I-United Steelworkers (USW), emele abasebenzi be-850,000 eCanada, eCaribbean nase-United States, kunye ne-National Union of Miners and Metal Workers (SNTMMRM), eyaziwa ngokuba yiMineros, emele abasebenzi be-180,000 eMexico, babhengeze izicwangciso phonononga ukumanyana kumanyano lwezizwe ngezizwe. Isivumelwano sokuqalisa ukuphonononga ukudityaniswa sityikitywe nge-21 kaJuni.
Eli nyathelo lokuqala ekudalweni komanyano lwehlabathi-ngokuchaseneyo nomanyano lwemibutho yehlabathi-lumele uphuhliso olutsha olubalulekileyo lwabasebenzi kumazwe aseMelika olunefuthe kubasebenzi kwihlabathi liphela. Ukwakha kwi-2008 i-trans-Atlantic ukuhlanganiswa phakathi kwe-Unite e-United Kingdom kunye ne-USW, ngoku i-USW kunye ne-Mineros basebenzela ukwakha umanyano lwabasebenzi behlabathi lonke kunye namandla okujongana nenkunzi egxininisiweyo yeemigodi kunye ne-metal working industry.
UMongameli wase-USW uLeo W. Gerard kunye noNobhala-jikelele we-Minero uNapoleรณn Gรณmez Urrutia ndawonye baqinisekisa ukuba imibutho emibini iqhubekile "ukuzinikela okuqhelekileyo kwidemokhrasi, ukulingana, kunye nokubambisana kwamadoda nabasetyhini abasebenzayo kulo lonke elaseNyakatho Melika nakwihlabathi lonke."
Le mibutho mibini ibenobudlelwane obucwangcisiweyo ukususela ngo-2005. Ngoku ikomishoni eyenziwe ngamalungu amahlanu kwimanyano nganye iza kudala ikomishoni edibeneyo ukuze iphakamise โamanyathelo akhawulezileyo okwandisa intsebenziswano yobuchule phakathi kwemibutho yethu kwakunye namanyathelo afunekayo ukuze kubunjwe umbutho omanyeneyo.โ
Iminyaka eliqela yentsebenziswano esondeleyo
Iinzame zokudala umanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe zezi manyano zimbini zivela ngaphakathi kwimeko yamazwe aneminyaka eli-16 ubudala eSivumelwano soRhwebo ngokuKhululwa kweMerika (NAFTA). Ukususela ekubeni i-NAFTA yaqala ukusebenza ngoJanuwari 1, 1994, imibutho emininzi yaseCanada, yaseMexico neyaseMelika iye yafuna intsebenziswano enkulu njengoko yayijongene namaqumrhu angaphandle kunye nokufikelela okutsha kunye namandla. Oku, nangona kunjalo, inzame yokuqala yokudala imanyano entsha yamazwe ngamazwe ekuphenduleni ukuhamba okukhulu kunye namandla ongxowankulu bamazwe ngamazwe ukususela kwi-NAFTA kunye nento ebizwa ngokuba yi-neoliberal era ye-privatization kunye norhwebo lwamahhala.
Olu phuhliso lutsha nalo luza ngenxa yesiphumo seminyaka eliqela yentsebenziswano enzulu nesondeleleneyo phakathi kwabasebenzi beSteelworkers kunye neMineros kumanqanaba amaninzi awohlukeneyo. Le mibutho mibini ihlangene kunye kumaphulo achasene nabaqeshi abaqhelekileyo kunye nenkxaso efanayo kwimiba ejongene nayo. Okubaluleke kakhulu, i-USW iye yanceda i-Mineros njengoko yafika phantsi kohlaselo olukhohlakeleyo nguGrupo Mexico, inkampani enkulu yezimayini yelo lizwe, kunye nolawulo lukaFelipe Calderรณn, umongameli waseMexico. โ
Xa urhulumente waseMexico wazisa izityholo ezinxamnye noNobhala-Jikelele we-Mineros, uNapoleรณn Gรณmez Urrutia, esongela ukuvalelwa entolongweni, i-USW yadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuncedeni ukuba afumane ukhuseleko eVancouver, BC Kwiminyaka emithathu ngoncedo lwe-USW, yena. ebekhokele iMineros ngothotho logwayimbo olunzima kunye nolunye ungquzulwano olusuka kweso sixeko.
