IMovement of Mortgage Victims yenye yeentshukumo ezinamandla zaseSpain. UCarlos Delclós uthetha nomququzeleli we-PAH u-Elvi Mármol malunga nesitshixo kwimpumelelo yabo.
Ibali lentlekele yezoqoqosho, yentlalo kunye nezopolitiko yaseSpain yenye malunga nepropati, imfuno kunye nexabiso. Kwaye entliziyweni yelo bali kukho umbuzo oqhelekileyo ukuya kwinqanaba le-cliché: yintoni eyenza indlu ibe yindlu? Isenokuvakala iyinto engenamsebenzi, kodwa kwilizwe apho iintsapho zilele esitratweni, iibhloko zezakhiwo ezipheleleyo azinabemi, kwaye izindlu zihlala zingenakufikeleleka kubantu abaninzi (nangona kukho indawo yonke yeempawu ezithi “Zithengiswa” ezidolophini. landscape), ngumbuzo ohleli ungaphendulwanga kakhulu ngabaqulunqi bomgaqo-nkqubo.
Ngaphezu kweminyaka emine, i I-Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca (I-PAH okanye "i-Mortgage Victims' Platform", ngesiNgesi) baye balandela impendulo elula kunye neyombongo kulo mbuzo: abantu abahlala kunye, omnye komnye. Iphulo labo lokuncedana, umanyano kunye nokungathobeli koluntu kanye kumbindi wesakhiwo samandla eSpain, kwaye ngaphandle kothintelo oluhlala lugqugqisa kwiziko, baye bafumana inkxaso ukuya kuthi ga kwi-90% yabemi.
Ukuqonda malunga nenkxaso emangalisayo ye-PAH, ipraksis eguqula kakhulu kunye nemiceli mngeni yeziko abajongene nayo, kutshanje ndithethe no-Elvi Mármol, itshantliziyo le-PAH elisuka kwisixeko saseSabadell, emantla eBarcelona. Nangona ebesebenza iminyaka eliqela njengomgcini zincwadi zemali, namhlanje ungummeli oziqeshileyo. Oku, uthi, kumnika isixa esikhulu sexesha lokuzinikezela kwi-PAH. Uyilungu le-PAH Sabadell's Cases Committee kunye nomphathi woluntu kwiinethiwekhi zabo zentlalo, kunye nelungu le-Collective Bargaining kunye neeKomiti zamazwe ngamazwe ze-PAH Catalonia.
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Ufike njani ekuzibandakanyeni ne-PAH?
Elvi Mármol (EM): Njengabantu abaninzi, ndifike kwi-PAH phakathi kwe-2011 ngentshukumo ye-15M. Ndandingeyonxalenye yentshukumo ye-15M kwisixeko sam, kodwa ndafumana incwadana yolwazi ekhuthaza intetho ye-PAH kwiplaza ephambi kweholo yesixeko. Kuze kube ngoko, ndandive kuphela ngentshukumo ngamajelo eendaba kwaye ndandingazi ukuba ikhona eSabadell, ngoko ndatsiba ithuba ndaya kwintetho. Ndandisazi ukuba ulwazi lwam ngeemveliso zemali kunye namava am ekuboniseni imali kunye nothethathethwano lwebhanki luya kuba luncedo, ngoko ndiye ndasebenza kwangoko. Ndikwazile ukufaka isandla, kodwa into ebendingayazi kukuba iPAH ingandinceda kangakanani-kakhulu kangangokuba kuya kufuneka senze olunye udliwano-ndlebe.
Yintoni ekhuthaze ukuyilwa kwePAH?
NKSK: Ngo-2007, amaxabiso ezindlu ayekwizinga eliphezulu. Ukuba siqwalasela la maxabiso angalinganiyo kunye nokunyuka kwamazinga enzala kunye nokwehla kwengeniso (ukusukela ekubeni intswelo-ngqesho yasuka kwi-8.3% ngo-2006 yaya kutsho kwi-17% ngo-2009), sizifumana siphila ngokungathathi ntweni nanamatyala, aphila ngoloyiko lwekamva elingaqinisekanga.
