Uvoto lwakutsha nje lucebisa ukuba I-bonkers, nkqu noburhalarhume, intetho evela kubaviwa be-MAGA ekude ingawajongela phantsi amathuba amaRiphabhlikhi okubamba omabini amagumbi eNkongolo ngoNovemba. Ngoku, ingozi enkulu inokulala phantsi-ivoti. Ukuba abantu abaneengcwangu baphumelela ii-ofisi eziphambili koorhulumente bamazwe ngo-2022, banokulawula ukunika iivoti zabo zeKholeji yoNyulo kumgqatswa womongameli we-MAGA, ngokuchasene nentando yabavoti, ngo-2024 kwaye babambe ngokungekho mthethweni i-White House.
Ukulima amashumi ezigidi zeehektare zesondlo/zezibaso—ubukhulu becala umbona neembotyi zesoya—ezivelisa loo ntsalela inkulu iye yakhokelela ekuwohlokeni komhlaba, ekungcolisekeni kwemichiza yomoya namanzi, ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwamandla, nokukhutshwa kweegesi ezinkulu ezibangelwa yigreenhouse-greenhouse.
Ngethemba lokuqulunqa iyelenqe elinjalo kumakomkhulu karhulumente, kunye nomthetho oyilwayo wemozulu wobumbano weDemokhrasi ngoku ugqithiselwe emthethweni, ugxininiso lomzabalazo kuyo yomibini imida yezopolitiko kunye nemozulu sele ihambile isuka eWashington isiya kwingingqi, ilizwe, kwaye. amabala asekuhlaleni. Umzekelo wolu tshintsho kungquzulwano olukhoyo ngoku kwiiNtabesi ezithi ziqhube umfelandawonye wezizwe zomthonyama, amafama, kunye namaqela okusingqongileyo ngokuchasene nemidla yoshishino lwezolimo. Kukujongana neziphumo ezinokuthi zibe nzulu kwimozulu kunye nonxunguphalo olubanzi lwendalo.
Inkampani ebizwa ngokuba yiSummit Carbon Solutions iceba ukwakha inethiwekhi yeemayile ezingama-2,000 imibhobho Ukutyhutyha iindawo ezininzi zase-Iowa, eMinnesota, eNebraska, naseDakotas. Inkqubo yayiza kuqokelela i-liquefied carbon dioxide (CO2) ukusuka kwi-32 yezityalo ze-ethanol zamafutha kulo lonke ummandla kwaye zithuthelwe kwilizwe leoli laseNorth Dakota ukuze ligcinwe. Inkampani yesibini, iNavigator CO2 Ventures, ifuna ukwakha i-1,300 yeemayile zombhobho wokuchola i-CO2 ukusuka kwizityalo ezingama-20 ze-ethanol kunye nezichumiso ezikummandla omnye kodwa zithuthelwe kwelinye icala, ukuya e-Illinois. Kuzo zombini iindawo, i-CO2 ecinezelweyo iyakutofwa kulwakhiwo olunzulu lwamatye apho kufanele ukuba ihlale kude kube lixesha le geologic.
Kutheni le nto ishishini lingaya kuwo wonke loo msebenzi kunye neendleko? Ngenxa yokuba izibonelelo zokuvelisa i-ethanol zikhupha i-CO2 eninzi emoyeni, irhoxisa loo nzuzo yemozulu ye-biofuel ekucingelwa ukuba iluncedo ngaphezu kwepetroli. Ukubuyisela izityalo kwakhona ukuze zibambe uninzi lwe-CO2 ukusuka kumjelo wokukhupha wesityalo, ukuwunyibilikisa, kunye nokuwufaka emhlabeni kunokunceda ukuphakamisa umfanekiso "oluhlaza" we-ethanol ongcangcazelayo.
Ngo-2016–17, ummandla walwa idabi lobugorha ngokuchasene nolwakhiwo loMbhobho wokuFikelela waseDakota (DAPL), othwala ioyile enekhabhoni enzima ukuya eMidwest isuka kuMntla Dakota. Ngoku kukho indibaniselwano ebanzi, eyohlukeneyo yezopolitiko yeengcali zokusingqongileyo, uluntu lweMveli, kunye nabanini-mhlaba zakhiwe ngokuchasene imibhobho yekhabhoni ecetywayo.
