ICongress yabamba intlanganiso kaxakeka yokubuyisela imali kwi-NPR, emva koko akenzanga nto njengoko uMongameli echithe imali eninzi kakhulu ekuqhubhiseni iLibya. UMongameli Obama akunyanzelekanga ukuba acele inkxaso-mali, kuba iPentagon yayilele ngokwaneleyo kweso sihlandlo.
Ubuxoki obusisiseko obugcina imfazwe iqhubeka yingcamango yokuba siyayiphepha imfazwe ngokuyilungiselela. Thetha ngokuthambileyo kwaye uphathe intonga enkulu, utshilo uTheodore Roosevelt, owayethanda ukwakha umkhosi omkhulu ukuba kunokwenzeka, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo ungawusebenzisi ngaphandle kokuba unyanzelekile.
Oku kwasebenza ngokugqwesileyo, ngaphandle kwezinto ezincinci ezimbalwa zokuhlanganisa imikhosi kaRoosevelt ePanama ngo-1901, eColombia ngo-1902, eHonduras ngo-1903, eDominican Republic ngo-1903, eSiriya ngo-1903, eAbyssinia ngo-1903, ePanama ngo-1903, kwiRiphabhlikhi yaseDominican. Ngowe-1904, eMorocco ngowe-1904, ePanama ngowe-1904, eKorea ngowe-1904, eCuba ngowe-1906, eHonduras ngowe-1907, neePhilippines ebudeni bobumongameli bukaRoosevelt.
Abantu bokuqala esibaziyo abalungiselela imfazwe - iqhawe laseSumeriya uGilgamesh kunye neqabane lakhe u-Enkido, okanye amaGrike alwa eTroy (ngaphambi nje kwe-original "Odyssey Dawn") - alungiselele ukuzingela izilwanyana zasendle. UBarbara Ehrenreich uthi,
". . . ngokuhla kwezilwanyana zasendle kunye nabemi bezilwanyana, bekuya kuba ncinane ukuthatha amadoda akhethekileyo ekuzingeleni nasekukhuseleni i-predator, kwaye akukho ndlela inyathelwe kakuhle eya kwimo 'yeqhawe.' Into eyasindisa indoda enguzingeli-mkhuseli ekuphelelweni kwexesha okanye ubomi bokusebenza nzima kwezolimo yayikukuba wayenezixhobo kunye nobuchule bokuzisebenzisa [uLewis] Mumford ucebisa ukuba umzingeli-umkhuseli wasigcina isimo sakhe ngokuguqukela kuhlobo 'lokhuseleko. irakethi': mhlawule (ngokutya kunye nokuma eluntwini) okanye ube phantsi kwezenzo zakhe.
"Ekugqibeleni, ubukho babazingeli abangaqeshwanga-abakhuseli kwezinye iindawo zokuhlala baqinisekise ingozi entsha kunye 'yangaphandle' yokukhusela. Abazingeli-abakhuseli beqela elinye okanye indawo yokuhlala banokuthethelela ukugcinwa kwabo ngokukhomba isoyikiso esibangelwa ngabalingane babo kwamanye amaqela. , kwaye ingozi yayinokuhlala icaca ngakumbi ngokwenza ugqogqo ngamaxesha athile Njengoko uGwynne Dyer ephawula kuhlolisiso lwakhe lwemfazwe, โimfazwe yangaphambi kwempucukoโฆ
Ngamanye amazwi, imfazwe isenokuqala njengendlela yokufumana ubuqhawe, njengoko kuqhutyelwa ngokusekelwe kwintsomi efanayo. Kungenzeka ukuba iqalile kuba abantu babexhobile kwaye banesidingo seentshaba, kuba iintshaba zabo zemveli (iingonyama, iibhere, iingcuka) zazifa. Yiyiphi eya kuqala, iimfazwe okanye izixhobo? Lo mqatyana unokwenene unokuphendula. Impendulo ibonakala iyisixhobo. Kwaye abo bangayifunde kwi-prehistory banokuthi bahlaselwe ukuphinda baphinde.
