Iimfazwe zenkcubeko zaseMelika zibuyile. Kuphela ngeli xesha ipolitiki yesazisi esimhlophe ithatha indawo yelungelo lenkolo. Eli linyathelo elingaphaya kweGOP ifom lokuguqula unyulo lube yimfazwe yokholo kunye nosapho, kunye neenqobo ezisemgangathweni ezingezizo ezemveli phantsi kosoyikiso, kunye notshaba oluchongwe njengaye nabani na owamkela iyantlukwano nonyamezelo.
Mhlawumbi imfazwe yenkcubeko ayilobinzana elifanelekileyo. Mhlawumbi le nto siyibonayo kukungqubana kwempucuko yaseMelika, okanye kukuqala kokuqhekeka kwesizwe. Kodwa iinkolelo ezigxininise kubuhlanga eziye zagcinwa phantsi kwesongelo ngabamhlophe abaninzi kangangamashumi eminyaka ziphumela elubala.
Oku kubonakala kubamatshi baseCharlottesville, kuMongameli uTrump ekukhuseleni okulinganayo kwabantu "abalungileyo" kumacala omabini, kunye nokuvota kufunyanwa isibini kwisithathu sabavoti be-GOP. bebelungile ngempendulo yakhe. Ngandlel' ithile, abantu abanobuhlanga, abamhlophe abathethela phezulu kunye nabalandeli be-neo-Nazi abazange bamcaphukise uTrump. La mazwi amhlophe anamandla esizwe avela ngaphakathi kwesiseko sakhe-abo bakholelwa ukuba "Yenza iMelika Enkulu Kwakhona" iiranti zithetha ukubuyisela amandla kunye nelungelo labo.
Kungakhawuleza ukuba siqonde ububanzi okanye imida yokuqhambuka okuphambi kwethu. Kodwa nantsi imigqaliselo ebambekayo eli-10 njengoko siqala ukuthatha isitokhwe sale meko. Ngokuqinisekileyo zininzi ezinye. Kodwa masiphawule lo mzuzu njengekhefu, kunye nokuqhubeka, kwixesha elidlulileyo, njengoko sifunda iphepha lokuvula isahluko esisabhalwayo. (Imatshi engakumbi kuhlelwe kule mpelaveki.)
1. Ayizizo iimfazwe zenkcubeko zayizolo. "Imfazwe yenkcubeko" ingaba yinto yokwakhiwa kweendaba. Nangona kunjalo, yi-shorthand kwinto eyalandelwa nguThomas Frank kwi-2004 yakhe incwadi, Yintoni ingxaki ngeKansas?, apho umbhali waphendula ukuba kutheni abo bakwicala elilahlekileyo loqoqosho kumbindi weMelika bevota ngokuchasene nokuzingca kwabo. Inxalenye enkulu yempendulo yayikukuba i-GOP yatyhalela ngobuchule iimvavanyo ze-litmus yeemvakalelo, njengokucutha amalungelo okuzala (ukuqala ngokukhupha isisu) kunye nokwamkela iinqobo ezisemgangathweni zosapho zemveli (ezichazwe ngokwebhayibhile). Ezi zikhalo zaphambukisa abavoti kwimibandela yodidi olubhinqileyo ukuya kwezokuziphatha. Usekela Mongameli uMike Pence ungumthunywa namhlanje okhokelayo kule ajenda. Kodwa yintoni ilungelo obsessions phezu isini, isono kunye nokubhukuqa khange ivume ngokucacileyo ukuba undoqo wayo wawunomsindo ngenxa yesazisi esimhlophe, okanye ukunyamalala kwayo. Into entsha kukuba ulindelo loluntu oluzicingelayo luphume emthunzini.
