanukovich anqunyulwa. Ipalamente ivotele ukukhulula uYulia Tymoshenko, owayesakuba yinkulumbuso, entolongweni. UYanukovich ubaleka eKiev emva kokuba abaqhankqalazi bethathe ulawulo lwekomkhulu.
NgoFebruwari 22: Abapolitiki baseUkraine bavotela ukususa uYanukovich. UTymoshenko ukhululwe entolongweni kwaye uthetha nabo bahlanganisene eKiev. I-25 kaCanzibe imiselwe unyulo olutsha lomongameli.
NgoFebruwari 23: Ipalamente yaseUkraine inika amagunya kamongameli kwisithethi sayo esitsha, u-Oleksandr Turchinov, ihlakani likaTymoshenko. Abaqhankqalazi bePro-Russian badibana eCrimea ngokuchasene nolawulo olutsha lwaseKiev.
NgoFebruwari 24: Urhulumente wethutyana waseUkraine ukhupha isigunyaziso sokubanjwa kukaYanukovich.
NgoFebruwari 25: I-Pro-Russian u-Aleksey Chaly wonyulwa njengosodolophu we-Sevastopol njengoko kuqhubeka iindibano eCrimea.
NgoFebruwari 26: Iitartar zaseCrimea ezixhasa ulawulo olutsha lwaseKiev lungqubana nabaqhankqalazi be-pro-Russia kulo mmandla.
NgoFebruwari 27: Amadoda axhobileyo e-Pro-Kremlin athimba izakhiwo zikarhulumente eCrimea. Urhulumente wase-Ukraine wenza isibhambathiso sokuthintela ukuqhekeka kwelizwe njengoko ipalamente yaseCrimea imisela umhla wama-25 kaMeyi njengomhla wokuvotelwa ngobume bommandla. UYanukovich unikwe indawo yokusabela eRashiya.
NgoFebruwari 28: Amadoda axhobileyo ekudinweni okungaziwayo abamba isikhululo seenqwelomoya saseSimferopol kunye nebala leenqwelomoya zomkhosi eSevestopol. IBhunga loKhuseleko le-UN libambe iseshoni engxamisekileyo evaliweyo ukuxoxa ngemeko yaseCrimea.
I-Moscow ithi intshukumo yomkhosi eCrimea ihambelana nezivumelwano zangaphambili zokukhusela indawo yayo yeenqanawa kuLwandle oluMnyama. UYanukovich wenza ukubonakala kwakhe okokuqala esidlangalaleni, kumazantsi eRashiya.
Matshi 1: Indlu ephezulu yaseRussia yepalamente iyasivuma isicelo sikaPutin sokusebenzisa amandla omkhosi eUkraine.
Matshi 2: Ingqokelela yamakhulukhulu emikhosi yaseRussia isingise kwikomkhulu lengingqi yaseCrimea. UArseny Yatsenyuk, inkulumbuso entsha yaseUkraine, utyhola iRussia ngokubhengeza imfazwe kwilizwe lakhe.
Matshi 3: Inqanawa yaseRashiya yoLwandle oluMnyama ixelela umkhosi wase-Ukraine oseSevastopol eCrimea ukuba unikezele okanye ujongane nohlaselo lomkhosi.
Matshi 4 : Kwimpendulo yakhe yokuqala yoluntu kwingxaki yaseUkraine, uPutin uthi ilizwe lakhe unelungelo lokusebenzisa zonke iindlela ukukhusela abemi balo empuma Ukraine. Imikhosi yaseRussia idubula isilumkiso kumajoni aseUkraine angaxhobanga ebematsha esiya kwisikhululo somoya eSevastopol.
Matshi 6: Ipalamente yaseCrimea ivotela ngamxhelo mnye ukuba kujoyine iRussia. Kwiiyure kamva, ibhunga lesixeko saseSevastopol eCrimea libhengeza ukujoyina iRashiya ngokukhawuleza.
Matshi 11: I-EU iphakamisa iphakheji yamanyathelo okukhulula urhwebo ukuxhasa uqoqosho lwaseUkraine. Ipalamente yengingqi yaseCrimea yamkela "isibhengezo senkululeko".
Matshi 12: U-Obama udibana no-Yatsenyuk kwi-White House ebonisa inkxaso kurhulumente omtsha wase-Ukraine kwaye uxela ukuba i-US "iya kugatya ngokupheleleyo" i-referendum yaseCrimea.
Matshi 13: Ipalamente yaseUkraine ivotele ukwenza i-60,000-strong National Guard ukukhusela ilizwe.
Matshi 15: Amalungu eBhunga lezoKhuseleko leZizwe eziManyeneyo avota kakhulu ekuxhaseni isigqibo esisayilwayo esigxeka ireferendamu ezayo malunga nekamva laseCrimea njengengekho mthethweni. I-Russia iye yalivala inyathelo kwaye i-China yala.