Imbali ye-US-Mexico International Solidarity
Esi ayisosihlandlo sokuqala ukuba imibutho yabasebenzi kula mazwe mathathu izame ukwakha imibutho yabasebenzi enamandla ngakumbi ngentsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe. Indlela eya kumanyano izele ziingxaki kwaye izele ziintsilelo, ngelixa kwangaxeshanye izaliswe yimizekelo ekhuthazayo kunye nempumelelo ebalulekileyo. Ngelixa imeko yanamhlanje ivelisa imingeni emitsha ngokupheleleyo, imbali yangaphambili inezifundo ezithile nayo.
Ngokuphuhla kobukhapitali banamhlanje kuzo zontathu izizwe ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, kwabakho utshintshiselwano oluntsonkothileyo lweendlela zombutho, amaqhinga omanyano kunye namaqhinga, kunye neenkqubo zentlalo nezopolitiko. Embindini wale nkqubo kukwakhiwa kweziporo zikaloliwe okokuqala eUnited States naseKhanada yaye emva koko eMexico.
Ubukhulu becala impembelelo yasasazeka ukusuka kwi-United States ehambele phambili nenemizi-mveliso enembali ende yomanyano lwabasebenzi ukuya eMexico. Ezo ndlela zikaloliwe, ezakhiwe yi-US kunye ne-Bhritane yekomkhulu, ziqeshe iBritane, iCanada kwaye uninzi lwabasebenzi bakaloliwe base-US. Abasebenzi bakaloliwe baseMelika baphethe imibutho yabo ye-16 craftcraft craft crafts and practice yabo yokubetha umqeshi ngenxa yezikhalazo, izakhiwo kunye nezicwangciso ezixelwe ngokukhawuleza ngabasebenzi baseMexico.
Abasebenzi baseMexico abaye basebenza kwishishini lemigodi e-United States bajoyina i-American Federation of Labor (AFL) imibutho okanye ngokuphindaphindiweyo i-Western Federation of Miners okanye i-Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), bamkela izicwangciso zabo zomkhosi kunye ne-revolutionary syndicalist. kwezopolitiko. Impembelelo yayingeyondlela enye. I-Mexican Liberal Party, eneneni iqela le-anarchist, leza kuququzelela abasebenzi eMexico kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kuMzantsi-ntshona we-United States.
Emva kokufunyanwa kweoyile kumazwe aseMexico ecaleni kweGulf of Mexico malunga ne-1900, ihamba kunye nokukhula kokugcinwa kwe-oyile kunye neendawo zokuthumela kwi-docks, i-IWW yasekwa apho phakathi kwabasebenzi be-oyile. Kwangaxeshanye, ama-revolutionary syndicalists aseSpain aphumelela isiseko esomeleleyo phakathi koomatiloshe, yaye impembelelo yabo yasasazeka kumazibuko aseMexico, ngoxa i-anarchists yaseSpain yeza kuququzelela oomabhalana beevenkile zesebe, abasebenzi bevenkile yokutyela, nabasebenzi bomzi-mveliso kumbindi weMexico. Impembelelo yawo yanda. Ngexesha lokuqhambuka kweMvukelo yaseMexico ngowe-1910, iHouse of the World Worker eyayinamasebe kwizixeko ezininzi ezikhulu zaseMexico yayisele ingumbutho ophambili wabasebenzi.
Inguquko yaseMexico kunye noSamuel Gompers
Ngexesha leNguqulelo yaseMexico (1910-1920), abaxhasi boMgaqo-siseko-abaseki bento eya kuthi ekugqibeleni iguquke ibe yi-Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) kwaye ilawule iMexico amashumi eminyaka-bafikelela kwisivumelwano kunye neqela leNdlu yoMsebenzi weHlabathi ukuba babonelele ngemikhosi. elo phiko le revolution ngokutshintshiselana ngenkxaso kwiinzame zoququzelelo zombutho. Ke amawaka abasebenzi abaququzelelwe kwii-Red Battalions bakhwela ukuya kulwa nePancho Villa kunye no-Emiliano Zapata, iinkokeli ze-plebeian kunye nabalimi abasekhohlo be-revolution. Ngaloo ndlela urhulumente waseMexico walawula umbutho wabasebenzi owawusakuba yi-anarchist.