UMahmud Fitil usebenza njengoMququzeleli woKhuseleko loMhlaba kwi-Great Plains Action Society, umbutho okhokelwa ngabantu bomthonyama phambili kulo mzabalazo e-Iowa naseNebraska. Undinike utyelelo lomlomo olukhawulezayo kummandla okhuselwa zizizwe zomthonyama kunye nomanyano olubanzi lwamaqela: iWestern Iowa likhaya leMeskwaki, okanye iSac neFox. Kumda we-Nebraska-Kansas kuhlala abantu base-Ioway, abagxothwa kumazwe abo ngabahlali abamhlophe benkulungwane ye-19. Kwaye izizwe ezininzi zamaThafa zinogcino ecaleni koMlambo iMissouri owahlula i-Iowa neNebraska: iUmoⁿhoⁿ okanye isizwe saseOmaha; iHo-Chunk okanye iWinnebago Tribe yaseNebraska; iSantee Sioux; uze unyukele phezulu, iYankton, okanye i-Ihanktonwan Sioux. "Bonke baya kuchaphazeleka yimibhobho yekhabhoni ecetywayo kulo mmandla," utshilo uFitil. "Izizwe zothuswa luyilo lweenkampani zemibhobho kule ndawo kwaye ziyahlangana ngokuchasene nazo."
Umbhobho weNgqungquthela uya kuwela uMlambo waseMissouri nje emantla ogcino lwaseWinnebago, kwaye yingxaki leyo, utsho uFitil. “Ezi projekthi zikholisa ukuba nabasebenzi bethutyana ukwakha iziseko ezingundoqo. Ngexesha lokwakhiwa koMbhobho wokuFikelela eDakota, sibone eminye yemiba eza nolu hlobo lweenkampu ezidlulayo: ukwanda kweziyobisi notywala, ulwaphulo-mthetho, ubundlobongela, ubuhenyu. Ayilohlobo lwento esiyifunayo kuluntu lwethu e-Iowa naseNebraska, nokuba ungowomthonyama okanye ungowenye indawo yasemaphandleni. ” Isoyikiso esibangelwe ziinkampu ezidlulayo siya kuba yinxalenye yomonakalo owenziwe yimibhobho ebantwini, kwezinye izinto eziphilayo, kwimbonakalo yomhlaba nakumanzi kuwo wonke lo mmandla.
Ishishini elingenangqiqo ngokwendalo
Iiprojekthi zeNgqungquthela kunye ne-Navigator zifumene ukudubula okukhulu kwimibhobho yemozulu yoMthetho omtsha wokuNcitshiswa kwexabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso (IRA), onyuse intlawulo yerhafu yokubanjwa kwekhabhoni kunye nokungcwatywa ukusuka kwi-50 yeedola ukuya kutsho. I-$ 85 ngetoni ye-metric nganye. Oko kunokwenzeka ukuba kukhuthaze ngakumbi imfuno yothutho lwekhabhoni kunye nokumpompa ishishini esele lingqiniwe asikwazi yokunciphisa kakhulu ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse yesizwe, njengoko benjalo abahlawuli berhafu nya nzeliswa ukwenza ifolokhwe ngaphezulu kwe-20 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi zenkuthazo ukuyigcina isebenza.
Injongo ephambili yezi kunye nezinye iinkqubo zemibhobho yekhabhoni ayizange inciphise i-CO2 ye-atmospheric. Injongo yabaxhasi bayo kukuguqula ingeniso ngokujonga umfanekiso wokusingqongileyo we-US feed-grain Agriculture. Isabelo sengonyama semveliso yombona wase-US siya kubonelela ngezinto ezimbini, amafutha ezithuthi kunye nenyama yokutya okuziinkozo. Kwaye injongo ephambili yeendawo zokutya kunye nezityalo ze-ethanol ayikokubonelela ngesondlo kunye nokuthutha; kukufumana ukutya okuziinkozo okushiyekileyo, ngokwenjenjalo kunyuswe amaxabiso eenkozo kunye noqoqosho lwezolimo. Ukulima amashumi ezigidi zeehektare zesondlo/zezibaso—ubukhulu becala umbona neembotyi zesoya—ezivelisa loo ntsalela inkulu iye yakhokelela ekuwohlokeni komhlaba, ekungcolisekeni kwemichiza yomoya namanzi, ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwamandla, nokukhutshwa kweegesi ezinkulu ezibangelwa yigreenhouse-greenhouse. Lo mbhobho uza kujongana kuphela nerhasi yenkunkuma yeCO2 eveliswa ngokuvundiswa kombona kwizityalo ze-ethanol, nto leyo eyinto encinci yezo zinto zikhutshwayo.
Le nkqubo ingekho ngqiqweni ngokwendalo inengeniso enkulu kumashishini ezolimo abonelela ngezixhobo namagalelo okuvelisa intsalela yezityalo ezikhulu kunye nokukhutshwa kwezinto ezinkulu. La mashishini ngoku anikezela ngokudala elinye ishishini elinengeniso, eliya kuthi, ngokubonakalayo, licoce emva kwezityalo ze-ethanol ezakhelwe ukunceda ukuphelisa ukutya okuziinkozo okubangelwa kushishino lokufama.
