Njengoko sisiya ku-2019, sishiya isiphithiphithi salo nyaka ngasemva, umbuzo omkhulu uhlala ungaphendulwanga xa kufikwa kwisitrato esikhulu, hayi apha kuphela kodwa kwihlabathi liphela. Ukuba ngokwenene uqoqosho lwehlabathi luyakhula, njengoko abaninzi bezobupolitika besitsho, kutheni iinkokeli namaqela azo ehlabathini lonke ziqhubeka nokuphuma ezikhundleni ngendlela egquba ngolo hlobo?
Impendulo enye ecacileyo: "ukuBuyiswa kwezoqoqosho" kwangemva kwe-Great Recession, ubukhulu becala kwakugcinelwe abambalwa ababenokuthatha inxaxheba ekunyukeni kweemarike zemali zaloo minyaka, hayi uninzi oluye lwaqhubeka nokusebenza iiyure ezinde, ngamanye amaxesha kwimisebenzi emininzi, ukuze luhlale lusebenza. Ngamanye amazwi, amaxesha amnandi ashiye ngaphandle abantu abaninzi, njengabo basokolayo ukugcina nkqu a amakhulu ambalwa eedola kwiiakhawunti zabo zebhanki ukuhlawula imeko kaxakeka okanye 80% yabasebenzi baseMelika abaphila ngetshekhi yokurhola.
Kuqoqosho lwanamhlanje lwehlabathi, ukhuseleko lwezemali luyanda njengepropathi ye-1%. Akumangalisi ke ngoko, ukuba, njengoko imeko yokungazinzi kwezoqoqosho iqhubela phambili ukukhula kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, ingqumbo yajika yaba ngumsindo, inguqu ethi - ukusuka e-US ukuya kwiiPhilippines, eHungary ukuya eBrazil, ePoland ukuya eMexico - iye yaxhokonxa inkitha yabantu abaninzi. Izidubedube zabavoti. Kule nkqubo, indlela ye-1930s-style yokunyuka kobuzwe kunye nokugxeka "omnye" - nokuba loo mntu wayengumphambukeli, iqela lenkolo, ilizwe, okanye ihlabathi liphela.
Lo mcimbi wanikezela uluhlu lwamanani e-Trumpian, kubandakanywa ngokuqinisekileyo uDonald ngokwakhe, ukuvula ukukhwela i-wave "populism" kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zenkqubo yezopolitiko. Ukuba imvelaphi kunye neerekhodi zazo zonke - nokuba uthetha ngoDonald Trump, uViktor Orbรกn, uRodrigo Duterte, okanye uJair Bolsonaro (phakathi kwabanye) - ubonise iinkxalabo zemihla ngemihla "zabantu abaqhelekileyo," njengoko inkcazelo yakudala yepopulism inokuba nayo, ayinamsebenzi kwaphela. Kwanomntu oyibhiliyoni, kwavela ukuba, asebenzise ukungakhuseleki kwezoqoqosho ngokufanelekileyo kwaye akusebenzisele ukuphakama kwigunya lokugqibela.
Okumangalisayo kukuba, njengokuba laa nkosi yaseMelika yabonisa uloyiko lwabafundi abafunda kuyo yonke indawo, ukuthatha eyona ofisi iphezulu emhlabeni yayikukuqala inkqubo yokudala uloyiko ngakumbi kunye nokungakhuseleki. Iimfazwe zorhwebo zikaTrump, umzekelo, ziye zafaka ihlabathi ngokunyuka ixhala kunye nokungathembi i-US, njengoko baye baphazamisa isakhono sasekhaya ishishini iinkokeli kunye nesiqhelo abantu ukucwangcisela ikamva. Ngeli xesha, phantsi nje komphezulu wamaxesha adumileyo, i umonakalo ukuya kwelo kamva kuphela kwaqina. Ngamanye amazwi, isiseko sele sibekiwe sento enokuba yinguqu eyoyikisayo, ekhaya nakwihlabathi jikelele.
Loo Crisis Old Financial
Ukuze siqonde ukuba sifike njani apha, makhe sibuye umva. Kuphela kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo, ihlabathi lafumana ingxaki yokwenyani yemali yehlabathi, ukuwohloka komyalelo wokuqala. Ukukhula koqoqosho kwaphela; uqoqosho olucuthekayo lusengozini yokuwa; imisebenzi emininzi yanqunyulwa; amakhaya athintelwa kwaye ubomi bokonakala. Kubantu abaqhelekileyo, ukufikelela kwikhredithi ngokukhawuleza kwanyamalala. Akumangalisi ukuba uloyiko lwenyuka. Ayimangalisi ke into yokuba ingomso eliqaqambileyo lingabikho.