Ngaloo minyaka, njengoko urhulumente omtsha wawusungulwa kuqala phantsi kweVenustiano Carranza kwaye emva kuka-รlvaro Obregรณn, uSamuel Gompers, intloko ye-American Federation of Labor wafudukela eMexico. Urhulumente omtsha waseMexico wamkela i-Gompers njengoncedo ekuncedeni ukudala i-Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers (CROM) exhaswa ngurhulumente kunye norhulumente ukulwa nokutshabalalisa i-anarchist General Confederation of Workers (CGT). Ke phakathi ko-1920 kunye no-1925, iimanyano ze-anarchist ezinombono wezizwe ngezizwe zalwa nemibutho yamashishini enombono wobuzwe oxhaswa ngurhulumente waseMexico, imfazwe ekugqibeleni yaphunyezwa yimibutho exhaswa ngurhulumente ngokwaphulwa kombutho wabasebenzi basezitalatweni zaseMexico City ngo-1924.
Injongo ephambili kaGompers, nangona kunjalo, yayikukwandisa ukufikelela kwiPan-American Federation of Labor (PAFL), imanyano yamazwe ngamazwe esele imisele amasebe e-US, eCanada nasePuerto Rico. Njengoko i-capital yase-US kunye neSebe lase-US lisasaza amandla kunye nempembelelo kulo lonke elaseLatin America, i-Gompers kulindeleke ukuba ibone i-PAFL isasaza imodeli ye-unionism yakhe ebizwa ngokuba "yi-pure-and-simple", itshabalalisa imibutho ebomvu ye-anarchists kunye namaKomanisi. . Ukufa kukaGompers ngowe-1924 kwalandelwa yiNtshontsho ngowe-1929, noKudodobala Okukhulu Kwezoqoqosho kwiminyaka elishumi eyalandelayo kwathetha ukuba iphupha lakhe alizange lizaliseke.
Ii-1930s Upsurge kunye ne-Post-War Turn Turn
Ukuwohloka kwezoqoqosho kwihlabathi lonke ngeminyaka yoo-1930 kukhokelele ekunyukeni kwabasebenzi eKhanada, eMexico naseUnited States, ekuqaleni phantsi kweenkokeli ezahlukeneyo zezopolitiko: I-Socialist kunye ne-Communist, yamaKatolika kunye ne-conservative, kodwa zonke zizimeleyo kubaqeshi kunye noorhulumente babo. Ixesha elifutshane lowe-1929 ukusa kowe-1939 labona imibutho enamandla nemibutho emitsha yabasebenzi ikhula kuwo omathathu la mazwe.
Ke ngoo-1950s, ngelixa amaqhina ayesekhona phakathi kweCIO kunye neCTM, ngoku babenobudlelwane phakathi kwamagosa asebenza e-US asebenza ngokusondeleyo neSebe leState laseMelika kunye namaqumrhu aseMelika kunye namagosa aseMexico athobela urhulumente wawo. Ngeli xesha, kwihlabathi jikelele iimanyano zabasebenzi zahlulelene phakathi kweManyano yeHlabathi ekhokelwa ngamaKomanisi kunye ne-pro-Soviet World Federation of Trade Unions kunye ne-International Confederation of Free Trade Unions ekhokelwa yi-US kunye ne-European Union phantsi kolawulo lwe-US State Department. Ngaphakathi kwalo mxholo, umanyano lokwenyani lwabasebenzi lwathi shwaka, njengoko imisebenzi ye-US kunye ne-Mexican' unions kumboniso wezizwe ngezizwe iye yasebenza ukunqanda ubuKomanisi, ubuzwe kunye nezinye iimanyano ezibukhali kulo lonke elaseMelika.
Kangangeminyaka elikhulu iinzame zokwakha umanyano lwabasebenzi bezizwe ngezizwe ziye zaphazanyiswa ngamandla omkhosi wamaqumrhu aseUnited States neSebe leLizwe laseUnited States norhulumente wobuzwe waseMexico, kwanayimibutho yamashishini ebambelele ngokuqinileyo kurhulumente okanye kubaqeshi. Umanyano lokwenyani lwabasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe lwalubalasele ngamaxesha okwanda kwabasebenzi ngeminyaka yoo-1910 kunye noo-1930 kwimeko yokuhlanganisana kwabasebenzi kwihlabathi liphela. Ukuvulwa kwexesha lokudityaniswa kwehlabathi kuphakamise imingeni emitsha.