Matshi 16: Iziphumo ezisemthethweni ze-referendum yaseCrimea zichaza ukuba ubuncinane i-95 pesenti yabavoti baxhasa umanyano kunye neRashiya.
Matshi 17: I-US kunye neYurophu zibeka ukumiswa kwe-asethi kunye nokuvalwa kwe-visa kubantu ababandakanyekayo kwi-breakaway yaseCrimea.
Matshi 18: UPutin usayina isivumelwano esingenisa iCrimea eRussia, okokuqala iKremlin yandisa imida yelizwe ukusukela kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi. UKiev uthi ungquzulwano lufikelele โkwinqanaba lomkhosiโ emva kokuba ijoni lase-Ukraine lidutyulwe labulawa ngabadubuli abahlasele isiseko somkhosi eSimferopol, isiganeko sokuqala sokubulawa kwabantu kulo mmandla okoko kwathatha imikhosi exhasa iRussia ekupheleni kukaFebruwari.
Matshi 19: Abaphembeleli bePro-Russian, ngokucacileyo imikhosi yokuzikhusela yaseCrimea, idlula isiseko seSevastopol ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ubundlobongela.
Matshi 20: Iinkokeli ze-EU ziyakugxeka ukuthathwa kweRussia eCrimea. I-EU kunye ne-US zandisa uluhlu lwabantu ekujoliswe kubo kwizohlwayo.
Matshi 21: I-Russia irhoxa kwizohlwayo ze-tit-for-tat emva kokuba i-US ijolise kwisangqa sangaphakathi sikaPutin kwaye i-EU yongeza amagama ali-12 kuluhlu lwezohlwayo. I-Ukraine ithi soze yamkele ilahleko yeCrimea ngelixa iMoscow ityikitya umthetho oyilwayo wokuhlomela losingasiqithi ngokusesikweni.
Matshi 29: Ugqatso lukamongameli lwaseUkraine luqala ngowayesakuba yiNkulumbuso uYulia Tymoshenko kunye nosomashishini oyibhiliyoni uPetro Poroshenko ababhalise njengabanethemba.
Matshi 31: Imikhosi yaseRussia ngokuyinxenye irhoxa kumda waseUkraine kumazantsi eRostov eRussia, kulandela iingxoxo phakathi komphathiswa wezangaphandle waseRussia kunye nogxa wakhe wase-US.
Epreli 2: Umongameli ogxothiweyo waseUkraine uyavuma โwayephosisileโ ngokumema imikhosi yaseRashiya eCrimea waza wenza isibhambathiso sokuzama ukuphembelela iMoscow ukuba ibuyisele losingasiqithi.
Epreli 6: Abaphembeleli be-Pro-Russian babamba ulawulo lwezakhiwo zikarhulumente kwizixeko ezisempuma yeDonetsk, eLuhansk naseKharkiv, bebiza uvoto malunga nokuzimela. Abasemagunyeni eUkraine baphinda balawula izakhiwo zaseKharkiv ngo-Epreli 8 emva kokuqalisa "umsebenzi wokulwa nobugrogrisi".
Epreli 11: Inkulumbuso yethutyana yaseUkraine unika ukunika amandla angakumbi kwimimandla esempuma, njengoko abahlukanisi be-pro-Russia beqhubeka behlala kwizakhiwo zaseDonetsk naseLuhansk.
Epreli 12: Abadubuli be-Pro-Russian bathatha isikhululo samapolisa kunye nesakhiwo seenkonzo zokhuseleko kwidolophu yaseSloyansk, iikhilomitha ezingama-60 ukusuka eDonetsk apho abavukeli be-Russia bathatha ikomkhulu lamapolisa. Abahluli baphinde babambe i-HQ yamapolisa eKramatorsk.
Epreli 13: Imikhosi ekhethekileyo yase-Ukraine iyasilela ukugxotha abadubuli be-pro-Russian eSloyansk. Igosa laseUkraine elinye kunye nomlweli we-pro-Russian babulawa kulo msebenzi. Ngeli xesha, abahluli babamba izakhiwo zebhunga ledolophu eMariupol naseKhartsyzsk.
Epreli 16: Imikhosi yaseUkraine ibuya umva isuka eSlovansk ngelixa iqela le-pro-Russian libamba iholo yedolophu eDonetsk.
Epreli 17: Imikhosi yase-Ukraine igxotha uhlaselo ngobusuku eMariupol, yabulala abahlaseli abathathu. Malunga nama-200 abantu emva koko babonisa edolophini ngokuchasene neKiev. UPutin uyavuma ukuba imikhosi yaseRussia yathunyelwa eCrimea ngexesha le-referendum kaMatshi ngokujoyina iRashiya, kodwa uthi unethemba lokungasebenzisi "ilungelo" lakhe ukuthumela imikhosi yaseRashiya e-Ukraine.