Iinkcukacha zokuba kutheni uKudodobala okukhulu kwezoqoqosho kwenzekile ziye zagutyungelwa lixesha kunye nokujikeleza kweqela. NgoSeptemba, xa isikhumbuzo seminyaka eli-10 sokuwa kwefem yeenkonzo zemali yehlabathi iLehman Brothers yafika, amajelo eendaba aphambili eendaba aqwalasela ukuba umhlaba unokuba semngciphekweni wenye ingxaki enjalo. Nangona kunjalo, ukugubungela uloyiko olunjalo, njengezinye izihloko ezininzi, kwaphoswa ecaleni ngokukhawuleza kusenzelwa ukunikela ingqalelo ngakumbi kwiitweets zikaDonald Trump zamva nje, izikhalazo, izithuko kunye nobuxoki. Ngoba? Ngenxa yokuba ingxaki enjalo yayinjalo ngo-2008 ngonyaka apho, yayinjalo ibango, besonwabele udidi lokuqala lwezoqoqosho oluphezulu kwaye sijonge phambili inde inkunzi-market kwimbali Wall Street. Xa kufikwa โkwi-boom ngokuchasene nobumnyama,โ i-boom yaphumelela izandla.
Akukho nto yatshintsha into enye, nangona kunjalo: abantu abaninzi basaziva ushiyeke emva zombini e-US kunye jikelele. Enkosi kuqokelelo olukhulu lobutyebi nge-1% yezakhono zokudlala inkqubo, iingcambu zengxaki engazange iphele ngesiphelo sokudodobala koqoqosho ziye zasasazeka. kwiplanethi yonke, ngelixa umgca wokwahlula phakathi kwe-"have-nots" kunye ne "have-a-lots" ubukhali kwaye wandiswa.
Nangona amajelo eendaba engakhange anike ngqalelo ingako kukungalingani okubangeleyo, izibalo (xa uzibona) kulo msantsa wobutyebi osoloko ukhula uyandothusa. Ngokutsho kwe-Inequality.org, umzekelo, abo ubuncinane be-30 yezigidi zeedola emhlabeni jikelele babenesantya sokukhula ngokukhawuleza kwanoma yiliphi iqela phakathi kwe-2016 kunye ne-2017. Okanye ukuba ufuna ngokwenene ukuqonda okwenzekayo, cinga ukuba, phakathi kwe-25.5 kunye ne-174,800, inani lezigidigidi ezinobutyebi obudityanisiweyo bukhulu kunobo babona bahlwempuzekileyo be-2009% bawa. 380 ukuya nje Sibhozo. Kwaye ngendlela, ngaphandle kwamabango kamongameli ukuba onke amanye amazwe ahlambalaza iMelika, i-US ikhokela ipakethe xa kuziwa ekukhuleni kokungalingani. Njengokungalingani.org amanqaku, โinesabelo esikhulu ngakumbi sobutyebi belizwe kunye nengeniso eya kwabona bazizityebi sisi-1 ekhulwini kunalo naliphi na elinye ilizwe.โ
Oko, ngokuyinxenye, kungenxa yeziko abaninzi e-US abadla ngokunikela ingqalelo encinci kwi-US central bank, iFederal Reserve. Iye yanceda ekuvuseni loo mahluko wobutyebi basekhaya nakwihlabathi jikelele ngokwamkela umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali wasemva kwentlekele apho imali eyenziwe nge-elektroniki (ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-quantitative easing, okanye i-QE) yanikezelwa kwiibhanki namaqumrhu ngexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu kunabemi baseMelika abaqhelekileyo.
Ukuphonswa kwiimarike zezemali, loo mali yathumela amaxabiso esitokhwe enyuka, nto leyo eyenze ibhaluni ngokwendalo ubutyebi bepesenti encinci yabemi ababenezitokhwe. Ngokutsho kweFed ngokwayo Uvavanyo lweemali zabaThengi, โAkuyondlwanโ iyanetha ukugqiba kwelokuba i-QE yawenza mandundu umahluko womvuzo osele unzima eMelika.โ
IWall Street, iiBhanki eziPhakathi, kunye nabantu bemihla ngemihla
Okwenzekileyo ukusukela oko kwenzeka kwihlabathi jikelele kubonakala kuphuma ngeminyaka yee-1930s. Ngelo xesha, njengoko ihlabathi lalivela kuKudodobala Okukhulu, imvakalelo yokhuseleko olubanzi lwezoqoqosho yayicotha ukubuya. Endaweni yoko, i-fascism kunye nezinye iindlela zobuzwe ziye zafumana umphunga njengoko abantu bejikela kwi-cast cast eqhelekileyo yezopolitiko, kwamanye amazwe, kunye nomnye. (Ukuba oko kuvakala kuvakala ngathi yiTrumpian kuwe, kufanelekile.)