2. I-intanethi iqinise ubuzwe bezopolitiko. Oku akuyonyani kuphela kubantu abamhlophe. Oku kubhekiselele kuye wonke umntu onombono othile, njengeFortune.com ngokuchanekileyo phawula kwisiqwengana malunga nendlela ukunyuka kwezopolitiko zezizwe ezikukhawulezise ngayo ukusasazeka kweendaba zobuxoki. โUkucofa kukaFacebook amaqhosha ethu eemvakalelo yinxalenye yomfanekiso โ okoko kutyholwa ngako ukunceda ekusasazeni iindaba zobuxokiโkodwa kunjalo noko abanye abaphandi bathi kukwanda kobuhlanga bezobupolitika,โ ubhale watsho uFortune. โLe nto inxulumene njani nokunyuka kweendaba zobuxoki? Ngenxa yokuba abaphandi bathi lo mnqweno onamandla wokubonwa njengelungu leqela elithile okanye isizwe sichaphazela indlela esiziphatha ngayo kwi-intanethi ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kuquka iindaba esibelana ngazo kwiinethiwekhi zentlalo ezifana ne-Facebook. Kwiimeko ezininzi yindlela yokubonisa ukuba lilungu leqela, kunomnqweno wokwabelana ngolwazi.โ
Akukho mathandabuzo okuba uninzi lwabamatshi bamandla abamhlophe baseCharlottesville beza bevela kwilizwe liphela, bedityaniswe zizikhalazo ezivakaliswa ziiwebhusayithi kunye neeforam ze-alt-right. Le migca kunye nonxibelelwano kwi-cyberpace kudala iimpawu ezintsha zezopolitiko kunye neempazamo, ezithi, njengoko sibonile, zikhawulezise ukubuyela elubala localucalulo obelubanjwe ngokusondeleyo kunye nobutshaba bobuhlanga. Indibano yangoMgqibelo ecetywayo โyentetho yasimahlaโ kwipaki yomanyano eSan Francisco, apho amajoni akhoyo Kuthetha baya kuhoya โukugcina uxoloโ ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zasemkhosini, ngomnye umzekelo wokusuka ekusebezweni ukuya kwizibhengezo zikawonke wonke.
3. Intengiso ye-Intanethi iphosa igesi kulo mlilo. Nabani na oye wajonga iiwebhusayithi ezikude kakhulu uyazi ukuba zihlala zijongeka zingaqhelekanga-ezifana nokupapasha kwiitemplate ezifanayo. Kodwa ngaphantsi komphezulu kukho ukulandelwa komsebenzisi okuphucukileyo kakhulu kunye nokuqikelela ukuziphatha kubahlalutyi ukusetwa ngothungelwano lwentengiso ukwabelana kunye nokuthumela umxholo kwingqondo efanayo (kwaye ke ngoko kujoliswe kwiintengiso ze-intanethi). Ukusukela kunyulo luka-2016, kuye kwakho iingxelo ezimbalwa kunye nohlalutyo lwemephu indlela ilungelo elide lifumene abaphulaphuli kunye nefuthe elilingana neendaba eziqhelekileyo. Breitbart, njenge New York Times ngeCawa Magazine nje umbiko, ithathe indawo yeFox News ekwindla ka-2016. (Kususela oko ezilahlekileyo 2,600 abathengisi kunye nabaphulaphuli isabeloNangona kunjalo, imbonakalo enzulu evela kwizifundiswa phendla indlela uthungelwano lwentengiso ye-intanethi yondla kwaye yomeleza amagumbi e-echo ekunene, eqhubekayo namhlanje. Esi siseko asiyi kuhamba, nokuba iiwebhusayithi ezikude njenge-neo-Nazi Daily Stormer zikhatywa kumaqonga opapasho lwewebhu, njengeGo Daddy kunye noGoogle. wenza emva kweCharlottesville.
4. Izikhalazo zoluntu zibuyisana ngoku. I-ambrella yamandla amhlophe ithetha izinto ezahlukeneyo kubantu abahlukeneyo, kwaye amaqela ayo amaninzi ngokufihlakeleyo yaqhekeka kwaye ayilawuleki, nokuba uphawu lokumanyanisa bubumhlophe. Njenge Guardian umbiko komnye umzekelo, amajoni aphethe imipu asuka kumazwe amathandathu, onke enamaphepha kaFacebook, aya eCharlottesville efuna โukukhusela intetho ekhululekileyoโ ngokumatsha enxibe iimpahla zokulwa kwaye ephethe imipu yohlobo lomkhosi. Injongo yabo echaziweyo yayikukugcina uxolo, utshilo uMlondolozi, bangaphathi iiflegi zeNazi kunye neKu Klux Klan. Nangona kunjalo, imbono yokuba abantu abamhlophe abazimele kufuneka bongezelele amapolisa njengoko uqhankqalazo lwabanye abantu abamhlophe luyakhathaza. Le nkalipho ibonisa i-stewing ingqumbo ekude, ekwabelwana ngabo bakholelwa ukuba uluntu alukwazi ukubanyamekela okanye ngokwalo; ukuba imigaqo-njengamapolisa asekuhlaleni-ayonelanga, kwaye umyalelo omtsha, imithetho kunye nokubonakaliswa kwamandla kuyimfuneko.