Sithanda ukukholelwa kwiinjongo ezilungileyo zomntu wonke. "Zilungiselele" sisiqubulo seBoy Scouts, emva kwayo yonke loo nto. Kusengqiqweni, uxanduva, kwaye kukhuselekile ukulungiswa. Ukungalungiswa kuya kuba kukungakhathali, akunjalo?
Ingxaki ngale ngxabano kukuba ayiphambani ngokupheleleyo. Kwinqanaba elincinane akuphambene ngokupheleleyo ukuba abantu bafune imipu emakhayeni abo ukuze bazikhusele kumasela. Kuloo meko, kukho ezinye izinto ezimele ziqwalaselwe, eziquka izinga eliphezulu leengozi zemipu, ukusetyenziswa kwemipu xa sigqajukelwa ngumsindo, amandla ezaphuli-mthetho ekujikiseni imipu yabaninimzi, ukubiwa kwemipu rhoqo, ukuphazanyiswa kwemikhosi engendawo. isisombululo sompu kwiinzame zokunciphisa oonobangela bolwaphulo-mthetho, njl.
Kwinqanaba elikhulu lemfazwe kunye nokuxhobisa isizwe emfazweni, iimeko ezifanayo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Iingozi ezinxulumene nezixhobo, uvavanyo olukhohlakeleyo ebantwini, ubusela, ukuthengisa amahlakani athi abe ziintshaba, kunye nokuphazanyiswa kwiinzame zokunciphisa oonobangela bobunqolobi kunye nemfazwe zonke kufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo. Ngoko ke, kufuneka utyekele ekusebenziseni izixhobo xa sele unazo. Ngamanye amaxesha, izixhobo ezininzi azikwazi ukuveliswa de isitokhwe esikhoyo siphelile kwaye izinto ezintsha zivavanywa "kwindawo yokulwa."
Kodwa zikho nezinye iinkalo ezifanele ziqwalaselwe. Ukuqokelela kwelizwe izixhobo zemfazwe kubeka ingcinezelo kwamanye amazwe ukuba enze okufanayo. Nokuba isizwe esijonge ukulwa kuphela ekukhuseleni, sinokuqonda "ukuzikhusela" ukuba nako ukuziphindezela kwezinye iintlanga. Oku kwenza ukuba kube yimfuneko ukudala izixhobo kunye nezicwangciso zemfazwe enobundlongondlongo, kunye "nemfazwe yokulungiselela," ukukhuthaza ezinye iintlanga ukuba zenze okufanayo. Xa ubeka abantu abaninzi ukuba basebenze ngokucwangcisa into ethile, xa loo projekthi iyinto enkulu yotyalo-mali lukawonkewonke kunye nesizathu esizingcayo, kunokuba nzima ukugcina abo bantu bafumane amathuba okuphumeza izicwangciso zabo.
AYIKHO INDLELA YOXOLO, UXOLO LUYENDLELA
Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, ibutho lempi laseBrithani elithi iKomiti ye-Holland yafikelela kwesi sigqibo:
"Akunakwenzeka ukuqhawula umtshato kwisifundo sokuzikhusela (sic) ngokuchasene negesi evela kufundo lokusetyenziswa kwerhasi njengesixhobo esihlaselayo, njengoko ukusebenza kakuhle kokhuselo kuxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kulwazi oluchanekileyo malunga nokuba yeyiphi inkqubela phambili okanye enokwenzeka. zisetyenziswe ngendlela ekhubekisayo isixhobo."