I-NAFTA itshintsha umdlalo
Yayinjalo ke imeko yomanyano lwabasebenzi kuMntla Melika ngeminyaka yoo-1990 xa kwakuxoxwa ngeSivumelwano soRhwebo ngokuKhululeka kuMntla Merika (NAFTA). I-NAFTA, yavula imida kwi-capital (ngelixa igcina ukuhamba komsebenzi kuthintelwe), ngokukhawuleza yatshintsha imithetho. Ngelixa i-US kunye ne-Mexican union bureaucrats ye-AFL-CIO kunye ne-CTM baye bakwazi ukusebenzisana ngaphakathi kwimeko yeMfazwe ebandayo, ngokukhawuleza bazifumana bephikisana kwiminyaka ye-neoliberalism kunye norhwebo lwamahhala.
Imibutho yabasebenzi yase-US yayichasa i-NAFTA, isoyika ukuba iya kukhokelela ekungenweni kweemveliso eziveliswe ngabasebenzi abaphantsi, izinto ezinokuthi zijongele phantsi isabelo semarike yabaqeshi kwaye ngoko imisebenzi yabo. Imibutho yaseMexico โesemthethweniโ okanye imibutho elawulwa ngurhulumente efana neCTM yayingenayo enye indlela ngaphandle kokulandela imiyalelo karhulumente kunye nokuxhasa isivumelwano. Ngeemanyano zase-US ezichasene ne-NAFTA kunye nemibutho "esemthethweni" yaseMexico iyayixhasa, isivumelwano phakathi kwe-AFL-CIO kunye ne-CTM "esemthethweni" yachithwa phantsi kwempembelelo ye-NAFTA, inyanzelisa iimanyano zase-US ukuba zikhangele ezinye ubudlelwane. Kwangaxeshanye, iimanyano ezizimeleyo eMexico ezazigxeka i-NAFTA zikwajonge nobunye ubudlelwane phesheya.
I-United Electrical Workers (UE) eyayimele abasebenzi base-United States, kwaye yayingeyonxalenye ye-AFL-CIO, yafumanisa i-Authentic Labor Front (FAT) ezimeleyo ngexesha lokuqala le-NAFTA. Ezo manyano zimbini zenza imodeli yomanyano lweqhinga, kwaye uninzi lwabanye base-US nabaseMexico baqala ukuseka amaqhina eentlobo ezahlukeneyo ngeminyaka yoo-1990 kunye noo-2000. AbaSebenzi bezoNxibelelwano baseMelika (CWA), umzekelo, baseka ubudlelwane kunye neManyano yabasebenzi baseMexico baseMexican (STRM). Ngamanye amaxesha kwakukho iinzame zokuseka imibutho ebanzi malunga namashishini athile okanye iingxaki, ezifana ne-Coalition for Justice kwi-Maquiladoras.
Abasebenzi bentsimbi kunye neMineros: Ukubhekisa kuManyano
Konke oku kubumba imvelaphi ende kunye nentsonkothileyo kwiziganeko ezenzeka namhlanje, embindini wayo ngoku, nangona kunjalo, ukulwa neenkampani zemigodi. Okwangoku i-USW ikwi-11th kwinyanga yogwayimbo lwamalungu angama-3,500 alo ngokuchasene neVale Inco, inkampani enkulu yaseBrazil yemigodi yaseSudbury, eCanada, ngelixa abakwaMineros, emva kweminyaka emithathu begwayimbile eCananea, eSonora, bajongane nomkhosi womkhosi wedolophu yabo ukuze baphule ugwayimbo. I-USW kunye ne-Mineros isicwangciso sokwakha amandla okumisa ukuhlaselwa okunjalo kubasebenzi basezimayini kunye nabasebenzi besinyithi eMelika.
Isivumelwano seMinero-Steelworker sokuqalisa ukuhlola umanyano simele uphuhliso olutsha olunomdla kumanyano lwabasebenzi behlabathi. Ngobunye obunjalo, abasebenzi banokuba namandla amakhulu ekujonganeni neenkampani zemigodi yamazwe ngamazwe kunye neenkampani zentsimbi, kwaye banokusabela kwimingeni ngokukhawuleza nangokuguquguquka okungaphezulu kunokuba umanyano lwemibutho luqhele ukwenza. Sekunjalo, imingeni kule nkqubo iya kuba mikhulu kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo bobabini abaqeshi noorhulumente baya kusebenzela ukumosha naliphi na ilungiselelo elisongela ukuxhobisa abasebenzi, kwaye imibutho yabasebenzi ngokwayo esebenze kunye kakuhle kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo iya kujongana nemingeni emitsha ekuphuhliseni ubunkokeli obufanayo, ubume bombutho, ifilosofi, iqhinga kunye nombono.
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