Amagosa ase-US ayaqhubeka nokubambelela kumanani okuphelisa kunye nemilinganiselo emidala yokuvavanya indlela entsha yaseBolivia yokulima i-coca kunye nokulawula iziyobisi.
Ingxelo yeQhinga loLawulo lweNarcotics ka-2007 (INCSR)1 igxeka ulawulo lweMorales ngokwanda kwemveliso yecoca kunye nokuthengiswa kweziyobisi eBolivia. Nangona amanani asemthethweni ase-US engekakhutshwa, kusenokwenzeka ukuba imveliso ye-coca inyukile ngokwenene. Idatha ethiwe thaca kwingxelo, nangona kunjalo, iyayiphikisa into yokuba oku kunyuka kuye kwanyusa imveliso ye-cocaine. Nangona le ngxelo ivuma inkqubela phambili yothintelo, ukuhlangabezana ne-quota yokuphelisa, ukuzimisela ukulwa urhwaphilizo kunye nokuqhubeka kwentsebenziswano yamazwe amabini, icandelo laseBolivia liqulethe uthotho lweengxabano zangaphakathi kunye nokubeka kakubi ubunyani be-coca kunye ne-cocaine kwilizwe.
I-INCSR yazisa iNkongolo yase-US malunga namazwe avelisa iziyobisi kunye nokurhweba ngawo kwaye ikhokela isigqibo sabo malunga nokuba baqinisekise isizwe njengentsebenziswano ngokupheleleyo kunye neqhinga lokulawula iziyobisi lase-US. Ukuba isizwe siqinisekisiweyo sinokurhoxiswa inkxaso-mali yezoqoqosho kwaye siphulukane nokukhethwa kwezorhwebo.2 Urhulumente wase-US uza kubhengeza nge-15 kaMatshi, ukuba iBolivia iza kuphinda iphinde iqinisekiswe kwaye ithobelane ngokubonakalayo neenjongo ze-US ze-antinarcotics ngokusekelwe kwimiqathango emithandathu ebekwe ngoSeptemba ka-2006.
I-US kufuneka imke kwimigangatho emidala nengasebenziyo yokulinganisa ulawulo lweziyobisi, olufana neenkcukacha-manani zonyaka zokulinywa kwe-coca kunye namanani okuphelisa. Ngexesha lokuphelisa ngenkani inkxaso-mali yase-US kusetyenziswa umkhosi waseBolivia, isityalo se-coca sacutheka okwexeshana- ngobuchwephesha satshintshela kwezinye iindawo, njengeLa Paz Yungas kunye neKholombiya - kodwa amafama aphantse angenazo iindlela zoqoqosho aphinda atyala i-coca ukuze aphile. Oku kwavumela i-US ukuba idumise amanani aphezulu okuphelisa iminyaka emininzi. Endaweni yoko ulawulo lweMorales luvumela inxalenye encinci ye-coca ukuziphilisa kwimimandla ekhulayo ye-coca ngaphambili eyayichongwe njengengekho mthethweni kunye nothethathethwano lokunciphisa izityalo ze-coca ngaphaya komda kwezo ndawo. Ukujonga amanqanaba okuphelisa kunye nokulima emva konyaka omnye akuyi kuhlangabezana nokulindela okumxinwa kwe-US, kodwa le ndlela inethuba elingcono kakhulu lokubonelela ngeziphumo ezingapheliyo, ngaphandle kwemijikelezo ekhulayo yongquzulwano, ukuphulwa kwamalungelo oluntu, intlupheko kunye nokungazinzi kwezopolitiko jikelele, ukuba i-US yenzelwe , inkqubo yokuphelisa ngenkani ixhaswa ngemali yaye yalathiswa emkhosini. Ngaphaya koko, ulawulo lweMorales lulandele ngesithembiso salo sokunyusa uthintelo kwaye lubonise iziphumo ezincomekayo. Amafama e-Coca ngoku asebenzisana namapolisa achasene neziyobisi ukugxeka imingxunya ye-maceration kunye nabarhwebi.