Nokuba "ukuzikhusela" komkhosi bekungaqondwa njengokubandakanya impindezelo kutshaba olukude, akukho ndlela yokuphuhlisa izixhobo zokuzikhusela ngaphandle kokuphanda izixhobo ezikhubekisayo. Enyanisweni, isenokungabikho indlela yokwenza izixhobo zokuzikhusela kwaphela. Sesiphi isixhobo esikhuselayo kubasiki bebhokisi kwiinqwelomoya okanye kuhlaselo lwezixhobo zekhemikhali? Ngeminyaka yoo-1930, abanye babeqiqa ngelithi izibane zokukhangela, izixhobo zokuva isandi, imipu yokulwa nenqwelo-moya, kunye neenatha zocingo zokubamba iibhombu, zidityaniswe neemaski zerhasi kunye neendawo zokuhlala zinokukhusela wonke umntu kwiinqwelomoya. Yenzeka njani loo nto? Uninzi lwabacwangcisi bemfazwe lwalusazi ukuba alunathemba, kwaye ke baxhasa eyona ndlela yokuzikhusela eyona ndlela iphambili yokuzikhusela.
Abaxhasi bemfazwe basathanda ukucaphula uGeneral George Patton njengomthombo othi "Olona khuselo lungcono," nangona ndiqinisekile ukuba lo mbono uphambi kwakhe. Kuyavela ukuba uphando lwezixhobo kunye nezixhobo ezinokubakho ngethemba lokuba ezinye itekhnoloji, endaweni yezozakuzo, iindlela zokuzikhusela ziya kwenzeka kuwe kuthetha, okokuqala, ukuphanda izixhobo ezihlaselayo.
Ukuzama ukuhambisa izixhobo zokuzikhusela, ezifana nenkqubo "yokukhusela i-missile" kudala ezinye iingxaki. Le nkqubo ayizange ibonakaliswe ukuba iyakwazi ukukhusela, kodwa iyakwazi ukukhubekisa ngokucacileyo. Oku kukhokelela ekuthandabuzekeni okuqondakalayo ngeyona njongo yayo yokwenene. Ukusasazwa kwamacandelo enkqubo kwamanye amazwe kudala ekujoliswe kuko ekuhlaselweni, kusebenzela injongo echaseneyo nokhuselo. Kwaye inkqubo, ijongwa ngokurhanelwa, ithathwa njengesoyikiso, ngaloo ndlela ichasa iintshaba ezinokuthi zibekho ngendlela enokuthi into ekhuselayo ingabi nakuyenza.
Indlela yoxolo ijike yaxoka hayi ngamalungiselelo emfazwe, kodwa ngamalungiselelo oxolo. Ukulungiselela imfazwe rhoqo, nangona kungasoloko kukhokelela ekuqalisweni kweemfazwe, iimfazwe ezinokuthi kwiimeko ezininzi zingenzeki ngaphandle kwamalungiselelo. Nokuba iProjekthi yeNew American Century ayinakuthethelela ukubonakaliswa kobukhosi basemkhosini base-United States ukuba i-United States ayizange iwakhe umkhosi omkhulu kakhulu kunoko (nangona kucacile ukuba ungenamandla ngokwaneleyo okutyumza) nabani na ongomnye.
Xa uWinston Churchill wayethetha kwisiXeko saseNew York ngo-Oktobha 9, 1929, umrhumo wakhe we-$12,500 wesithethi wahlawulwa ngusihlalo weAfrican Explosives kunye nosekela-sihlalo we-Imperial Chemical Industries eyenza iibhombu, iimbumbulu, kunye negesi eyityhefu. I-Imperial Chemical yayiyinzala yenkampani ka-Alfred Nobel (umenzi wezixhobo kunye nomyili we-eponymous "ibhaso loxolo"), kwaye yasebenza neDupont e-United States kunye ne-IG Farben eJamani, umthengisi wegesi amagumbi erhasi yamaNazi. UChurchill wathetha exhasa imikhosi emikhulu.
Kwi-ofisi kaMongameli uFranklin Roosevelt kwakukho i-ashtray enenqanawa kuyo, into yokukhanyisa icuba efana nevili lenqanawa, i-barometer, iwotshi yenqanawa, imizobo yamadabi olwandle, kunye nomzekelo womtshabalalisi. Kuyo yonke i-White House yayimifuziselo yeenqanawa kunye nemizobo kunye neelithographs zamadabi aselwandle. Umfanekiso kamongameli kwiNew York Times Magazine ngoAprili 3, 1938, wawunombhalo othi:
"Ulwandle kunye nezinto zolwandle, i-navy kunye neenqanawa zayo kunye namadoda kunye nemipu mhlawumbi yiminqweno ebalaseleyo yobomi bukaMongameli."