Kwi-2006, i V de Vivienda intshukumo (isalathiso ku KwiVendetta oko kuguqulela "V for Housing") wazalelwa Barcelona. Kwiminyaka emibini, bavakalisa umzabalazo welungelo lokufumana izindlu ezisemgangathweni kwaye bagxeka i-bubble yezindlu, befuna ukuba kupheliswe ubundlobongela bokuqikelelwa kwezindlu. Xa iqamza lagqabhuka kwiminyaka emibini kamva, amanye amatsha-ntliziyo elo qela aqonda ukuba abantu baza kuyeka ukukwazi ukuhlawula amatyala abo, kwaye umzabalazo awusayi kuphinda ube malunga. ukufikelela kwizindlu kodwa iintsapho ezininzi ziya kusala zingenamakhaya. Baye bafumanisa ukuba umthetho we- mortgage waseSpain uyakubashiya benetyala elijinga phezu kweentloko zabo ubomi babo bonke. Ke ngoFebruwari ka-2009, i I-Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca (I-PAH) yazalwa, nto leyo eyathi yabeka ukusilela kwemigaqo-nkqubo yezindlu kwi-ajenda kwaye yayiza kungqina ifuthe elikhulu kulawulo oluye lwatyhalela uluntu ukuba lubesematyaleni.
Umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwe V de Vivienda intshukumo kunye nePAH ngamalungu ayo. Ngelixa eyokuqala ubukhulu becala yayibunjwe ngabantu abancinci abasebenza nzima abaququzelela kwaye balwela ukushiya amakhaya abazali babo, uninzi lwe-PAH lwenziwe ziintsapho ezivalelweyo.
Buyintoni ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-15M kunye ne-PAH?
NKSK: I-PAH yenziwa iminyaka emibini ngaphambi kokuba intshukumo ye-15M iqhume kwindawo yesehlakalo; kwakusele kukho amaqela eBarcelona, Sabadell, Terrassa, Murcia nakwezinye izixeko. Intshukumo ye-15M kwiiplaza, emva koko kwiindibano zasebumelwaneni, yanceda ukuqaliswa kwe-PAHs kulo lonke elaseSpain. Ngoku kukho amaqela angaphezu kwama-200 e-PAH. Kwaye intshukumo ye-15M yayiluncedo kakhulu kwiphulo lokuyeka ukuKhutshwa: sahamba ukusuka kwi-50 okanye kunjalo ekugxothweni ukuya kumakhulu.
Bunjani ubomi besixeko bemihla ngemihla eSpain ngoku?
NKSK: Okwangoku, ubomi bemihla ngemihla eSpain bunzima kwaye buba nzima. Ilungelo lezindlu ezisemgangathweni ligxojwa ngokucwangcisiweyo. Kukho ngaphezu kwezigidi ezine zezindlu ezingenanto, ukukhutshwa kusaxhaphakile, izindlu zoluntu zimalunga ne-1% yezindlu zizonke kwaye iingxelo zeendaba zithi naloo nto iya kuthengiswa. Kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo, isiXeko saseMadrid sithengise amakhaya angama-3.000 afumana inkxaso kuGoldman Sachs. Izinga lentswela-ngqesho lisekwirekhodi eliphezulu, phantse i-28%. Ingaphezulu kwama-50% kulutsha, ke ngoko abayi kukwazi ukushiya amakhaya abo kwaye kuya kufuneka bagcinwe ziintsapho zabo de babekwiminyaka yabo engamashumi amathathu. Ukucuthwa kwemfundo kwenza kube nzima ngakumbi kubantu abancinci ukuya eyunivesithi kwaye ukuncitshiswa kweenkonzo zempilo sele kushiya amawaka abantu bengabandakanywa kwinkqubo yezempilo yoluntu yaseSpain.
Kutheni umzabalazo wezindlu ezisemgangathweni, kwaye ngakumbi iphulo le-PAH lokuchasa ukugxothwa, umzabalazo obaluleke ngolo hlobo, ngokuchaseneyo nabasebenzi, iinkonzo zoluntu okanye eminye imiba yasekuhlaleni?
