Umgangatho ophantsi woncedo olusuka kumazwe atyebileyo ukuya kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo uye waba yinkxalabo enkulu kubakhankaseli bentlupheko iminyaka emininzi. Eyona ngxaki iphambili yachazwa kakuhle yi-Make Poverty History (MPH) ngo-2005. Kwileta eya kuTony Blair, i-MPH yathi: โAbaxhasi abaninzi, kuquka i-UK, bajongela phantsi ngokunzulu ukusebenza koncedo lwabo ngokuqhoboshela iimeko zomgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho. Le miqathango ibandakanya ukwenziwa kweenkonzo zabucala kunye nokukhululwa kwezorhwebo. Iimeko ezinjalo azikho ngokwedemokhrasi yaye azinabulungisa, yaye ngokufuthi zisebenzela ukuzisa isiseko kunokoyisa ubuhlwempu.โ [1] Ngo-2006, iChristian Aid yathi ngokufakela uncedo kule migaqo-nkqubo yokuxhatshazwa, amazwe atyebileyo "ahlawula ubuhlwempu".[2] Le ngxaki isekho nanamhlanje. I-European Network on Debt and Development ichaza ukuba "Emva kweengxoxo ezininzi, ezinye ii-arhente zophuhliso ziye zathi ziya kunciphisa iimeko ... Nangona kunjalo, iingxelo zamva nje ezisemthethweni kunye nemibutho yoluntu zibonisa ukungabikho kwenkqubela phambili kule ndawo."[3] Apha sixoxa ngendlela ingxaki yemeko yoncedo eye yavunyelwa ukuba iqhube kwaye yintoni eyenziwa ngabatsha-ntliziyo ukujongana nale meko.
Ingxaki yoMqathango
Abaxhasi abafana norhulumente wase-UK babonelela ngoncedo ngeendlela ezimbini: kumacala amaninzi nakwamanye amazwe. Uncedo oluvela kumazwe amaninzi lolo lubonelelwa ngokuhlangeneyo nabanye abaxhasi. Awona maziko abalulekileyo anika inkxaso ngamazwe ngamazwe yiBhanki yeHlabathi (iBhanki) kunye nemibutho engoodade bezeMali yaMazwe ngaMazwe (IMF), eyaziwa kunye njengeBretton Woods Institutions (BWIs). Le mibutho mibini yasekwa ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini kwinkomfa yaseBretton Woods ukubonelela ngeemali-mboleko zokuncedisa iYurophu ngokwakhiwa kwakhona kunye nokubonelela ngenkxaso yexesha elifutshane lokuxhasa iintlawulo ukukhusela iingxaki zemali ngokulandelanayo. Nangona kunjalo, ngeminyaka yoo-1980 omnye weyona misebenzi iphambili yale mibutho yaba kukubolekisa ngemali kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo phantsi komqathango wokuba athabathe iinkqubo zoqoqosho zeneo-liberal (ushishino lwabucala, urhwebo kunye nokukhululwa kwezimali, ukunciphisa inkcitho karhulumente njl.njl) โ ngoko eyayisaziwa njenge โ IiNkqubo zoLungiso lweZakhiwo' (SAPs). Ezi nkqubo zazingathandwa kakhulu kwihlabathi jikelele njengoko zazinxulunyaniswa nokunyuka kwentswela-ngqesho, intlupheko kunye nokuncipha kweenkonzo kwelinye icala, kunye nengeniso ekhulayo kwizityebi kwelinye. Baphembelela 'izidubedube ze-IMF' kumazwe akuMzantsi wonke, kwaye ekugqibeleni uqhanqalazo olukhulu lwemibutho yobumbano eMantla.