Epreli 18: Amaqela axhasa iRussian athi awazukususwa kwizakhiwo ezihlala abantu de kususwe urhulumente waseKiev, ababona njengongekho mthethweni. IRashiya iyazigxeka iintetho zezohlwayo ezingakumbi. Urhulumente wethutyana waseUkraine uthembisa ngolawulo oluzimeleyo olubanzi kwaye uthi ulwimi lwesiRashiya luya kunikwa โiwonga elikhethekileyoโ kweli lizwe.
Epreli 20: Ukudubulana kwabulala abantu abaninzi kwidolophu esempuma yeUkraine kwaphula isivumelwano esibuthathaka seIsta.
Epreli 21: Abaqhankqalazi baseLuhansk bathembisa ukubamba i-referendum yabo yasekhaya ngokuzimela nge-11 kaMeyi.
Meyi 1: Malunga nama-300 amajoni axhasa iRashiya athimba iofisi yomtshutshisi eDonetsk. Ubhaliso luziswa kwakhona kuwo onke amadoda aseUkraine aneminyaka eyi-18-25.
Meyi 2: Olona suku lwaphalala igazi elininzi ukususela oko kwangena urhulumente omtsha. Ubuncinci i-10 yafa kuhlaselo lomkhosi omtsha eSloyansk. Kwisixeko esisemazantsi e-Odessa, abantu abangama-42 basweleke xa ungquzulwano phakathi kwama-pro-Russian fighters kunye nabaxhasi be-Ukraine bafikelela kuvuthondaba ngomlilo omkhulu.
Meyi 9: UPutin ubhabhela eCrimea emva kokongamela umboniso wamandla omkhosi eRed Square apho wathi wanikela imbeko kumkhosi waseRashiya โowoyisayo ilizweโ. Ungquzulwano lwaqhambuka eMariupol ukuba umphathiswa wezangaphakathi uthi bashiye abangama-21 bebhubhile.
Ngamana 12 : Abaphembeleli be-Pro-Russia babhengeza uloyiso oluvakalayo kwi-referendum ephindwe kabini malunga nolongamo lwempuma ye-Ukraine. Iphondo laseDonetsk kunye neLuhansk avotele ngeCawe ukuba azihlume kwi-Ukraine. Irhasi yaseRashiya iGazprom inika iUkraine de kube nguJuni 3 ukuhlawula i-$1.6bn yegesi yendalo. I-EU inyusa izohlwayo eMoscow.
Meyi 25: UPetro Poroshenko uphumelele ugqatso lukamongameli waseUkraine, kodwa iingxelo zibonisa ukuba ukufikelela kukuvota bekuvaliwe okanye kuthintelwe kakhulu kwiindawo ezininzi eziphethwe ngabavukeli kwimpuma yeUkraine.
NgoJuni 16: IRashiya iyakumisa ukuhanjiswa kwegesi eUkraine, nangona kukho isithembiso esivela kubaxoxisi base-Ukraine naseYurophu ngesivumelwano sexeshana. I-Gazprom ibhengeza i-Ukraine iya kufumana kuphela igesi eyihlawulela kwangaphambili.
Juni 27: I-Poroshenko isayina isivumelwano sombutho we-EU, kwiinyanga ezisibhozo emva koqhanqalazo lokulahlwa kwesivumelwano.
Julayi 5: Umkhosi waseUkraine uphinda ubambe iSloyansk, eyayisakuba yindawo enkulu yabavukeli. Iphulo eliqhutywa ngaxeshanye eKramatorsk lanyanzela abavukeli ukuba baphume edolophini.
Julayi 17: Indiza ye-Malaysian Airlines iMH17 idutyulwe empuma yeUkraine, yabulala bonke abantu abangama-298 ababekhwele. Umcebisi wesebe lezangaphakathi eUkraine uthi le nqwelomoya yadutyulwa ngumjukujelwa osuka kumphezulu wenqwelomoya ukuya emoyeni.
Julayi 18: U-Obama uqinisekisa ukuba uvavanyo lokuqala lubonisa ukuba i-MH17 yadutyulwa yi-BUK-M1 yomjukujelwa we-surface-to-air shot ukusuka kumhlaba olawulwa ngabavukeli baseRashiya.
Julayi 19: I-Kiev ityhola imikhosi yabavukeli ngokuphazamisa ubungqina kwindawo yengozi, ithi amaqela axhobileyo ayeshukuma kwaye atshabalalisa ubungqina. Ezinye iingxelo zibonisa ukuba iqela lokubeka iliso le-OSCE elithunyelwe kwindawo linikwe kuphela ukufikelela okulinganiselweyo.