Ukuba endaweni kaChurchill noRoosevelt, iBritani neUnited States bezibeke kumagunya amadoda okanye abafazi abangenawo umsa wezixhobo kunye nomdla wemali kwizixhobo, ngaba bekunokwenzeka ukuba imfazwe ibekho ize ithabatheke ngendlela eyenzeka ngayo? (I-ELF Wood, iNkosi uHalifax, ngeyenze uxolo neJamani, kodwa uChurchill wagxininisa emfazweni.)
Yaye ukuba bekuya kubakho imfazwe, ngaba bekuya kuba negazi elinjengelogazi ukuba besingakhange sixhobe kwelinye icala? Ngo-1934, inkampani yezixhobo zaseFransi iSchneider yathengisa iitanki ezingama-400 kwiJamani kaHitler, kunye nenkampani yaseBritani uVickers wathengisa iinqwelomoya ezingama-60 zikaHitler. Ngeli xesha, inkampani yaseMelika iBoeing ithengise iinqwelomoya ezineenjini ezimbini eJamani. UPratt noWhitney bathengisa iBMW (iBavaria, hayi iBritane, iMotor Works) amalungelo okwakha enye yeenjini zayo. I-Sperry Corporation yayinesivumelwano selungelo lomenzi kunye nenkampani yaseJamani i-Askania. U-Sperry wenza i-bhombsights kunye ne-gyroscopic stabilizers. Iinkampani zaseMelika zathengisa ii-crankshafts zaseJamani, iintloko zeesilinda, iinkqubo zokulawula imipu yokulwa neenqwelomoya, kunye nezinto ezaneleyo zokuvelisa iinqwelomoya ezilikhulu ngenyanga. Ngokwengxelo ethile yenyanga evela kurhulumente wase-US ngeminyaka yoo-1930s, iJamani yayiyeyesithathu ngobukhulu abathengi bezixhobo zase-US.
Ukuqala ngo-1938, i-Lockheed ilayisensi kwiinkampani zaseTachikawa kunye neKawasaki eJapan ukuba zakhe i-200 yokuthutha ibhomu. Phambi kokuba i-United States inqumle ioyile iye eJapan, yayisele injalo-ukuya kuthi ga ngo-1940-ithumela iJapan amashumi ezigidi zeedola 'yegesi yenqwelomoya' minyaka le, iphinda ibhale into ethi "imoto yomgangatho ophezulu" ukunqanda. ibalaselisa injongo yayo.
Phakathi kukaJuni 1962 noJanuwari 1964 kuphela i-179 malunga nezixhobo ze-7,500 ezithathwe yiV Vietcong zazivela kwi-bloc Soviet. Elinye ipesenti ze-95 zazixhobo zezi-US ezazibonelelwe kwi-South Vietnamese.
Ke, mhlawumbi izixhobo zokugcina izixhobo zinokunyusa ukubakho kweemfazwe, kwaye ukuthengisa iimfumba zezixhobo kwelinye icala kunokwenza iimfazwe zibe negazi, kodwa ngaba intaba yezixhobo ngexesha leMfazwe yoMlomo ayizange ikhokelele kuloyiso olungenagazi?
Hayi, ayizange. Ikhokelele kwiimfazwe ezingapheliyo nezinegazi kakhulu ezilwelwa ngezixhobo โzesiqheloโ, singasathethi ke ngokwanda kwezixhobo zenyukliya emva kweMfazwe ebandayo kumazwe angezelelweyo-enokuthi ibonakale ingenabungozi de kube lixesha lokuphelisa bonke ubomi emhlabeni.