Kwixesha lethu le-post-2008, abantu babonile zigidi yeedola eziphuma kwiibhanki nezinye izibonelelo zemali, kungekuphela nje ezivela koorhulumente kodwa koovimba abakhulu behlabathi. Ngokwethiyori, iibhanki zabucala, ngenxa yoko, ziya kuba nemali eninzi kwaye zihlawule inzala encinci ukuyifumana. Babeza kuboleka loo mali kwisitalato esikhulu. Amashishini, amakhulu namancinane, ayeza kusebenzisa loo mali aze, emva koko, avelise ukukhula koqoqosho lokwenene ngokwandisa, ukuqesha nokunyuswa kwemivuzo. Abantu baya kuba needola ezininzi ezipokothweni kwaye, bazive bekhuselekile ngokwezimali, baya kuchitha loo mali beqhuba uqoqosho kwiindawo eziphakamileyo - kwaye konke, ewe, kuya kuba kuhle.
Loo ntsomi yasasazwa kulo lonke ihlabathi. Ngapha koko, imali encinci iye yatyhalela amatyala kumanqanaba amabi, ngelixa amaxabiso ezabelo eebhanki enyuka, njengoko ayenzile nalawo azo zonke iintlobo zezinye iifemu, ukuya kutsho phezulu.
Nase-US, nangona kunjalo, apho ukuchacha okumangalisayo bekufanele ukuba kukho iminyaka, ukukhula koqoqosho okwenene akuzange kwenzeke kumanqanaba awayethenjisiwe. Nge Iipesenti ezingama-2 ngonyaka, umndilili wokukhula kwesambuku semveliso yasekhaya yaseMelika kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, umzekelo, ibe sisiqingatha somndilili we-4% phambi kobunzima buka-2008. Amanani afanayo aye aphinda-phindwa kwihlabathi eliphuhlileyo kunye nezona marike zikhulayo. Ngeli xesha, ityala lilonke kwihlabathi liphela $ 247 zezigidi kwikota yokuqala 2018. Njengoko i Iziko lezeMali zaMazwe ngaMazwe bafumana, amazwe, ngokomlinganiselo, aboleka malunga neerandi ezintathu ngedola nganye yezinto okanye iinkonzo ezenziweyo.
Iziphumo zehlabathi
Oko i-Fed (kunye neebhanki eziphambili ukusuka eYurophu ukuya eJapan) yavutha, eneneni, yayikunyuka okungaqhelekanga kwi-stock and bond markets ngemali abayenzileyo. Loo mali yafuna imbuyekezo ephezulu nekhawulezayo kunokuba inokuzuzwa kwiziseko ezingundoqo ezibalulekileyo okanye iiprojekthi zokomelezwa kwezentlalo ezifana nokwakhiwa kweendlela, oololiwe abahamba ngesantya esiphezulu, izibhedlele, okanye izikolo.
Into eyalandelayo yayingenabulungisa. NjengoSihlalo weFederal Reserve uJanet Yellen phawula kwiminyaka emine eyadlulayo, โAyiyomfihlo into yokuba amashumi ambalwa eminyaka adlulileyo okwandisa ukungalingani angashwankathelwa njengomvuzo obalulekileyo kunye neenzuzo zobutyebi kwabo bakumgangatho ophezulu kakhulu kunye nemigangatho yokuphila emileyo kwisininzi. Kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, ukuqhubeka nokugalela imali kumanqanaba aphezulu enkqubo yebhanki yabucala yayingeyonto ngaphandle kwefomula yokuhamba ngasemva.
Endaweni yoko, njengoko abemi abaninzi bawa ngasemva, imvakalelo yokungavunyelwa kunye nobukrakra ngoorhulumente abakhoyo bakhula kuphela. E-US, oko kuthetha ukuba uDonald Trump. E-United Kingdom, ukungoneliseki okufanayo kubonakaliswe kwivoti ye-Brexit kaJuni ka-2016 yokushiya i-European Union (EU), abathi abo baziva becinezelekile ngokwezoqoqosho bade basweleke kwacaca ukuba qhwaba ngempama zombini ukusekwa ngaphakathi kunye neenkokheli ze-EU phesheya.