Akukho nanye kwezi i-carbon juggling iyathetheleleka kwimozulu. Ngo-2022 ileta evulekileyo epapashwe njengentengiso ehlawulwayo kwiWashington Post, malunga nama-500 amaqela emozulu, okusingqongileyo, kunye namaqela asekuhlaleni abongoza abaqulunqi bemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente bakuMntla Merika ukuba “bayilahle intsomi emdaka, eyingozi yokubanjwa nokugcinwa kwekhabhoni.” Isigqibo sabo: “Akuyomfuneko ukuba silungise amafutha efosili; kufuneka sibalahle. Endaweni yokubamba ikhabhoni ukuze siyimpompe kwakhona ngaphantsi komhlaba, kufuneka sigcine amafutha efosili emhlabeni kwasekuqaleni” (ugxininiso kwintsusa).
Ukuyeka ukubiwa kabini
Ukungcwaba nokugcina umbhobho ongaphezulu kweemayile ezingama-3,000 kufuna ukufikelela kumhlaba omkhulu. E-Iowa kuphela, umbhobho we-Navigator uya kudlula kwii-35 counties, i-Summit's kwi-24. Abameli beenkampani baye basondela kubanikazi bepropati kulo lonke elo candelo malunga nokusayina phezu kolawulo lwezahlulo zomhlaba wabo njenge-easement. Amakhulukhulu ukwala ukutyobela, ukukhankanya iinkxalabo zokhuseleko (ukuvuza kwe-CO2 kunokuba yingozi kakhulu), umonakalo kumhlaba wabo wezityalo kunye nemijelo yamanzi, kunye nokungena kweenkampani kwipropati yabo. Ukuphendula, iNgqungquthela ijonge ukuthatha umhlaba wabo ngokuthe ngqo ngommandla obalaseleyo.
UFitil uyabuza: “Ukuba ezi nkampani zifumene izibonelelo zokuzithandela ezininzi njengoko zisitsho, kutheni ke zizama ukuthimba umhlaba ngokukhawuleza kangaka? Abantu baqala ukuyiqonda into abayenzayo aba bafana, kwaye abantu abaninzi bayagxadazela. Ngumcimbi obuthathaka kakhulu kubantu boMthonyama. Eli lizwe lasekwa kumhlaba owabiwa kubo, kwaye ngoku bazama ukuthintela ukuba inxalenye yaloo mhlaba ungaphinde ubiwe, ngoku ngamaqumrhu amakhulu. Ke abantu bomthonyama bama igxalaba kunye namafama. ” Kukwakho nomba onzulu weziduli zokungcwaba kunye nezinye iindawo ezinobuzaza ngokwenkcubeko ezisendleleni esele zihamba phambili: “Sisebenzisana neOfisi yoLondolozo lweMbali yeSizwe kunye namagosa ezizwe ukuze ezo ndawo zingcwele zigcinwe kwaye siqinisekise ukuba azigqogqwa. , ngokusisiseko, ngezi projekthi,” wongezelela uFiil.
Abalimi banezizathu ezibalaseleyo zokukhanyela i-easements kunye nokulwa indawo ebalulekileyo. Uninzi lwabo lulima eminye yemihlaba yelizwe enemveliso yezolimo, kwaye into yokugqibela abayifunayo sisixhobo esikhulu sokuhambisa umhlaba siqhubela phambili, ukugrumba, kunye nokugawula umhlaba kwindawo enkulu. 50-inyawo ububanzi bajikeleze kwifama yabo. Ukugquma imibhobho, abasebenzi bemba imisele enzulu, befumba umhlaba ecaleni kwayo. Nje ukuba imibhobho ibekwe endaweni yayo kwaye umhlaba ulahlwe kwakhona emseleni, umhlaba ongaphezulu uyaxutywa nomhlaba ongaphantsi ochumileyo.
Iziphumo zolu kuxhatshazwa komhlaba ziqikelelwa kwangaphambili. Ngo-2021, i-agronomists yeYunivesithi yase-Iowa State yafumanisa ukuba kwi-Dakota Access Pipeline easements, izivuno zombona zancitshiswa ngeepesenti ezili-15, isivuno seembotyi zesoya ngama-25 ekhulwini. Isazinzulu esiphambili kolu phando, uRobert Horton, wathi, "Ngokupheleleyo, kwiminyaka emibini yokuqala, safumanisa ukuba ukwakhiwa kubangele ukuxinana okukhulu kwe-subsoil, ukukhubazeka kwesakhiwo somzimba esinokuphazamisa ukukhula kweengcambu kunye nokunciphisa ukungena kwamanzi ngendlela efanelekileyo."