Okungaqhelekanga kukuba, ingxelo ngokwayo ayikhe ithethe ngecato, isiza esincinci se-1600 semitha yesikwere se-coca esivunyelwe kwilungu lomanyano lomlimi we-coca ukuba lisetyenziswe ngokwesintu. Icato lilitye lembombo lesicwangciso seMorales sokulawula iziyobisi esixhasa ukulinywa kwe-coca ngelixa isonyusa iinzame zokuthintela i-cocaine. Icato yecoca iluphelisile uqhanqalazo, ungquzulwano kunye nokunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu kwindawo ekhula iChapare coca kwaye ibonelele ngomthombo osemthethweni wokufumana imali yokuziphilisa kula mafama, kodwa i-INCSR ithi ezi mpumelelo zibangelwa ziinkqubo zophuhliso ezizezinye ze-USAID ngoorhulumente bakamasipala baseChapare, uninzi lwabo. khange isebenze kuninzi luka-2006. Ngokufutshane, ingxelo yaseBolivia ibonisa ukuba urhulumente wase-US khange akwazi ukululungisa uhlalutyo lwakhe kwimodeli entsha yolawulo lwamachiza ekhoyo eBolivia.
Inqaku ngePoint Critique ye-2007 INCSR yeBolivia: Ulwazi olungachanekanga kunye nokuchasana kwangaphakathi
Ukulinywa kweCoca kunye nokupheliswa
I-INSCR ithi iBolivia "yayinciphisa kakhulu imveliso ye-coca kule minyaka mihlanu idlulileyo"
รขโฌยข Le ngxelo ibubuxoki. Ngokweenkcukacha-manani ze-USG kunye nengxelo ye-INCSR ka-2005, imveliso ye-coca YANDILE eBolivia ngonyaka ngamnye ukususela ngo-2000, ngaphandle kwe-2003. (jonga itshathi emazantsi ecandelo laseBolivia.) I-Bolivia phantsi kwe-US-imvume kunye nenkxaso yenkqubo yokuphelisa ngenkani. ISebe likaRhulumente libonisa amanani ahlukeneyo oqikelelo oludlulileyo lokulima i-coca kwi-INCSR ye-2000 kunokuba ifakwe kwiingxelo zangaphambili, idala ukudideka okuqhubekayo.
รขโฌลI-Bolivia ngoku ijongene nokukhukuliseka kwezi mpumelelo.รข
รขโฌยข Akuzange kuncitshiswe kuphela isityalo se-coca phantsi kwenkqubo eyilwe yi-US yokuphelisa ngenkani, kodwa kubangele uqhushululu eluntwini, ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu, ukuhlaselwa kwemikhosi yezokhuseleko, ukungazinzi kwezopolitiko ngokubanzi, kunye nokwanda kwentlupheko eChapare. ummandla. Oku akunakufane kubizwe ngokuba yimpumelelo.
รขโฌลKubekho ukunyuka okungephi kwemveliso yecoca, kwiindawo ezininzi zelizwe kuquka ne-17% eChapare.
รขโฌยข Le ngxelo iyalahlekisa; akukho kulinywa kwe-coca kwaphela โkwiindawo ezininzi zelizwe.โ Ukulinywa kusaqhubeka kwiingingqi apho ukutyalwa bekukhona phambi kokusungulwa kwe-Morales.
รขโฌยข Iziphumo ezihlala zihleli kwinguqu kwindlela entsha, ekuxoxwa ngayo ekunciphiseni imveliso yecoca, ayinakulinganiswa ngokuchanekileyo ngamanani emveliso yonyaka, engekakhutshwa. Amanani asezantsi okulinywa kwentsalela kunye namanani aphezulu okuphelisa zizilathisi ezilahlekisayo. Ngaphambili ukuncitshiswa kwesityalo secoca nokutshatyalaliswa okuphezulu kwakhokelela ekutyalwe kwakhona ngokukhawuleza kwecoca, nokwanda kwenani lecoca elinywa eBolivia.
Uqinisekisa ukuba, รขโฌลubutshantliziyo be-cocalero kunye nomnqweno wokuphepha iingxabano ezinobundlobongela kukhokelele ekwenyukeni kwemveliso yecoca.
รขโฌยข Le ngxelo icebisa ukuba umnqweno wokuphepha ubundlobongela luphawu olubi kwaye ukwamkela ungquzulwano olunobundlobongela kungakhokelela ekuncipheni kwemveliso. Imbali yakutshanje iye yangqina ukuba le ngqiqo ineziphene ngokwemvelo. Ukususela ngowe-1998 ukuya kowama-2004 ukupheliswa kwecoca ngenkani okwenziwa yimikhosi exhobileyo yaseBolivia kukhokelele ekwandeni kongquzulwano olunogonyamelo kunye nokufa kwabalimi becoca abangama-35 kunye namalungu angama-27 omkhosi wokhuseleko.