Ukusukela ngoko, oorhulumente abaninzi kwiManyano yaseYurophu, nabo, baguqukele kwilungelo loluntu. EJamani, unyulo lwakutsha nje luye lwatshintsha omabini kunene kwaye khohlo kwiminyaka emithandathu nje emva, ngoJulayi 2012, European Central Bank (ECB) intloko Mario Draghi libonakalisa ithemba phezu kokukwazi kweebhanki ezinjalo ukukhusela inkqubo yezemali, i-Euro, kwaye ngokubanzi ubambe izinto kunye.
NjengeFed e-US, i-ECB yaqhubeka nokwenza imali, yongeza enye $ 3 zezigidi kwiincwadi zayo eziya kuthunyelwa ukuthenga iibhondi kumazwe athandwayo nakwiinkampani. Olo vuselelo lokwenziwa, nalo, lwandise ukungalingani ngaphakathi naphakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu. Ngeli xesha, uthethathethwano lweBrexit luhlala luqhekeka ngendlela eyonakalisayo, esongelayo ukukrazula iGreat Britain.
Kwaye ibali elinjalo lalingelokuthinjwa kuMntla weAtlantiki. EBrazil, apho umongameli wephiko lasekhohlo uDilma Rouseff wagxothwayo kulawulo ngo-2016, owangena ezihlangwini zakhe uMichel Temer wongamela ukudodobala kokukhula koqoqosho kunye nokukhula kwentswela-ngqesho. Loo nto, ikhokelele kunyulo lwelo lizwe uDonald Trump, umgqatswa welizwe lasekunene uJair Bolsonaro ophumelele ugqatso. 55.2% yevoti ngokuchasene nokunganeliseki okudumileyo. Kwisitayile sokwenyani seTrumpian, ulahliwe ngokuchasene nombono wokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nezivumelwano zorhwebo zamazwe amaninzi.
EMexico, abavoti abangonelisekanga ngokufanayo bayala ezopolitiko ezaziwa, kodwa ngokujingisela ekhohlo ixesha lokuqala kwiminyaka engama-70. Umongameli omtsha u-Andrรฉs Manuel Lรณpez Obrador, owaziwa ngokuba ngu-AMLO, uthembise ngokubeka kuqala iimfuno zabantu baseMexico abaqhelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, une-US - kunye ne-whims kaDonald Trump kunye "nodonga olukhulu" lwakhe - ukuba alwe nalo, olunokuthi luthintele loo migudu.
Njengoko i-AMLO yaqalisa ukusebenza Disemba 1st, ingqungquthela yeG20 yeenkokeli zehlabathi yayisenzeka eArgentina. Apho, phakathi kokumenyezela ngasemva kwamandla kunye nempembelelo, imfazwe yorhwebo phakathi kwe-US kunye nehlabathi elinamandla amakhulu ehlabathi, i-China, yafika ngokucacileyo kwingqwalasela. Ngelixa umongameli wayo, uXi Jinping, emanyene ngokupheleleyo namandla phakathi kobuzwe baseTshayina, anokuba lilizwe lakhe. okona kusebenza ixesha elide inkokeli, ujongene nelizwe lamazwe ngamazwe eliya kumangaliswa kwaye liphazamise uMao Zedong.
Nangona uTrump ebhengeze intlanganiso yakhe noXi ibe yimpumelelo kuba la macala mabini avumelene nge Iintsuku ezingama-90 zokurhoxiswa kwamaxabiso, ingcebiso yakhe Kuqeshwa we-anti-Chinese hardliner, uRobert Lighthizer, ukuba aqhube iingxoxo, i-tweet apho wabhekisela kuye ngendlela ebalaseleyo njenge "Indoda yeRhafuโ, kunye neendaba zokuba i-US icele ukuba iCanada ibambe kwaye ikhuphe umphathi wenkampani ephambili yetekhnoloji yaseTshayina, yabangela ukuba iDow ithathe ithontsi yesine ngobukhulu kwimbali kwaye emva koko ziguquguquka ngokukhawuleza njengoko uloyiko lwezoqoqosho ngekamva "Into Enkulu" yanyuka. Ukungaqiniseki ngakumbi kunye nokungathembani yayiyimveliso yokwenyani yaloo ntlanganiso.