Umanyano olungenakwenzeka
Umzabalazo wemibhobho udibanise uluntu olungafane lufumane isizathu esiqhelekileyo kwaye lunokuba ngabachasi. UFitil uthi: “Ngokwenyani siye sabumba umanyano ebesingalindelekanga. “Uninzi lwabantu baseRiphabhlikhi ababambeleyo bajoyina abantu boMthonyama, kwaye bonke bajoyina kunye nabezendalo. Aba bantu ngokuqhelekileyo abavani, abadibanisi nantoni na kunye. Kodwa apha bacaphukile ngokwenene kwaye babambene ngezandla kumzabalazo ochasene nale mibhobho. "
UFitil undixelele ukuba olu manyano lungenakwenzeka lusebenzisa izifundo ezibalulekileyo ezifunyenwe kumlo ochasene neDakota Access Pipeline. Olo ngquzulwano lubalaseleyo luka-2016 elunxwemeni loMlambo iMissouri kwi-Standing Rock Sioux Reservation ikwazile ukuphumelela ukumiswa kweenyanga ezinde emsebenzini kumda wombhobho eSouth Dakota, phambi kokuba ulawulo lukaTrump olusanda kunyulwa lugunyazise ukuqalisa kwakhona. Kodwa eNebraska naseIowa ngelo xesha, uFitil uthi, inkcaso ayizange imanyane kangako: “Abantu bazihambela, basonga imikhono ukuze balwe bodwa, yaye soyisakala. Kodwa ngoku izinto zahlukile. Sinxibelelanisa yonke into phezulu nasezantsi kule ndlela yombhobho. Abaququzeleli, abanini-mhlaba, izizwe . . . kukho ulwazelelelo olukhulu lomzabalazo oqhubekayo. KwiLinn County, e-Iowa [ikhaya kwiCedar Rapids], yonke enye ifama odlula kuyo, ineempawu ezisezantsi phaya phezulu, uyazi, 'iibhodi zelizwe,' zisithi 'Akukho sizinda sibalaseleyo senzuzo yabucala,' 'Hayi ifama yam,’ ‘Hayi ngamaplanga am.’ Aba ngabantu nje, kungekhona ‘amadot-orgs’ okanye abangenzi ngeniso, abathi, ‘Hayi, asiyi kuba nayo.’”
“Ngeli xesha, izizwe zaqala ukunxibelelana phambi kokuba iinkampani zifumanise ukuba zeziphi izizwe,” utshilo uFitil. “Saqalisa ukunxulumana noogxa bethu kuMntla Dakota, eMzantsi Dakota, eNebraska. Ngokukhawuleza xa siva malunga nombhobho wekhabhoni ngaphezu konyaka kunye nesiqingatha edlulileyo, saqala ukuhlangana kunye nokuxoxa ngento esiya kuyenza. Yabona, kwixesha elidlulileyo, uMntla Dakota wawusenza ezawo izinto, iSouth Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, zonke zazizenzela ezazo izinto. Ngoku, sibamba iintlanganiso zenyanga ezidibeneyo, sibamba iintlanganiso zelizwe kunye nezelizwe. Abanini-mhlaba babhalisa kunye neqela lentshukumo ye-easement. Kwaye yinto eyahluke kakhulu kune-DAPL. "
Ngomhla we-12 ka-Agasti, i-2022, amalungu e-Great Plains Action Society kunye namaqabane avela kulo lonke umbutho adibana neBhodi ye-Iowa Utilities, ibhodi eya kwenza izigqibo malunga nezibhengezo zesizinda esibalaseleyo, phakathi kweminye imiba. UFitil uthi, “Babengenamdla kangako koko ‘kuthina bantu’ sikuthethayo. Aba bantu bachongwa ngesandla ziirhuluneli, zangoku nezidlulileyo, omnye wabo ngoku usebenzela enye yeenkampani zombhobho. Siyabavumela ukuba bayifumane! Thina kunye nabanini-mhlaba sathi kubo, ‘Heyi, sonke sitshixa izixhobo, simelana nale nto.’”
"Ngaba ngokwenene lo mbhobho kufuneka sichithe iidola zethu zabarhafi kuwo?" uyabuza. "Hayi! Le yimizi-mveliso ethe yanegalelo elikhulu kolu nxunguphalo abathi ngoku bayayilungisa. Oku kuxhathise ngenene njengemiba embalwa kakhulu enokuyenza. Kwaye, uyazi, ukuba kufikwa kumbandela wentando, siya kuhlangana nabo ngaphandle emasimini, kwaye siya kubazisa ukuba siqine kangakanani na isigqibo sethu. Umhlaba ufanelekile, amanzi afanelekile. Izizukulwana ezizayo zikufanele oko.”
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