Ukuchasana kwehlabathi kunyanzelise utshintsho kubuchule obuvela kwii-BWIs kunye nee-SAPs zaye zayekwa ngokusemthethweni ngo-2000 kulungiselelwa amaPhepha eSicwangciso sokuNcitshiswa kweNtlupheko (PRSPs), ebesebenza ukususela ngoko. Ezi PRSPs kufanele ukuba 'zithathe inxaxheba' kuba zisekelwe 'kuthethwano olusekwe ngokubanzi' namacandelo ahlukeneyo abemi belizwe elihluphekayo. Nangona kunjalo, eneneni, i-IMF kunye neBhanki ziyaqhubeka nokuyalela umxholo wamaphepha, ngokuphoxayo benikezela ngezimvo zabo njengabemi abakumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo. Uphononongo oluninzi olubanzi kwinkqubo ye-PRSP lwalatha kububuvuvu bomba 'wothatho-nxaxheba'. Imanyano yaseSweden yokunciphisa intlupheko, kuquka iSave the Children Sweden, inike ingxelo kuphononongo lwayo lwenkqubo ye-PRSP ukuba kukho โukusilela okubanzi ekuququzeleleni intatho-nxaxheba ebanzi kunye neenkqubo zothatho-nxaxheba ezikumgangatho ophantsi kwabo banokuthatha inxaxheba.โ โImizekelo yokusilela ukuququzelela intatho-nxaxheba esekelwe ngokubanziโ ibandakanya, โUkunqongophala kwezikhokelo zokuthatha inxaxhebaโฆ Abafaziโฆ abantu abatsha, amaqela emveli kunye noluntu lwasemaphandleni kunye nokukhutshelwa ecaleni kwabo okube ziphumoโฆโ ukujongela phantsi indima yabo ekwenziweni komgaqo-nkqubo wesizweโฆโ Imizekelo โyenkqubo yentatho-nxaxheba ekumgangatho ophantsi kwabo bathatha inxaxhebaโ ibandakanya ukuba โuninzi loorhulumente balinganisa isaziso nothethathethwanoโ, oko kukuthi, ukuxelela abemi babo ukuba zeziphi iinkqubo zoqoqosho abagqibe ngazo ngaphandle kokuvumela abantu. ukuba nelizwi kwizigqibo.[4] Ezi ziphumo zixhaswa luphando olugubungela iminyaka emininzi luthungelwano lwemibutho engekho phantsi kukarhulumente yaseJamani (NGOs), i-VENRO, eyafumanisa ukuba "Kuninzi lwamazwe avavanyiweyo, izicwangciso zokunciphisa intlupheko zilawulwa yimbumbano ye-technocrats. oorhulumente abahlukeneyo namaziko ezizwe ngezizwe anempembelelo, ngakumbi, i-IMF, iBhanki yehlabathi kunye neqaqobana labaxhasi bamazwe amabini.โ[5] Ezinye iingxelo zibhala iziphumo ezifanayo.
Ngo-2005 iBhanki yeHlabathi yayisibuyisela umva ngokuphandle ukuzibophelela kwayo kwiinkqubo โzothatho-nxaxhebaโ. Endaweni yoko, bafune kuphela ukuba amazwe abe "nobunini" benkqubo - igama elingaqondakaliyo ngabom. Xa kuphononongwa umgaqo-nkqubo wayo wemiqathango, uxwebhu lweBhanki yeHlabathi yowama-2005 lwathi โUbunini yinto engaqondakaliyo. Ayithethi okanye ide ifune imvumelwano epheleleyoโฆ olunye uhlobo lombandela ngamanye amaxesha lunokuthi ludlale indima eluluncedo ekuncedeni abo batshatsheleyo bohlaziyo batyhalele ngamanyathelo asebenzayo ngokuchasene nokuxhathisa okumiselweyo kwemidla.โ[6] Igama elithi โvested interestsโ, xa lisetyenziswa yiBhanki, libhekisa kubasebenzi, kubalimi basemaphandleni, kumaqela oomama kunye naye nabani na ophazamisa ingeniso yabatyali-zimali. Ngaphaya koko, iBhanki ifune kuphela ukuba โimali-mboleko kufuneka ixhase โฆ imigaqo-nkqubo neenkqubo ezikhoyo ezinye ubungqina obucacileyo bobunini.โ[7] Iyaqhubeka ichaza ukuba "Kumazwe anengeniso ephantsi, imigaqo-nkqubo echazwe kwisicwangciso sokunciphisa intlupheko esamkelwe ngurhulumente emva kokubonisana okubanzi ngokuqhelekileyo kuyahlangabezana nokulindela."[8] (Esi sikhundla saphinda saqinisekiswa ngo-2007).[9] Ngolu luvo ii-PRSPs kunokuthiwa zibonisa ubunini belizwe nje ngokukhoyo kunye nabemi bekwaziswa ngazo. Njengoko iphulo le-Jubilee Debt lichaza, "inkcazelo yeBhanki 'yobunini' ibonakala ivela kwindalo iphela" apho "ilizwe 'lingumnini' nawuphi na umgaqo-nkqubo okhethwe yiBhanki kunye ne-IMF ngaphandle kweminyango evaliweyo, ukuba urhulumente uyavuma ukuhamba. kunye nayo. Ilinganisa ubunini ngokuthi ilizwe liyawusebenzisa na umgaqo-nkqubo, hayi indlela elikhethwe ngayo.โ [10] Ngoko sinokubona ukuba ngokuxhasa ngemali ii-BWIs, inxalenye enkulu yoncedo lwase-UK iza neemeko.