IMfazwe Yomlomo, kanye njengexesha elayilandelayo, yayibandakanya ukuxoka njengayo nayiphi na imfazwe eshushu. Indlela yokwakha izixhobo ezininzi "kugqatso lweengalo" kukwenza ngathi elinye icala liphambi kwakho. NgoMeyi ka-1956, uCurtis LeMay, intloko ye-Strategic Air Command, kubungqina phambi kwekomitana ye-Senate, wathi imveliso yeenqwelo moya zaseSoviet yayidlula i-United States, idala ukukhawuleza "ukubamba." Enyanisweni, into eyahlukileyo yayiyinyani, kwaye uLeMay wayeyazi ngokuqinisekileyo. UJohn Kennedy ukhankasele umongameli ekhuthaza "i-missile gap" eyintsomi kunye neSoviet Union, emva koko wenyusa inkcitho yasemkhosini nge-15 ekhulwini kunyaka wakhe wokuqala. Enyanisweni, iUnited States yayinemijukujelwa emininzi kuneSoviet Union, nangaphambi kokuba uKennedy aphindaphinde isantya semveliso ye-intercontinental ballistic imijukujelwa kunye nokwandisa iinqanawa ezicwangcisiweyo ze-submarines zenyukliya. Kambe ke, oku kwayikhuthaza iSoviet Union ukuba izame ukugcina isantya.
Zonke ezi ziindaba ezimnandi kubenzi bezixhobo, kodwa hayi kubacwangcisi boxolo. Emva kokwakha zonke iintlobo zezixhobo, abantu badla ngokuqalisa ukucinga ngendlela abanokusebenzisa ngayo ezinye zazo. Bajolisa ingqalelo yabo kwizicwangciso zemfazwe, iimeko zemfazwe, neemeko zemfazwe ezicingelwayo, kodwa kungekhona ekucebeni uxolo. Ngowe-1936, ikomitana yamaNgesi yenza amacebo okulwa imfazwe yasemoyeni eJamani. Baye bazimisela ukuba ukuqhushumba kwezixeko zaseJamani akuyi kubangela ukuba iJamani inikezele, kodwa - okubalulekileyo - nangona olo lwazi, baqulunqa izicwangciso zokuqhubhisa izixeko zaseJamani. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ngowe-1938, xa uClarence Pickett, inkokeli yeAmerican Friends Service Committee yacela uRoosevelt ukuba athethe ngokuthe ngqo noHitler ukuze azame ukuphepha imfazwe, uRoosevelt waphendula wathi wayekhe wayicinga loo nto kodwa wayexhalabele ngakumbi ukwakha umoya onamandla. amandla. Ukucebela imfazwe kwakubaluleke ngakumbi kunokusebenzela uxolo. (Okothusayo ngakumbi kwiliso langoku, ewe, yinto kamongameli enxibelelana nomlwela uxolo kwaphela.)
Ngo-2002 urhulumente wase-Bhritane wavelisa uxwebhu olwaziwa ngokuba yi-"Iraq Options Paper," eyacebisa amanyathelo anokuthi abe yimfuneko njengesandulela kuhlaselo lomkhosi e-Iraq. IBritane kunye ne-United States kuya kufuneka ukuba kancinci kancinci bakhe uxinzelelo lokoyikisa uSaddam Hussein. Ukwala ukwamkela abahloli be-UN kunokusebenza njengesizathu, kodwa umsebenzi onzima wozakuzo uya kufuneka kuqala ukuze ufumane inkxaso kwiBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN kunye nezinye izizwe. Ukuvuselela inkqubo yoxolo phakathi kwe-Israel kunye ne-Palestina kunokunceda ukuthengisa ihlabathi ekuhlaseleni i-Iraq. Iphulo elikhulu leendaba liya kufuneka ukulungiselela uluvo loluntu. Ukucwangcisa okuninzi ukufika nje kwinto abacwangcisi abanokuthi bayenze icebo lokugqibela.