Ngapha koko, ngoku sikwilizwe elineenkokeli eziphambili, ngakumbi umongameli wase-United States, ahlala engazikhathazi ngabom kwiingxaki zalo zexesha elide, ebeka imigaqo-nkqubo enjengokurhoxiswa kolawulo, izisombululo zobuzwe zobuxoki, kunye nengeniso kwabo sele bezizityebi ngokugqithisileyo phambi kwelizwe. ubomi bexesha elizayo benkitha yabemi. Khawuqwalasele le uqhanqalazo lwevesti emthubi ziye zaqhambuka eFransi, apho abaqhankqalazi abachonga amaqela ezopolitiko asekhohlo nasekunene bafuna ukuba arhoxe esikhundleni uMongameli wase-France olwela inkululeko u-Emmanuel Macron. Uninzi lwabo, olusuka kwiidolophu zephondo ezithwaxwa yindlala yezemali, lunomsindo ngenxa yokuba amandla abo okuthenga ehlile kangangokuba ade angakwazi. zifezekise.
Ekugqibeleni, into edlula ijografi kunye ne-geopolitics linqanaba elisisiseko lokunganeliseki kwezoqoqosho okubangelwe luqoqosho lwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye kunye nesiphumo sokungalingani kwehlabathi jikelele kweGrand Canyon. ukwanda. Nokuba uqhanqalazo luya ngasekhohlo okanye ngasekunene, yintoni eqhubeka ilala entliziyweni yalo mbandela yindlela engaphumelelanga imigaqo-nkqubo kunye neendlela zokumisa umsantsa ezibekwe emhlabeni jikelele azisasebenzi, hayi xa kufikwa kwi-non-1% kunjalo. . Abantu abavela Washington ukuba Paris, London ukuba Beijing, beyiqonda ngakumbi into yokuba iimeko zabo zoqoqosho aziphucuki yaye akunakufane kwenzeke ukuba bafikelele kulo naliphi na ikamva abanalo ngoku, xa ucinga ngabo balawulayo ngoku.
Iresiphi Eyingozi
Ingxaki yezemali ka-2008 iqale yamisela umgaqo-nkqubo wokuhlangula iibhanki ngemali ephantsi engazange ingene kuqoqosho lwesitalato iMain kodwa kwiimarike ezityebisa abambalwa. Ngenxa yoko, inani elikhulu labantu liye lavakalelwa kukuba bashiywe ngasemva kwaye bajikela iinkokeli zabo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha omnye nomnye.
Le meko ke yaxhatshazwa ngoosopolitiki abazinyulileyo abantu, kubandakanywa umntu oyibhiliyoni kamabonakude owasebenzisa uloyiko oluxhaphakileyo lwekamva elisemngciphekweni. Izithembiso zabo zokuchuma kwezoqoqosho zazisongelwa kwii-populist platitudes, ngokuqhelekileyo (kodwa hayi rhoqo) zohlobo lwamaphiko asekunene. Ukulahleka kolu tshintsho lusuka kumaqela ezopolitiko awayelawula ngaphambili kunye neenkqubo ezihamba nawo yayiyindlela yokwenyani ye-populism, eya kubeka ngokwenyani iimfuno zoninzi lwabantu ngaphezu kweqela eliphakamileyo, ukwakha izinto zokwenyani kubandakanya iziseko zophuhliso, ukukhuthaza ukuhanjiswa kobutyebi bendalo. , kwaye uzinzise uqoqosho ngaphezu kweemarike zemali.
Okwangoku, into esinayo, ngokuqinisekileyo, iresiphi yelizwe eliya lingazinzi kwaye likhohlakele.
UNomi Prins ngu TomDispatch njalo. Incwadi yakhe yamva nje Intsebenziswano: Indlela iiBhanki eziMbindi ziLawule ngayo iHlabathi (Iincwadi zeSizwe). Kwezinye iincwadi zakhe ezintandathu, eyona yamva nje yile Bonke ooMongameli beeBhanki: Iimanyano ezifihlakeleyo eziqhuba amandla aseMelika. Ungumphathi wangaphambili waseWall Street. Umbulelo okhethekileyo uya kumphandi uCraig Wilson ngomsebenzi wakhe obalaseleyo kwesi siqwenga.
Eli nqaku lavela okokuqala kwi-TomDispatch.com, iblogi yeSizwe yeZiko, ebonelela ngokuhamba ngokuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, iindaba, kunye noluvo oluvela kuTom Engelhardt, umhleli wexesha elide ekupapasheni, umseki weProjekthi yoBukhosi baseMelika, umbhali we Ukuphela kweNkcubeko yokuNqoba, njengenoveli, Iintsuku Zokugqibela Zopapasho. Incwadi yakhe yamva nje ngu Isizwe Esingadalwanga Yimfazwe (Iincwadi zeHaymarket).
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