Njengoko uDaryl Johnson, owayesakuba ngumhlalutyi ophezulu wobunqolobi basekhaya kwiSebe lezoKhuseleko lwaseKhaya, wabhala kwiWashington Post. incwadi yenkcazo kule veki, isoyikiso sabamhlophe besizwe sijongelwe phantsi kwaye sikhula. Ubhale wathi: โUbukho nje bemi abaninzi abaxhobe kakhulu abazaliswe yintiyo nomsindo ngakumaqela ahlukeneyo oluntu lwaseMelika buyakhathaza ngokunokwabo. โBona inani kumakhulu amawaka. Okona kukhathazayo kukudibana okunobundlobongela okukhoyo ngoku phakathi kweentshukumo zabavukeli basekuneneโzihlanjululwe ngegama elithi 'alt-right.' Ubukhulu becala phantsi kwe-radar yeendaba, amaqela angoontamo-lukhuni achaseneyo anembali ende yokuxambulisana aye ahlanganisa izixhobo ngokuzimeleyo, abanye bade bangene kurhulumente wethu ngeenzame zokufikelela kumaqela anobugocigoci obufanelekileyo anjengala Abafungi kwaye i OoNothimba boMgaqo-siseko kunye noMbutho wamaGosa oXolo. Kulo nyaka uphelileyo, sibone kuqhambuka ubundlobongela bezopolitiko phakathi kwabaqhanqalazi abakwiphiko lasekunene kunye nabachasi kwiindibano zokuxhasa uTrump eMinnesota, eWashington, eCalifornia naseVirginia ngoku. Le ntshukumo ehlaziyiweyo ye-alt-right ye-extremist inenjongo yokugqibela phazamisa uluntu, jonga phantsi amaziko karhulumente kwaye bakhethe ukuba yeyiphi imithethoโukuba ikhonaโabaza kuyithobela, kwaye yintoni ekucingelwa ukuba โngubulungisaโ abaza kuyilawula ngokwabo. Igunya. "
5. Ukungakhuselekanga okumhlophe ngowona mbandela omdala eMelika. Ngeendlela ezininzi, ukuvela kwakhona kobungangamsha abamhlophe uDaryl Johnson uchaza nantoni na ngaphandle kwebali elitsha. Iphakathi kwawona mabali amadala eMelika. Ukususela oko amathanga aseYurophu afikayo, abelungu bebeboyika amaMerika Omthonyama namakhoboka anemvukelo. Uloyiko olumhlophe lokuphulukana nobomi babo kunye nendlela yokuphila (ngoku uloyiko lokuphulukana nelungelo kunye nendawo) kubantu abangengabo abamhlophe baqala ngo-1790s, xa amakhoboka aseHaiti abhukuqa amaFrentshi. Ngowe-1807, iCongress yaphendula ukuvalwa ukungenisa amakhoboka. Kwakuyinkulungwane yesiqingatha ngaphambi kweMfazwe Yombango, kwezigqibo IVirginia liziko elikhulayo leshishini lokuzala amakhoboka kunye nokunciphisa amandla eSouth Carolina, izibuko elikhulu leAtlantiki lokungenisa amakhoboka.