Ukusukela ngo-2001 ukuya ku-2005, ukulinywa kwe-coca kunyuke ukusuka kwi-19,900 ukuya kwi-26,500 yeehektare, kwaye ngenxa yoko, uqikelelo lwemveliso ye-cocaine enokubakho yaseBolivia inyukile ukusuka kwi-100 yeetoni zeemetric ngo-2001 ukuya kwi-115 yeetoni zeemetric ngo-2005รขโฌ.
รขโฌยข Amagosa achasene neziyobisi e-US aphindaphinde ukuba i-coca iguqulela ngokuthe ngqo kwimveliso ye-cocaine. I-INCSR iyayiphinda le ngcamango. Nangona kunjalo, nangona ukwanda kokulima kwe-coca ekhankanywe yingxelo, inani elikhankanyiweyo malunga nokuveliswa kwe-HCL enokubakho, iitoni ze-metric ze-115, zihlala zifana ukususela ngo-2004 (jonga itshathi ekupheleni kwecandelo laseBolivia). Ngaphaya koko, ukonyuka kwemveliso ye-cocaine enokubakho kwenzeka phakathi kuka-2001-2003, ngelixa i-US yayikhuthaza kwaye ixhasa ngemali imisebenzi yokuphelisa ngenkani emkhosini iqhubekile, kwaye hayi ngenxa yenkqubo yokuphelisa intsebenziswano kaMorales.
รขโฌลNgoJuni, uMongameli uMorales wazisa isicwangciso sokugunyazisa bonke abalimi becoca baseBolivia ukuba bathengise amagqabi naphina elizweni.
รขโฌยข Le ngxelo ibaxiwe. Isicwangciso siya kuvumela imanyano yabalimi be-coca nganye emanyene nayo ukuba inanise nge-150 lbs ye-coca rhoqo emva kweenyanga ezintathu kwezinye iimveliso kwaye ivumele imibutho egunyaziswe ngokusemthethweni ukuba ithenge i-coca ukuze isetyenziswe ngokwemveli ngokuthe ngqo kwiimarike ezisemthethweni ngaphandle kwabameli. Umthetho waseBolivia uthi รขโฌลImveliso, ukusasazwa kunye nokuthengiswa kwe-coca kuxhomekeke kulawulo lukaRhulumente, ngokusebenzisa i-arhente efanelekileyo yesiGqeba, kwaye iya kuba ngumxholo wemimiselo ekhethekileyo ngaphakathi kwesakhelo esisemthethweni soMthetho okhoyo. (Inqaku le-15, uMthetho we-1008) ISigqeba siya kuseka inkqubo yeemvume kunye nokubeka iliso, zombini kubavelisi kunye nabathuthi kunye nabarhwebi. (Inqaku le-19, uMthetho 1008)
Uphuhliso olulolunye
รขโฌลIndlela entsha ehlanganisiweyo yophuhliso eChapare ibonelela ngokuthatha inxaxheba koomasipala kwizigqibo zeGOB ngophuhliso, ukuphunyezwa kunye nokubekwa kweliso kweenkqubo. Oku kuncede ekunciphiseni ungquzulwano olunxulumene ne-coca kwaye komeleza ukuzibophelela kwasekuhlaleni kuphuhliso olusemthethweni.
รขโฌยข Ukuncitshiswa kongquzulwano olunxulumene ne-coca kunye nokunyuka kwamanqanaba engeniso e-Chapare ikakhulu kungenxa yokudityaniswa kwelungelo lecato, hayi iinkqubo zophuhliso loluntu apho inkxaso-mali ye-USAID ivaliwe kuninzi luka-2006. ingeniso yokuziphilisa kwaye iye yanda ukuzimisela ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiinzame zokuvelisa ingeniso ngaphaya kwe-coca. Urhulumente kamasipala waseChapare uye wafumana ngempumelelo imali yophuhliso engeyiyo eye-USAID kweminye imithombo, kubandakanywa iManyano yaseYurophu, iSpain kunye neVenezuela, ukuze baqhube amalinge abo ngaphandle kwemeko kunye nezithintelo zase-US.