NKSK: Ngaphambi kokuba umntu aphulukane nekhaya lakhe, kusenokwenzeka ukuba uphulukene nomsebenzi okanye owona mthombo wengeniso. Into yokugqibela nabani na acinga ngokuphulukana nayo likhaya labo, uphahla oluphezu kwentloko yakhe, indawo apho aziva ekhuselekile kwaye efunwa nguye nawuphi na umntu, nokuba yayingumqolomba kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo okanye iintlobo ngeentlobo zezindlu ezikhoyo kubathengi bethu bangoku. ixesha. Kuphakathi kwesi sidingo sisisiseko apho umzabalazo osisiseko wezindlu ezisemgangathweni ukhona.
I-PAH iququzelela iindibano apho nabani na anokuthi eze, achaze imeko yakhe kwaye acele uncedo. Asikhe sixelele mntu ukuba ityala labo liza kufumana isisombululo kuba bebonisile. Into esibaxelela yona kukuba xa siqhubeka sisebenza kunye, amathuba okuba imeko yabo iphucuke aya kuba ngcono. Siphumelele kakhulu kuba siphumelele uloyiso oluncinci. Ngalo lonke ixesha sibhiyozela ityala apho sakwazi ukufumana ibhanki ukuba ibhengeze ityala elingeyiyo yokubuyisela imali ngokutshintshiselana nekhaya elichaphazelekayo (qaphela: oku akusiyo imeko eSpain), ihlabathi lethemba livulela abantu. abalangazelela okufanayo. Yonke impumelelo encinci ityhala abantu ukuba baqhubeke nokulwa kwaye ngenxa yokuba olu loyiso lufezekiswa ngamandla adibeneyo wonke umntu esilwa kunye, abantu baqala ukuya ngaphaya kwengxaki yabo ukuze babone uluntu.
Kule mizabalazo uyikhankanyayo, kunzima ngakumbi ukufezekisa uloyiso olubaluleke ngolo hlobo nolubambekayo ngexesha elincinane. Oku kwenza ukuba loo mizabalazo ibonakale iyinto eqhelekileyo kubantu abangathathi ntweni kangako kwezopolitiko. Kufuneka sifumane indlela yokusebenzisa ithuba i-PAH esinika lona ukwenza umzabalazo ukhule kwezinye iindawo, ngendlela yehlabathi jikelele kwaye imanyene ngakumbi.
Buyintoni ubudlelwane phakathi kwePAH kunye nezopolitiko zamaqela? Ngaba ubona i-PAH ichasene ngqo nezopolitiko zeqela?
NKSK: Enye yeentsika ze-PAH, njengoko ichazwe kwimimiselo yayo kwaye njengemfuneko yokwenza i-PAH entsha, kukuba i-PAH ayihambelani ngokucacileyo nalo naliphi na iqela lezopolitiko. Asikho kulo naliphi na iqela kwaye asisayi kuze sibe ngomnye, kwaye le yinxalenye ephambili yempumelelo yethu. Iindibano zethu zinezininzi kakhulu kwaye ziquka abantu abanobudlelwane neqela lamaqela ezopolitiko, kuquka neqela lasekunene elidumileyo, nto leyo endingasoze ndiyiqonde.
Buyintoni ubudlelwane phakathi kwePAH namapolisa?
NKSK: Ubudlelwane kunye nemikhosi yamapolisa eyahlukeneyo yaseSpain iyatshintsha ngokwesixeko ngasinye. ESabadell, isiCatalan UMossos d'Esquadra baye baba ngabalinganiswa kwinani leziqephu ezoyikisayo. Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, emva kwentshukumo yoSuku lweeKumkani eziNtathu apho sasisuka ebhankini siye kwiibhanki sishiya iingxowa zamalahle, baye bajongana neqela lamatsha-ntliziyo kwaye benzakalisa umntwana omncinci. Kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa ezidluleyo, xa sasikwisakhiwo esikhulu ukuze sifuduse ezinye iintsapho ezazigxothiwe, zazifuna ukugqobhoza abantu abangama-200 ababevale umnyango. Elinye lamagqwetha ethu laxelela icandelo ukuba abanakungena ngaphandle kwencwadi egunyazisa ukuba bangene kwaye kusuku olulandelayo bangene Mossos wamtyhola yena namatsha ntliziyo amabini ngokuchasa. Kakade ke, kamva ijaji yawakhulula kwezo zityholo.