Ewe, i-Iraq yayingenalo unxibelelwano ne-al Qaeda, kodwa "imfazwe yoloyiko" ngokubanzi kwaye eyingozi yayiqhutywa yipropaganda eyathatha indawo ye-al Qaeda ye-Cold War's Soviet Union, inyusa iingxelo zesoyikiso se-al Qaeda kunye nokulandela imigaqo-nkqubo eyanceda ngokwenene. ukwakha al Qaeda. NgoSeptemba 2010, i-London-based International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) yavelisa ingxelo eyonganyelwe ngusekela mlawuli we-arhente yezobuntlola yangaphandle yaseBritani, i-MI-6. Ingxelo yafumanisa ukuba isoyikiso esivela kwi-al Qaeda kunye neTaliban "yaye yagqithiswa" ngamagunya asentshona. Ukuhlala kwe-Afghanistan "kwaye kwabhaloni" kuwo wonke umlinganiselo ukusuka kwinjongo yayo yangaphambili yokuphazamisa kunye nokoyisa i-al-Qaeda kwaye eneneni yenza "intlekele ethatha ixesha elide." Ingxelo ivumile ukuba lo msebenzi uphembelela ubundlobongela.
Ukuhlala ivuselela, iUnited States malunga nexesha elifanayo ifumene enye indlela yokwenza ubundlobongela obuya kwenzeka esikhathini esizayo. Kwizona zixhobo ezinkulu ze-US ezithengiswayo ngaphambili, ulawulo luka-Obama lulungiselela ukuthengisa i-Saudi Arabia i-60 yezigidigidi zeenqwelo zezixhobo. Kubonakala ukuba i-Saudi Arabia yayiyayifuna loo nto ikhusele ingozi ye-Iran, enegunya elincinci lomoya elibandakanya kakhulu iiplanethi zakudala ezinikezelwa ngabanye ngaphandle - ucinga ukuba - iUnited States.
IZA KUFUTSHANE KUXHOSHA ELIFUTSHANE KWAWE
Ezona ndaba ziphazamisayo malunga nophando lwezixhobo ezitsha kunye nemveliso zidla ngokuphuma kwiqela lamatsha-ntliziyo elibi elibizwa ngokuba yiGlobal Network Against Weapons and Nuclear Power in Space. Kwi-imeyile yamva nje, ezi yayiziinkxalabo zabo eziphambili:
"I-US ijikeleze iRashiya kunye neChina kunye neenkqubo" zokukhusela i-missile "ezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yePentagon 'yokuqala ukubetha.' I-US ihambisa ababhubhisi beNavy Aegis, kunye ne-SM-3 interceptors ebhodini eJapan, eMzantsi Korea, kunye IOstreliya esekwe emhlabeni PAC-3 (Patriot) interceptors zifakwa eJapan, eMzantsi Korea, naseTaiwan.
"U-Obama uphinde wathumela imijukujelwa ye-PAC-3 ePoland, iikhilomitha ezingama-35 ukusuka kumda waseRussia waseKaliningrad, kunye nemijukujelwa ye-SM-3 kwiindawo ezintsha zase-US eBulgaria naseRomania.
"Zonke ezi zixhobo zemijukujelwa ziya kulawulwa yi-teknoloji yendawo yase-US ukusuka kwiziseko ezijikeleze ihlabathi. I-US 'i-missile ye-missile ye-missile' yenza ukuba kwenzeke ukuba umdyarho omtsha wezixhobo kunye neRashiya kunye ne-China uya kuhamba kwindawo."
Njani ukuba iindaba ezimbi? Ndiya kuqaphela kwakhona ukuba kwi-2008, i-United States yadubula i-satellite ye-spy satellite, ithethelela olu vavanyo oluyimpumelelo lweteknoloji entsha kunye nebango elibubuxoki elicacileyo lokuxhalabisa malunga neengozi zempilo ezinokwenzeka. Ibango lelokuba ukuba isathelayithi, eye yahamba endleleni, yawela emhlabeni itanki yayo yamafutha inokusinda kwaye iveze ingozi eyityhefu. Amathuba okuba itanki yamafutha ikwazi ukuphinda ingene ebemancinci, kwaye umntu bekuya kufuneka aphefumle umsi kufutshane kangangexesha elithile. Oko kubonakala kusemngciphekweni omncinci kwiziko elingenazithintelo malunga nokugquma iidolophu ngephosphorous emhlophe, i-napalm, kunye ne-uranium ephelelweyo ukujongana nomjukujelwa we-60 yezigidi zeedola.