Injongo yesiHlomelo seSibini soMgaqo-siseko wase-US, ngokuyinxenye, yayikukuvumela izileyiti zasemazantsi zibe namajoni abamba amakhoboka. Emva kweMfazwe Yombango, baba yiKu Klux Klan, ababenenjongo yokuhlutha abantu abamnyama kwaye bathumela umyalezo wokuba ngubani ophetheyo. Imbali kunye nemizekelo iqhubeka kwaye iqhubeke, ishumi emva kweminyaka elishumi, inkulungwane emva kwenkulungwane, kunye noloyiko olumhlophe lwabangengabo abamhlophe amandla okuqala. Iphulo likaTrump lika-2016 lalingomnye umzekelo, eqala ngokufaka iidemon abantu baseMexico namaSilamsi. Akukho nto intsha apha, ephazamisayo njengoko kunokuba njalo.
6. Njengeemfazwe zenkcubeko zangaphambili, isiphazamiso esiluncedo. Ukuthatyathwa kwincwadi kaFrank yayiyimfazwe yenkcubeko yenkulungwane yama-21 eyayikhokelwa lilungelo lenkolo yavumela enye isiseko esikhulu samaRiphabhlikhi-ongxowankulu abakhohlakeleyo-ukuba baxhaphaze abavoti abonyula amaRiphabhlikhi. Kunokutshiwo okufanayo ngabavukeli abamhlophe, abancoma kwaye banconywa ngumongameli onemigaqo-nkqubo efuna ukuvalela ukulingana koluntu kunye neminatha yokhuseleko loluntu ngokwenza imfundo ibe yabucala, ukuthotyelwa kwemekobume, ukudilizwa kwenkathalo yezempilo, ukutyhola umthetho wabasebenzi, ukurhoxisa iPlanned Parenthood. , kunye nokunganyanzelisi amalungelo oluntu. Abaqhankqalazi baseCharlottesville babemanyene ekuchaseni kunye nobundlongo-ndlongo, kodwa bengenazo ii-ajenda ezibambekayo ngaphandle kokuphakamisa uhlanga namandla abo ngaphezu kwamanye.
7. Abo bathanda ukongama abamhlophe abachasi urhulumente omkhulu. Oku kukujija okwahlukileyo kunemfundiso ye-GOP yamva nje. Ukuba kukho nantoni na, iinkokeli ezifana noDavid Duke wathi bebethanda ukuba uTrump uqinisekisa izikhalazo zabo. Ngaphezu koko, abachasi ngokucacileyo urhulumente omkhulu. Bafuna ukuba uTrump kunye norhulumente bababeke ngaphambili emgceni kwakhona ngenyathelo lokuqinisekisa elimhlophe. Yiloo nto eyenziwa ngabalawuli bakaTrump, ngokuthatha amanyathelo okuyeka ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho yamalungelo oluntu kukuvota, imfundo kunye nocalucalulo. Yimbuyekezo kwiminyaka yoo-1950 kwaye amaxesha amaninzi ngaphambili, xa udidi lwezopolitiko lwalungabamhlophe, uluntu lwalucalulwe kwaye abangengamhlophe babesazi kwaye beyigcina indawo yabo.
8. Aba mhlophe bebesoloko bekhona. Kukho uluhlu lwemizi ye-conservative-to-right-wing ewela phantsi koko isazi seelwimi uGeorge Lakoff akubiza ngokuba "ngubawo ongqongqo" ukuziphatha kunye nembono yehlabathi. Abo bangasekhohlo kolu luhlu banokuba ngamaKristu abambelele kwimithetho echasene nokuqhomfa kunye namalungelo abantu basetyhini kunye nokuba ngabanini bemipu, kodwa abacaluli ngokobuhlanga. Ukuqhubela phambili ukuya ngasekunene, nangona kunjalo, abo bakholelwa kumandla amhlophe kunye nokuphakama kobuhlanga kwaye baziva iMelika eyahlukahlukeneyo, ngokwedemografi nangokwenkcubeko, ibasongela kunye noluntu. U-Lakoff uthe amakhaya ootata angqongqo aneakhawunti 35 ekhulwini yelizwe, elingaphantsi nje kwelikaTrump yangoku inqanaba lokuvunywa kwesizwe lama-38 epesenti. Ngamanye amazwi, indalo yokuziphatha apho ubungangamsha obukhokelwa ngamadoda bukhula kakuhle busekelwe kwindawo ebalulekileyo yelizwe, nokuba abamatshi baseCharlottesville bamele i-subset encinci yelo qela.