Julayi 20: Iinkokeli ezininzi ze-EU zoyikisa ngokuwisa izohlwayo ezongezelelekileyo eRashiya ukuba iKremlin ayicinezeli abavukeli ekucingelwa ukuba badubule inqwelomoya yabakhweli iMH17 ukunika ukufikelela ngakumbi kwindawo yengozi.
Julayi 23: Amagosa ezobuntlola e-US athi akholelwa ukuba le nqwelomoya yadutyulwa ngabavukeli baseRussia โngempazamo.โ
Julayi 24: I-Us ityhola iRussia ngokudubula izikhali ngaphaya komda ukuya eUkraine, kodwa ayabelani ngobungqina bayo. Isithethi sePentagon sikuchaza "njengokunyuka komkhosi." Ngaloo mini, urhulumente wokubambisana e-Ukraine uyawa, kwaye uNdunankulu u-Arseniy Yatsenyuk uyarhoxa emva kokuhoxiswa kwamaqela e-Svoboda kunye ne-UDAR.
Agasti 1: Urhulumente waseUkraine uvota ukukhaba ukurhoxa kweNkulumbuso u-Arseniy Yatsenyuk. Iziphakamiso zohlahlo lwabiwo-mali zikaYatsenyuk, ezazivalwe ngaphambili yipalamente, zinyanzelisa ukuyeka kwakhe kunye nokuwa komfelandawonye, โโzivunyiwe ngokupheleleyo. Okwangoku, abaphandi baseHolland nase-Australia baqala uhlolo olucacileyo lwendawo yokuphahlazeka kwe-MH17.
Agasti 13: Ubuncinci i-12 yamajoni elizwe lase-Ukraine aphuma kwiqela le-Right Sector abulewe kwaye inani elingaziwayo lithe lathinjwa xa ibhasi yabo ihlaselwa kwimpuma yeUkraine.
Agasti 26: I-Ukraine ithi imikhosi yayo ibambe iqela lamajoni aseRussia awayewele umda ukuya empuma yeUkraine. Oomongameli baseRussia nabaseUkraine badibana eMinsk ubuso ngobuso okokuqala ukusukela ngoJuni.
Agasti 30: IUkraine ibhengeza ukuba isishiyile isixeko esisempuma sase-Ilovaisk ngepaseji emva kweentsuku zokurhangqwa ngabavukeli.
Umthombo: Al Jazeera kunye nee-arhente
NgoJanuwari/Februwari 2015 Kyiv, Odessa
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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Njengombhali weli nqaku elithi "Kwenzeke ntoni eUkraine?" Ndingathanda ukutsalela ingqalelo yomntu wonke kwiingxaki ezithile ngendlela elibhalwe ngayo inqaku kwiZNet. Isoftware yabo isuse yonke ifomati yenqaku ngokungazi.
Oku kwakuthetha ukuba abafundi babengakwazi ukuxela xa ndandicaphula amazwi abathathi-nxaxheba baseUkraine kwezi ziganeko.
Ukongeza, andizange ndiqonde ukuba i-ZNet ayibandakanyi imibhalo engezantsi-eyona nto iphosakeleyo lam. Ngaloo ndlela, amanye amagqabaza ahlabโ umxhelo ashiywa, kuquka umbhalo osemazantsi othi ngezi catshulwa โOku kuthetha ukuba, kwezinye iimeko, amanye amagama asetyenziswayo asenokubonakala engalungelelananga okanye engacacanga. Ndiyaxolisa ngale nto, kodwa ndicinga ukuba kubhetele ukuveza oko bakuthethayo ndize ndishiye imibuzo ezingqondweni zabafundi kunokuba ubabuze ukuba bacacise kwaye mhlawumbi bafumane iingcaciso ezicocekileyo.โ
Omnye umphumo wezi ngxaki yayikukuba uPeter Meylakhs, umhlobo osenyongweni osekudala wasabela, enomsindo gqitha koko wayecinga ukuba ndandikuthetha kweli nqaku. (Kusenokwenzeka ukuba usenento yokungavumelani, kakade! Kwaye oku kulungile ngam.)
Ndathi ndakuzisa le miba kwingqwalasela ye-ZNet, ngokukhawuleza bayilungisa ngesandla ukuyicacisa xa ndicaphula. Ndachukumiseka gqitha yindlela abakwenza ngayo oku ngokukhawuleza nendlela ababenobuhlobo ngayo kulo msebenzi.
Ukuba nawuphi na umfundi ufuna ukuba ndikuthumelele inqaku lam loqobo kuquka imibhalo esemazantsi, nceda undithumelele i-imeyile [imeyile ikhuselwe].
Best
USam Friedman