Phezulu kweemfazwe zokugqibela e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, abaxhasi boxolo ngoku kufuneka bathathe inxaxheba kwibala lomhlaba jikelele kunye ne-galactic. Kwaye konke oko kungaba yinxalenye elula. Ukongezelela, iUnited States ibonakala iphuhlisa kwaye isebenzise isicwangciso seemfazwe ezingadliyo, iimfazwe eziyimfihlo ezilwa nemikhosi ekhethekileyo, ekujoliswe kubulali kunye nokuguqulwa kolawulo, kunye nemisebenzi eqhutywe ngumkhosi ophinda ubanjwe.
NgoJuni 4, 2010, iWashington Post yabika ukuba ulawulo luka-Obama "lwandise kakhulu imfazwe yase-US eyimfihlo ngokuchasene ne-al-Qaeda kunye namanye amaqela abukhali .... Imikhosi yeMisebenzi eYodwa ikhule zombini ngenani kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali, kwaye isasazwe kumazwe angama-75. , xa kuthelekiswa nezimalunga nama-60 ekuqaleni konyaka ophelileyo, ukongezelela kwiiyunithi eziye zachitha iminyaka kwiiPhilippines naseKholombiya, amaqela asebenza eYemen nakwezinye iindawo ezikuMbindi Mpuma, eAfrika nakuMbindi Asia.โ Inqaku laqhubeka:
"Abaphathi baphuhlisa izicwangciso zokwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwemikhosi enjalo eSomalia, apho uhlaselo oluKhethekileyo kunyaka ophelileyo lwabulala intloko ye-al-Qaeda eMpuma Afrika. Kukho izicwangciso zogwayimbo lokuqala okanye lokuziphindezela kwiindawo ezininzi kwihlabathi jikelele. zisetyenziswe xa kuchongiwe iyelenqe, okanye emva kohlaselo oludityaniswe neqela elithile."
Inxalenye engcono yeli qhinga, ngokweSithuba, kwakungokuthi u-Obama angakuphepha ukugxekwa ngokungavumi oko akwenzayo, nokuba ngaba kwabikwa kumajelo eendaba:
"Enye inzuzo yokusebenzisa amandla 'ayimfihlo' kwimishini enjalo kukuba abafane baxoxe ngemisebenzi yabo esidlangalaleni. Kumongameli weDemokhrasi onjengo-Obama, ogxekwa kuwo omabini amacala ezopolitiko ngenxa yobundlobongela obukhulu okanye obuncinci, abangaziwayo. Uhlaselo lwe-CIA ePakistan, kunye nohlaselo olungenacala lwase-US eSomalia kunye nokusebenza ngokubambisana eYemen, kubonelela ngezixhobo eziluncedo kwezopolitiko. "
IPosi inike ingxelo yokuba abalawuli beMisebenzi eKhethekileyo babenofikelelo olukhulu ku-Obama kunokuba babefanele baye eBush kwaye babefumana u-Obama ezimisele ukwenza ngokukhawuleza nangobundlongondlongo. Oko, kunye nobungakanani obandisiweyo kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali, kunokwanelisa abanye abantu. Hayi aba bafana:
"Nangona bevuyiswa ngamanani abo awandisiweyo kunye nenkxaso-mali, abalawuli beMisebenzi eKhethekileyo bangathanda ukunikela ngaphezulu kwamandla abo kwimishini yehlabathi ngaphandle kwemimandla yemfazwe. Malunga ne-13,000 yemikhosi ye-Special Operations force ethunyelwe phesheya, malunga ne-9,000 yahlulwe ngokulinganayo phakathi kwe-Iraq ne-Afghanistan."