9. UTrump wakhulela kusapho olungqongqo, olunobuhlanga. UTrump unobudlelwane bobungangamsha obumhlophe kuba wakhuliswa ngutata ongqongqo kwisiXeko saseNew York esahlukileyo-eyona nto ichazwa nguLakoff. UFred Trump waphumelela xa iNew York yayingeyiyo โimbiza enyibilikayo,โ njengoko abantwana bayo abakubudala besikolo bafundiswa ngeminyaka yoo-1960. Njengomthonyama waseNew York onosapho olubuyela emva kwinkulungwane phaya, ndingakuxelela ukuba yayiziighetto zodonga ukuya eludongeni, iisilos zasebumelwaneni apho isazisi yayiyeyona nto iphambili kushishino nakwisangqa sentlalo. UBernie Sanders, ongazange asebenzisane nabantsundu de waya kwikholeji yaseChicago, wayevela kule meko. Utata kaTrump waba sisityebi esakha amagumbi aphezulu okurenta kubantu abangengabo abamhlophe emva kweMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, xa urhulumente engazange enze mboleko yezindlu ukuze abuyise amagqala amnyama namdaka. Njengoko i-suburbs ikhula kwaye abamhlophe beshiya isixeko esingaphakathi, uTrump wangena kwishishini losapho elakhiwe phezu kocalucalulo. Apha kulapho amaxabiso akhe avela khona, anocalucalulo, ephithizela nasebusweni bakhoโethetha ngabamatshi bamandla abamhlophe baseCharlottesville.
10. Yathini impendulo? Yiba novelwano kodwa ungabi nosizi.Lowo ngummiselo kaLakoff wokujongana neli qela laseMelika, kubandakanywa nezinto zalo ezimhlophe. Oku kuvakala kunzima, kodwa uLakoff uthi abamatshi bamandla abamhlophe kunye neengcinga ezingqongqo zotata zibangelwa yindlela iingqondo zabo ezifakwe ngayo iintambo. Kubantu abanenkqubela abafuna ukucela umngeni baze bayitshintshe loo nto, kuthetha ukwazi ikhampasi yakho yokuziphatha, ukuzama ukuva ukuba izikhalazo zabo zivela phi na, uze uhlehle umva ngokuchaza okuyinyani nokungeyiyo. Le kuphela kwendlela yokubuyisela ukucinga ngokungazi, utshilo uLakoff. "Uvelwano asikokuba novelwano komnye umntu, kodwa lunento yokwenza nokuzibeka ezihlangwini zabo ukuze wazi into abayenzayo kunye nento abanokuyenza kuwe."
Siphi?
Yintoni eyenzeka eCharlottesville kunye nemiphumo yayo ayingomzuzu oqhelekileyo wezopolitiko okanye wenkcubeko-kungekhona ukususela kwintshukumo yamalungelo oluntu ye-1950 kunye ne-1960. Lithafa elibukhali, elicebisa ngeendlela ezityhafisayo ukuba okukhona izinto zitshintsha, kokukhona zihlala zifanaโnjengoko ibinzana lihamba. Uvavanyo lukaLakoff lokuba isinye esithathwini saseMelika sityekele kuhlobo lokucinga olukhokelela kubuhlanga kunye nokongamela kwabamhlophe njengoko sibonile eCharlottesville kuyakhathaza.
Kukho ithemba elityhafileyo, yena uthi, ukutshintsha indlela abantu abacinga ngayo. Kodwa uninzi lweempendulo kwiCharlottesville ziyazonda, hayi uvelwano. Njengoko uqhanqalazo olutsha lwamandla amhlophe lucwangciswe eSan Francisco kule mpelaveki, uqhanqalazo oluchasayo luyacwangciswa. Kungathatha amashumi amathathu nangaphezulu eminyaka ukuba abantu baseMelika babe utshintsho (xa abangengabo abamhlophe besiba sisininzi) ukoyisa olu gqabhuko-dubulo lwamva nje lolawulo lwabamhlophe. Phakathi kwangoku nasemva koko, kwaye ngakumbi kunye noTrump njengomongameli, ilizwe lingena kumhlaba ongachazwanga kunye noyingozi.
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