Kungekudala, urhulumente uza kumisela uhlaziyo lwabo lwekhowudi yezohlwayo kwaye nangona sisazi ukuba le nto bayivezileyo ayisiyiyo inguqulelo ecacileyo, kucace gca ukuba utshintsho lujolise ekuthinteleni uqhanqalazo lwethu. Umzekelo, ukuthintela ukugxothwa okanye ukwenza ukukrwela (apho sikhetha abapolitiki abachasene nokuguqulwa komthetho we-mortgage waseSpain ngokuthanda abantu) banokuhlawuliswa naphi na phakathi kwe-€ 1.000 kunye ne-€30.000. Ukunceda abafuduki ngeempepha-mvume zokuhlala eziphelelwe lixesha kuya kuba lulwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuchasana nokuxhatshazwa kwegosa kunokuphathwa "njengegunya elisongelayo", elinokohlwaywa iminyaka emibini ukuya kwemine entolongweni. La manyathelo aya kuba nzima kakhulu kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo aya kohlwaya ubumbano kunye nabantu abasebenzayo.
Loluphi uhlobo lwamaqhinga kunye nobuchule iPAH ebandakanyeka kuzo kwaye ngoba?
NKSK: Mhlawumbi iphulo lethu elaziwa kakhulu lelokuStop Evictions, ekhuthazwa nguLluis waseLa Bisbal owathi, akufumana isaziso sokumgxotha, waya kwindibano waza wathi akazukulishiya ikhaya lakhe. Wacela uncedo waza walufumana. NgoNovemba ka-2010, abantu abangaphezu kwama-50 bema ngaphandle kwekhaya lakhe kwaye bamisa iqela lezomthetho kunye namapolisa aseCatalan ekwenzeni ukukhutshwa. Ukugxothwa kuye kwamiswa izihlandlo ezine ukusukela ngoko nanamhlanje, ityala livuliwe, kwaye yena nonyana wakhe uLloid bahlala ezindlini zabo. Ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, sisamise ukugxothwa kwabantu abangaphezu kwama-800.
Emva koko, siye saqalisa iphulo lokukhuthaza isiqwenga soMthetho osungulwe nguMmi ojoliswe ekutshintsheni umthetho we-archaic mortgage waseSpain. Ngaphandle kokuqokelela abantu abazizigidi ezisisi-1.4 abasayiniweyo, iQela elidumileyo liyikhabile, nto leyo eyathi yavulela ithuba iphulo lethu langoku, elaziwa ngokuba Umsebenzi wezeNtlalontle (umdlalo wamagama usebenzisa igama elisetyenziswe ziibhanki zaseSpain ukubhekisa kwiinkqubo zabo zokuJonga iNkampani, kwaye iguqulela ngokoqobo ngokuthi "umsebenzi wentlalontle"). Eli phulo linenguqu enkulu kwaye lingaphantsi kotshintsho kunangaphambili, kuba libandakanya iibhloko zezindlu ze-squatting zeefemu zemali kwaye zinikwe iintsapho ezigxothiweyo.
Ngokusekelwe kumava am, njengelungu le-PAH Sabadell ndingatsho ukuba eyethu ngoku yenye yawona maqela anamandla e-PAH. Siye sagquma izakhiwo ezintathu kwindawo yethu Umsebenzi wezeNtlalontle iphulo, sililwele ngokubanzi ilungelo lezindlu ezisemgangathweni kunamanye amaqela, njengoko sikwanceda abaqeshisi hayi nje abo banezindlu zokuhlala. Siququzelela iindibano zocweyo zabahlali abazimeleyo kwaye senze owona msebenzi ude webhanki kwimbali ye-PAH, eyathatha iintsuku ezine nobusuku obuthathu kwiofisi ye-Unnim, i-subsidiary ye-BBVA.