Uncedo lwamazwe amabini lwase-UK lukwanemiqathango kuba lubonelelwa ngokubanzi phantsi komqathango wokuba ezi PRSPs ziyalandelwa. Ngo-2005, phantsi koxinzelelo lwephulo le-Make in Poverty History, urhulumente wakhupha i-position paper enesihloko esithi โUbudlelwane boNciphiso lweNtlupheko: Ukucinga kwakhona ngeMekoโ.[11] Kwiphepha lachaza ukuba "Asiyi kwenza uncedo lwethu luxhomekeke kwizigqibo ezithile zomgaqo-nkqubo ngoorhulumente abasebenzisanayo, okanye sizame ukunyanzelisa ukhetho lomgaqo-nkqubo kubo (kubandakanywa neenkalo zoqoqosho ezinobuzaza ezifana nokuthengiswa kwezinto zabucala okanye ukukhulula urhwebo).[12] Nangona kunjalo, oku kwajongelwa phantsi sisigwebo samva apho sichaza ukuba uncedo lunokuyekwa ukuba naliphi na ilizwe liyatenxa kwii-PRSPs. Isivakalisi sifundeka ngolu hlobo: "Iimeko apho i-UK iya kuqwalasela ukunciphisa okanye ukuphazamisa uncedo" ibandakanya ukuba "amazwe ahamba kakhulu kwiinjongo zokunciphisa intlupheko okanye iziphumo ezivunyelweneyo okanye iinjongo ezivunyelweneyo zokuzibophelela koncedo oluthile (umz. ngokunyuka ngokungafanelekanga kwenkcitho emkhosini. , okanye ukutenxa okumandla kwinkqubo ekuvunyelwene ngayo yokunciphisa intlupheko)โ.[13]
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela apha ukuba urhulumente akakhathazeki malunga namazwe ahluphekileyo achitha imali eninzi yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali kwimikhosi yawo. I-UK ngenene yenye yezona zinto zihamba phambili ngokuthumela izixhobo kumazwe ahluphekayo. Kwesi sicatshulwa singasentla, amagama aneentyatyambo ecaleni, urhulumente uchaza nje ukuba uyakuyeka ukunika uncedo ukuba oorhulumente bayaphambuka kwiinkqubo zokunciphisa intlupheko โ okuthetha ukuba iiPRSPs. Kungale ndlela ke apho uncedo lwase-UK luhlala luxhomekeke kwiinkqubo ze-IMF/zeBhanki.
I-Case Study: Iimeko kuNcedo oluya eTanzania
Omnye umzekelo wobudlelwane baseBritani abanikela ngemali namazwe ahlwempuzekileyo ngumqathango ohambelana nemali-mboleko yayo eya eTanzania.[14] Kwiphepha le-Tanzania 'IiNkcukacha zeProjekthi' kwiwebhusayithi ye-DfID kukho uxwebhu olunesihloko esithi โIimeko eziqhotyoshelwe ku-105373: iNkxaso yeBhajethi yokuNcitshiswa kweNtlupheko eTanzaniaโ.[15] Omnye wemiqathango kukuba iTanzania ibonise โUkuzibophelela ekuphumezeni iMKUKUTA (iSicwangciso sokuHluma kweSizwe nokuNcitshiswa kweNtlupheko) [uguqulelo lwaseTanzania lweenjongo zePRSP]โ.[16] Ukujongwa kwesi 'Sicwangciso seSizwe sokuHluma nokuNcitshiswa kweNtlupheko' kuveza ukuba isicwangciso sikhangeleka sifana nee-SAPs zamandulo ze-neoliberal. Eli phepha liquka ukuzibophelela โkuHlaziyo lweCandelo leParastatalโ (oluthetha ushishino lwabucala), lichaza ukuba โimiba engundoqo esaseleyo ibhekiselele kushishino lwabucala lwamaqumrhu athile ecandelo lezemali kwakunye naleyo yezibonelelo zoluntu.โ[17] Ukukhululwa kwezorhwebo kukwayinxalenye yesicwangciso. Kucaciswa ukuba "uMgaqo-nkqubo weSizwe woRhwebo (NTP) uya kunika isikhokelo" sokuphuhlisa uqoqosho.[18] KuMgaqo-nkqubo weSizwe woRhwebo kuchazwe ukuba โiTanzania izibophelele kwicala elinye lotshintsho, elo lokukhululwa kwezorhwebo.