รขโฌลUqoqosho oluvumelekileyo kwimimandla ekulinywa kuyo i-coca luye lwandiswa lwadityaniswa ngo-FY 2006, lunika abantu ababefudula belima i-coca ngamathuba okuba baphile ngomthetho kwaye baphile ngokufanelekileyo. zingaphezulu kakhulu komndilili wesizwe.รขโฌ
รขโฌยข Ngeqhinga lolawulo lwe-Morales's cato, ukukhulisa i-coca kusemthethweni kwaye kunika ubomi obundilisekileyo. I-cato iqinisekisa ingeniso encinci, ekhuselekileyo evumela abavelisi ukuba bathathe umngcipheko wenkqubo yophuhliso eyenye enokuthi ingaboneleli ngengeniso yokuphila iminyaka emininzi. Ukuncipha kongquzulwano kwenza kube lula kubalimi ukujonga amanye amathuba.
Imizi-mveliso
รขโฌลI-GOB icacisa ukuba igqabi le-coca eligqithileyo elingasetyenziselwa ukusetyenziswa kwangaphakathi liza kwenziwa kwimizi-mveliso kwaye lithunyelwe kumazwe ngamazwe. Nangona kunjalo, okwangoku imfuno yehlabathi jikelele yegqabi le-coca elisetyenziswa kwincasa yorhwebo kunye namayeza ifuna kuphela isixa se-coca esinokulinywa kwiihektare ezingama-250 (ePeru).รขโฌ
รขโฌยข Akukho mmiselo ukhoyo ubonisa ukuba iPeru inekona kwintengiso yencasa yentengiso kunye nentengiso yamayeza. Phantse kwiminyaka emine eyadlulayo uCoca Cola naye wathenga icoca kwiChapare esebenzisa inkampani ebizwa ngokuba yiAlbo Export. Ezi ntengo zibalulekileyo zenzeke nakwincopho yephulo lolawulo lwe-Banzer's zero coca.
รขโฌลI-GOB iceba ukwandisa ukulinywa ngokusemthethweni kwe-coca ukuya kwiihektare ezingama-20,000 kunye nokuxhasa ushishino lwe-coca kunye nokuthumela ngaphandle. Le migaqo-nkqubo, ukuba iyaphunyezwa, iya kwaphula umthetho waseBolivia kunye neNgqungquthela yeZiyobisi ye-UN ka-1988.รขโฌ
รขโฌยข Kuyinyani ukuba uMthetho waseBolivia 1008 uvumela ukulima ngokusemthethweni kweehektare ezili-12,000 kuphela ze-coca, kodwa i-Morales Administration ibhengeze izicwangciso zokuguqula umthetho. Umthetho, nangona kunjalo, awukuthinteli ukwenziwa kwemizi-mveliso. Endaweni yoko imisela ukuba รขโฌลukusetyenzwa kwemizi-mveliso kusetyenziso olusemthethweni kuya kulawulwa ngummiselo owodwa.รขโฌ (Inqaku lesi-5, uMthetho 1008)
รขโฌลUmthetho waseBolivia 1008 ufuna ukuba iGOB igqibezele isifundo ukumisela eyona mfuno yasemthethweni yecoca eBolivia.รขโฌ
รขโฌยข Akukho mfuneko injalo emthethweni. Abalimi beChapare coca baye bavuma ukuba kwenziwe uphando njengenxalenye yesivumelwano norhulumente waseBolivia ngo-Oktobha ka-2004.
mazinyatheliswe
"Ngokokunyanzeliswa komthetho waseBolivia, inani leelebhu ze-cocaine eziphindwe kabini ukusuka ekubekweni kukaMongameli uMorales."
รขโฌยข Izibalo zothintelo zibonisa ukuba inani leelebhu ze-cocaine linyukile, kodwa ngo-2006 amagosa ogcino-mthetho e-Bolivia aphinda acacisa kwi-Andean Information Network kunye ne-Ofisi yaseWashington eLatin America ukuba ukonyuka kokutshatyalaliswa kweelebhu kuphantse kwaphinda kabini. Ukongeza, amagosa amathathu ahlukeneyo aqinisekisile ukuba oku kube sisiphumo sokunyuka kwenani lemishini kunye nemizamo yokuthintela, hayi ukonyuka kwenani leelebhu ze-cocaine ezikhoyo elizweni.
รขโฌลNgoJulayi uLawulo lweMorales lukhuphe iSigqibo soMphathiswa 112, esifuna ukuba igqabi elithathiweyo lidityaniswe kwaye libuyiselwe eluntwini kunokuba litshatyalaliswe njengoko kufunwa ngumthetho wasekhaya waseBolivia.