Ngaba uyawabona amaqhinga akho njengenxalenye yezopolitiko zexesha elide?
NKSK: Ndicinga ukuba ukufumana iibhanki ukuba zibhengeze imali yokubambisa njengamatyala angafunekiyo, ukumisa ukugxothwa kunye nokufumana irenti encitshisiweyo ngezindlu zasekuhlaleni zezinye zoloyiso oluncinci oluthe lwasenza somelele kwaye lwasahlula kwezinye iintshukumo zentlalo namhlanje. Ndingatsho ukuba amaqhinga kunye nezicwangciso zethu ubukhulu becala zezexesha elifutshane kwaye zibandakanya ukuseka iinjongo ezinokufikelelwa ngokwexesha lazo kunye namandla eziwafunayo. Ezi mpumelelo zexeshana elifutshane, zibambekayo zikhokelela abantu ekubeni basuke ekubeni bedakumbile kwaye baphelelwe ngamandla baye ekubeni baxhotyiswe kwaye benze impembelelo eluntwini, ngexesha elingephi. Bakwasinceda ukuba sigcine ukunyakaza kubonakala, sifikelele kubantu abaninzi kwaye siqhubeke sibuza imibuzo yezopolitiko kunye neebhanki malunga nokutshintsha umthetho.
Ngelo xesha, iindibano zethu ziqinisekisa ukuba sihlala sifunda kwaye siqeqesha omnye nomnye, ukuze singaze silahlekelwe yinto ebaluleke kakhulu i-PAH, engabantu abathatha inxaxheba kwintshukumo. Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, impumelelo enkulu ye-PAH ibe kukuxhobisa abantu. Aba ngamadoda nabasetyhini abathi ngaxa lithile bathengiswa ngengcamango yokuba babeyinxalenye yodidi oluphakathi, kwaye ngoku bayaqonda ukuba bayinxalenye yesininzi esikhulu, esisisigaba sabasebenzi. Ngenye imini babeliqela nje labasebenzi kwaye ngoku, ngenxa ye-PAH, bangamatsha ntliziyo abangakhuseli nje kuphela ilungelo lezindlu ezisemgangathweni kodwa basebenza nabavukeli abathe badibana nabo besuka kweminye imibutho ukuze baluke intlalo yoluntu. .
Ziziphi izitshixo zempumelelo yombutho ukuza kuthi ga ngoku?
NKSK: Impumelelo ye-PAH ilele kuzo zonke iindibano zayo zasekhaya. Abantu bafika kwezo ndibano befuna isisombululo kwimeko yabo ngabanye, kodwa bakhawuleza baqonde ukuba ngokubambisana kunye nokungathobeli uluntu, abanakufumana kuphela izisombululo kwiingxaki zabo, kodwa nokuba bayinxalenye yoluntu olukwazi ukwenza umlinganiselo omkhulu. impumelelo.
I-PAH namhlanje yeyona ntshukumo ibalulekileyo yentlalontle yaseSpain, kodwa ayigqibelelanga kwaye ayilunganga kuzo zonke izifo zelizwe. Senza izinto ezininzi ezazisenziwa kwiminyaka emininzi ngaphambili, kwiintshukumo zasebumelwaneni, iintshukumo ze-squatters njalo njalo. Iqonga lazalwa kwindawo elungileyo ngexesha elifanelekileyo, kwaye liyiqondile indlela yokufunda, ukukhula kunye nokwandisa ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ngundoqo. Mhlawumbi ngokuhamba kwexesha, siya kuba nakho ukuhlanganisa yonke imizabalazo eyahlukeneyo yoluntu eqhubekayo ngalo mzuzu kwimbali.
UCarlos Delclós nguMhlohli kwiSociology kwiYunivesithi yasePompeu Fabra kunye noMhleli kwiMagazini yeROAR. Eli nqaku lapapashwa kuqala phantsi kwelayisensi ye-Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 3.0 ngu idemokhrasi evulekileyo.
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