I-Post yaqaphela ukuba u-Obama akazange athembele kumabango kaBush kumandla emfazwe yomongameli. U-Obama uthembele endaweni yogunyaziso lweNkomfa epasiswe kwi-2001 ivumela umongameli ukuba asebenzise "zonke izinto eziyimfuneko kunye nezifanelekileyo ngokuchasene nezo zizwe, imibutho, okanye abantu" umisela "okucwangcisiweyo, okugunyazisiweyo, okuzinikele, okanye ukuncedisa" ukuhlaselwa kwe-11 Septemba. Kodwa, eli nqaku laphinda lathi, uninzi lwabantu ngoku lujoliswe phantsi koko kugunyaziswayo "alunanto yakwenza nohlaselo luka-2001."
Abantu baququzelela njani ukuyeka ukulolwa kwemfazwe yolu hlobo, ukwenza imfazwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngokusekelwe kubuxoki obuqhelekileyo malunga nomgaqo-nkqubo ofanelekileyo, kodwa kungekelwe kusetyenziswe nawaphi na amabango athile okumele acinge intshukumo ngayinye?
Ewe, okokuqala, iimfazwe ezinkulu nezibonakalayo azikapheli. Kukho amakhulu amawaka emikhosi, ama-mercenaries, kunye neekontraka e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan. Ukuphelisa iimfazwe ezinkulu ezishushu kunye nemisebenzi iya kuba yingxaki entle ukuba nayo, kodwa yinto esingenakuyithemba ukuba nayo kungekudala. Songeze enye entsha eLibya.
Kuya kufuneka siqhubeke siyisebenzela. Amathuba kukuba imisebenzi iya kuncitshiswa, kodwa ayipheli. Ukungaphumeleli ukuhlangabezana nemihla ebekiweyo kunye nokuthobela izivumelwano kuya kunika amathuba okuhlanganisa ukulwa nemfazwe okanye ukuzama ukufakelwa komgogodla kwiCongress. Sinokusebenzisa loo mandla ukukhulisa intshukumo ejolise ekuvaleni zonke iintlobo zemfazwe.
Ukuba sifikelela kwinqanaba apho zonke iimfazwe zethu zincinci kwaye ziyimfihlo, sinokufuna ukubeka amandla athile ekubhenceni inkohlakalo. Izenzo zenkohlakalo ezifihlakeleyo, xa zibhentsisiwe, zinokwenza amahlazo amakhulu kunokothuso loluntu kunye neempiko, ngakumbi ukuba ziyinxalenye yeemfazwe ekungekho mntu waziyo ukuba ziyenzeka. NgoSeptemba 9, 2010, i<em>Guardian yayinomxholo othi: โAmajoni AseMerika โAbulala Abemi Base-Afghan Beze Ezemidlalo Aza Aqokelela Iminwe Njengeembasa.โโ Ingcamango yeqhinga lokukhuthaza ukuqondwa kwamabali anjalo asikokuba amajoni aza kuba needemon nokuba intiyo iya kuqhuba ubutshantliziyo. Kunoko, ithemba lelokuba abantu baya kuba neentloni baze bothuswe zizinto ezinjalo ezenziwa ngamagama abo nangemali yabo, yaye baya kuhlanganisana ukuze bakuphelise oko. Baza kuyimisa ngokubamba abacwangcisi bemfazwe abaphezulu baphendule, kunye nokubuyisela imali kumatshini womkhosi.
Iphulo lokubuyisela imali ngemishini yemfazwe linokuba ngumkhankaso wokuxhaswa ngemisebenzi, izikolo, izindlu, izithuthi, amandla ahlaza kunye nayo yonke into ekufuneka ixhaswe ngemali. Iphulo elinjalo lamacandelo lingazisa abalandeli bezoxolo kunye kunye nabasebenzi bokubangela izizathu zasekhaya. Xa oko kwenzeka ngenkulu ngokwaneleyo, isiko lethu siya kutshintsha, ukuxoka kwemfazwe kuya kubonakala kungenakulungeleka, kwaye imfazwe iya kuba yinto edlulileyo.
UDavid Swanson ungumbhali wencwadi ethi "Imfazwe Bubuxoki" ekucatshulwe kuyo oku. http://warisalie.org
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Nikela