รขโฌยข Umthetho we-1008 wolawulo lweziyobisi waseBolivia wenza umahluko phakathi kwegqabi le-coca kwimeko yalo yendalo kunye namachiza angekho mthethweni. ISiqendu 98 somthetho sigunyazisa ukuba kuphela ziziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni ezithinjiweyo ekufuneka zitshiswe; akuthethwa nto ngegqabi lecoca.
IKhowudi yeeNkqubo zoLwaphulo-mthetho
รขโฌลImingeni ephambili ejongene neBolivia namhlanje kukulawulwa kokulinywa kwecoca, ngakumbi kufutshane naseYungas, imfuneko yokuphuhlisa imithetho nemigaqo emitsha yokulawula imichiza eyandulelayo, kunye nokuwisa imithetho emitsha yokuguqula iKhowudi yangoku yeeNkqubo zoLwaphulo-mthetho, ezikhubaza. ukutshutshisa amatyala eziyobisi.รขโฌ
รขโฌยข Okuhlekisayo kukuba, i-USAID kunye nabacebisi bayo basebenze ukuphuhlisa nokuphumeza iKhowudi yaseBolivia yeeNkqubo zoLwaphulo-mthetho njengenxalenye yeNkqubo yoLawulo lwezoBulungisa yeNgingqi. IKhowudi yasusa imimiselo emininzi engahambelani nomgaqo-siseko we-Anti-drug Law 1008, enye inyathelo elixhaswa yi-US, kwaye yasungula uthotho lweziqinisekiso zenkqubo efanayo nezo zisebenza e-US kumabanjwa kuwo onke amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Eli nyathelo libonelele ngezikhokelo zokujongana nemigangatho eyongameleyo yobungqina. Ukukhuselwa kwenkqubo efanele ukuthathelwa ingqalelo รขโฌลnjengokukhubazekaรขโฌ ekutshutshisweni. Phambi kokuphunyezwa kwekhowudi entsha uninzi lwababanjwa ngamatyala eziyobisi bavalelwa ngokungenasiphelo ngaphandle kokumangalelwa ngokusesikweni ngolwaphulo-mthetho.
Isicwangciso Esitsha
Njengomlimi we-coca, uMorales unokuqonda okunzulu ngomba onzima. Inkqubo yangoku, njengayo nayiphi na inyathelo elitsha, iya kuthatha ixesha lokubonisa iziphumo ezicacileyo, kodwa inenkxaso yobuninzi babantu abachaphazelekayo kwaye inengqiqo. Oko lanikwa ilungelo lokufumana ikati ekupheleni kowama-2004, akukhange kubekho ngquzulwano inzulu okanye ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu kumbi kwingingqi yaseChapare, nangona kukho abalimi ababini ababuleweyo komnye ummandla. Umlo weziyobisi awusenguye unobangela osisigxina wokruthakruthwano kunye nesiphithiphithi sangaphakathi.
Into eqondwa ngurhulumente weMorales, kunye nento angayiqondiyo urhulumente wase-US, kukuba ukukhulisa i-coca kungokondla iintsapho zabantu. Ukuncipha okuhlala kuhleli kwisityalo se-coca kuya kuxhomekeka kwezinye iindlela ezihlala zihleli ezi ntsapho ziphila. Ngaxeshanye abalawuli benze iinzame ezibambeneyo รขโฌโ ezineziphumo ezibonakalayoรขโฌโ zokulwa urhwebo lweziyobisi kunye nokuza nokusetyenziswa okusemthethweni kwesityalo sayo secoca. Ngaphaya koko, urhulumente waseBolivia ugcine imizila yonxibelelwano ivulekile ne-US, kwaye usasebenzisana ngokusondeleyo ne-DEA kunye neCandelo leMicimbi yeNarcotic yoMzi wozakuzo wase-US. Imigaqo yomdlalo itshintshile, kwaye, ngenxa yoko, imilinganiselo esetyenziselwa ukuvavanya inkqubela phambili kufuneka itshintshe nayo. Ingxelo yeQhinga loLawulo lweNarcotics yalo nyaka malunga neBolivia, enohlalutyo olungalunganga, ukuchasana kwangaphakathi kunye nethoni yokukhala, ibonisa ukuba ulawulo lukaBush alukwazanga ukushenxisa ingqwalasela yalo kumbono ophelelwe lixesha, ongasebenziyo noyingozi wolawulo lweziyobisi eBolivia.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela