Xa uMfundisi uMartin Luther King Omnci wabhengeza inkcaso yakhe emandla kwimfazwe yaseVietnam, abeendaba bamhlasela ngenxa yokuphambuka ngaphandle kwegunya lakhe lamalungelo oluntu. Ngamazwi amaninzi, umdla onamandla wamxelela oku: โGcina eyakho imicimbi.โ Ngapha koko, iinkokeli zase-Afrika zaseMelika kudala zinenkxalabo malunga nobubanzi imiba yoxolo nobulungisaโyaye baye bazichasa ngokukodwa izixhobo zenyukliya. Ngelishwa, eli phulo lokusebenzela lishiywe ngaphandle kwiincwadi zezifundo zembali eziveliswe yinkampani.
NgoJuni 6, 1964, ababhali abathathu baseJapan kunye neqela le hibakusha (abasindileyo kwibhombu yeathom) bafika eHarlem njengenxalenye yeHiroshima/Nagasaki World Peace Study Mission. Umsebenzi wabo: ukuthetha ngokuchasene nokwanda kwenyukliya.
Yuri Kochiyama, itshantliziyo laseJapan laseMelika, lalungiselela ulwamkelo lwe hibakusha kwikhaya lakhe eHarlem Manhattanville Housing Projects, kunye nomhlobo wakhe Malcolm X. UMalcolm wathi, โUyonakaliswe yibhombu yeathom. Ubonile nje ukuba nathi sikhe saba namanxeba. Ibhombu eyasibethayo yayibubuhlanga.โ Wahlabela mgama exubusha iminyaka yakhe entolongweni, imfundo, kunye nembali yaseAsia. Ukujikela ku Vietnam, uMalcolm uthe, "Ukuba iMelika ithumela imikhosi eVietnam, kufuneka niqhankqalaze." Wayethetha ukuba "umzabalazo waseVietnam ngumzabalazo welizwe lesithathu lonke: umzabalazo wokulwa nekolonialism, neocolonialism, kunye ne-imperialism." UMalcolm X, njengabaninzi ababengaphambi kwakhe, wayesoloko enxibelelanisa ubukoloniyali, uxolo, kunye nomzabalazo wenkululeko yabaMnyama. Ukanti, abafundi abafane balive eli bali.
Ngophuhliso lwakutsha nje eCharleston olungqonge i iflegi yomanyano, kukho ugxininiso oluhlaziyiweyo malunga noko kufuneka kufakwe kwiincwadi zezifundo zembali yase-US kwaye ngubani omele anqume umxholo. Ukujolisa kwi Imbali yase-Afrika yaseMelika, kaninzi iincwadi zezifundo zinciphisa intshukumo yenkululeko yabaMnyama ukuya kwiMontgomery Bus Boycott kunye noMatshi eWashington. IRosa Parks kunye noGqr King bafakwa kwiibhokisi zabo ezicocekileyo kwaye abafundi abaze bafundiswe umzabalazo wenkululeko yabaNtsundu ngamazwe ngamazwe, ukubukela. ebukhoboka, uJim Crow, kunye ne Intshukumo yamaLungelo oLuntu njengeziganeko zasekhaya kuphela ezinganxulumananga nemicimbi yangaphandle. Nangona kunjalo, uMalcolm X wajoyina uluhlu olude lwabantu base-Afrika baseMelika abathi, ukusuka kwi-1945 ukuya phambili, baxhasa ngenkuthalo ukuchithwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya. WEBHU Du Bois, Bayard Rustin, Coretta Scott King, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., kunye Iqela elimnyama lePather babembalwa kubantu abaninzi base-Afrika baseMelika abadibanise amalungelo oluntu kunye noxolo, kwaye ngaloo ndlela bandisa intshukumo yenkululeko yabaMnyama kwaye bancedisa ukuyichaza ngokwamalungelo oluntu ehlabathi.
Ukuba abafundi bafunda ngeDu Bois konke konke, ngokuqhelekileyo wanceda ekufumaneni uMbutho weSizwe wokuPhuhlisa abantu abeBala (NAACP) okanye wafumana iPhD evela eHarvard. Noko ke, kwiiveki ezimbalwa emva kokudubula kweathom yaseHiroshima naseNagasaki, uDu Bois wafanisa uMongameli Truman noAdolph Hitler, embiza ngokuba โngomnye wabona babulali babalaseleyo kumhla wethu.โ Wayekhe waya eJapan yaye ehlala egxeka ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya. Kwiminyaka ye-1950, ukwesaba enye i-Hiroshima eKorea, uDu Bois wakhokelela umgudu kuluntu oluMnyama ukuphelisa izixhobo zenyukliya kunye nesicelo esithi "Ban the Bomb". Abafundi abaninzi bahamba kuyo yonke imisebenzi yabo yokufunda kwaye bangafunda nto ngomsebenzi kaDu Bois kwibala lamazwe ngamazwe.
Ukuba abafundi bakhe beva igama Bayard Rustin, ngokuqhelekileyo inxulumene nomsebenzi wakhe kunye ne Matshi eWashington. Uye wavinjwa kabuhlungu kwiincwadi zezifundo zembali yaseMelika, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yobufanasini bakhe. Nangona kunjalo, umzimba kaRustin womsebenzi kumalungelo oluntu kunye nokulwela uxolo ubuyele emva kwe-1930s. Ngo-1959, ngexesha le-Civil Rights Movement, uRustin akazange alwe nobuhlanga bamaziko e-United States kuphela, kodwa waya eGhana ukuzama ukuthintela iFransi ekuvavanyeni isixhobo sayo sokuqala senyukliya e-Afrika.
Kule mihla, ezinye iincwadi zezifundo ziyamvuma uGqr ukugxeka kweMfazwe yaseVietnam. Nangona kunjalo, izenzo zikaKumkani ngokuchasene nezixhobo zenyukliya zaqala ishumi leminyaka ngaphambili ekupheleni kwee-1950s. Ukusukela ngo-1957 de kwasekufeni kwakhe, ngeentetho, iintshumayelo, udliwano-ndlebe kunye nemingcelele, uKumkani wayesoloko ekhalazela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya nemfazwe. UKumkani ucele ukuba kupheliswe uvavanyo lwenyukliya ebuza, "Liya kuba yintoni ixabiso lokugqibela lokuseka ubulungisa kwezentlalo kwimeko apho bonke abantu, iNegro kunye noMhlophe, bakhululekile nje ukujongana nentshabalalo yiStrontium-90 okanye imfazwe yeathom?" Ukulandela iCuban Missile Crisis ngo-Okthobha ka-1962, uKumkani wacela urhulumente ukuba athathe enye yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ezichithwe kwizixhobo zenyukliya kwaye asebenzise loo mali ukonyusa imivuzo yootitshala nokwakha izikolo ezifuneka kakhulu kwiindawo ezihlelelekileyo. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, efumana ibhaso leNobel Peace Prize, uKumkani wathi ukudodobala ngokomoya nokuziphatha kuluntu lwethu kwakungenxa yeengxaki ezintathu: ukungabikho kokusesikweni ngokobuhlanga, intlupheko kunye nemfazwe. Ulumkise ngelithi kwixesha lenyukliya, uluntu kufuneka luphelise ubuhlanga okanye umngcipheko wokubhangisa.
Umfazi kaGqr King kakhulu waphefumlela ukuma kwakhe kwe-anuclear. UCoretta Scott King waqala ukusebenza njengomfundi kwiKholeji yakwa-Antiyokwe. Kuyo yonke i-1950 kunye ne-1960s, uKumkani wasebenza kunye nemibutho eyahlukeneyo yoxolo, kwaye kunye neqela labasetyhini, baqala ukunyanzela uMongameli uKennedy ukuba avimbe uvavanyo lwenyukliya. Ngo-1962, uCoretta King wasebenza njengommeli woQhagamshelwano loXolo lwabasetyhini kwinkomfa yokuthotywa kwezixhobo e-Geneva eyayiyinxalenye yomzamo wehlabathi lonke wokunyanzelisa isivumelwano sokuvalwa kovavanyo lwenyukliya phakathi kwe-United States ne-Soviet Union. Ekubuyeni kwakhe, uKumkani wathetha kwicawa ye-AME eChicago, esithi: โSisecicini lokuzitshabalalisa ngemfazwe yenyukliya . . . . I-Civil Rights Movement kunye ne-Peace Movement kufuneka isebenze kunye ekugqibeleni kuba uxolo kunye namalungelo oluntu ayingxenye yengxaki efanayo. "
Kungekudala, siza kukhumbula iminyaka engama-70 yokudubula kweathom yaseHiroshima naseNagasaki. Kungekudala emva koko kuza isikhumbuzo se Ngo-1963 ngoMatshi eWashington. Abafundi baya kubuyela esikolweni nakwiincwadi zabo zembali. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi aluyi kufunda ukuba le miba inxibelelana njani. Abayi kufunda kubo bonke abo bakwi-Civil Rights Movement abalwela uxolo ngaxeshanye. Kodwa oku kufuneka kutshintshe, kwaye kungekudala. Ukuqhekeka kwemfazwe kunye nentlupheko kunye nobuhlanga uMalcolm X athetha ngayo kuyaqhubeka. Lixesha lokuba abafundi bafunde ngembali ende yobutshantliziyo ethe yacela umngeni kwaba bathathu babulalayo.
Vincent J. Intondi ngunjingalwazi onxulumene nembali kwiKholeji yaseMontgomery kunye nomlawuli wophando kwiNyuvesi yaseMelika yeNuclear Studies Institute. Ungumbhali we Abantu base-Afrika baseMelika ngokuchasene neBhobho: Izixhobo zeNyukliya, ubuKoloniyali, kunye neNtshukumo yeNkululeko eMnyama (iYunivesithi yaseStanford Press, ngo-2015).
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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