โ[19] Iphepha le-MKUKATA likwachaza ukuzibophelela kweTanzania โekugxininiseni uhlaziyo lwecandelo lezemali, ngakumbi ukuphunyezwa kwemilinganiselo yohlengahlengiso oluphambili phantsi kweNkqubo yoHlolo lweCandelo lezeMali (FSAP).โ[20] I-FSAP luxwebhu oluveliswe ngabasebenzi be-IMF kunye nabasebenzi beBhanki yehlabathi ngo-2003, apho isiphakamiso esiphambili kushishino lwabucala lwecandelo lezemali. Kuhlaziyo luka-2010 kolu xwebhu, ngeli xesha libhalwe kuphela ngabasebenzi be-IMF, kucetyiswa amanyathelo okukhulula imali. [21] Kubalulekile ukuqaphela apha ukuba ezinye iingcali zezoqoqosho zixoxa, ngesizathu esivakalayo, ukuba ukukhulula iakhawunti yenkunzi ngowona mgaqo-nkqubo uxhaphazayo, ochasene nophuhliso unyanzeliswa eAfrika.[22]
Ngoko sinokubona ukuba xa urhulumente wase-UK esithi uncedo lwakhe luxhomekeke kwiTanzania ngokulandela isicwangciso sayo sokunciphisa intlupheko; eneneni ichaza ukuba uncedo lwase-UK luxhomekeke kumaphepha alawulwa yi-neoliberal IMF/yeBhanki iingcebiso (eyilwe ngononophelo kwiminqweno yamazwe anikelayo).
Amaphulo angaphambili
Kubekho amaphulo ajolise ekupheliseni imeko yoncedo. Nangona kunjalo, ngamnye uye wabandezeleka ngenxa yeziphene ezinkulu eziye zajongela phantsi ukusebenza kwazo. Ngoku siza kuxoxa ngala maphulo kunye neziphene zawo, sijonge iindlela ezinokubakho zokuya phambili.
Intshukumo yoBulungisa boRhwebo
Iphulo lokuqala elikhulu lase-UK apho imeko yoncedo yaqwalaselwa yayiyiNtshukumo yoBulungisa boRhwebo. Ngowama-2003 baququzelela usuku lwesizwe lokusebenza ukwazisa ngeemfuno zabo eziquka: (1) ukupheliswa kwamazwe atyebileyo esebenzisa izivumelwano zoncedo nezorhwebo ukuze kukhuthazwe inkululeko yezoqoqosho kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo; kunye (2) ne-EU iphelisa inkxaso-mali yasefama (ekhokelela ekubeni amazwe ahlwempuzekileyo azaliswe zimveliso ezinexabiso eliphantsi kwaye iwathintele ukuba akhuphisane kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe). Isimo sikarhulumente malunga neli phulo sicaciswe ngokufutshane, kodwa siveza ingxelo ye-Guardian, ethe ngokupheleleyo:
โKWIVEKI veki izayo iTrade Justice Movement iququzelela indibano yokukhuthaza amaLungu ePalamente ukukhankasela urhwebo olunobulungisa kumazwe asakhasayo kwaye kuyathuthuzela ukubona iLabour Party iwamkela lo mba ngentliziyo yawo yonke โ xa inokuwufumana. Isikhokelo esivuzayo esivela kwi-Labour spinners sibongoza amalungu ePalamente ukuba abulise abakhankasi ngokufudumeleyo, ancume kwaye angavumelani nenye yeenjongo eziphambili zombutho - ukunqanda i-United States kunye ne-European Union inyanzelise amazwe asaphuhlayo ukuba avule uqoqosho lwawo ngakumbi kumashishini aseNtshona. Ngokwenene iqela labantu. "[23]
Enyanisweni, abasebenzi bakarhulumente abazange bathethe nokungavisisani kwabo nabakhankasi be-TJM. Abazange bavume ukuba ukuvumela amazwe ahlwempuzekileyo ukuba azikhethele iindlela zokuzikhusela kwakuyinxalenye yeli phulo. Ngale ndlela baye bakwazi ukubanga ukuba bavumelana ngokupheleleyo nabakhankaseli bobulungisa kurhwebo. UMphathiswa wezoRhwebo, uPatricia Hewitt, wabhala kwi-Guardian:
Ngokusisiseko sivumelana neNtshukumo yoBulungisa boRhwebo - iqela lesambrela eliququzelela lo mboniso - ukuba imithetho yorhwebo kufuneka iguqulwe ukuze kuxhamle abahluphekayo. Asithandabuzi ukuba le nkqubo ikhoyo ayisebenzi kumazwe amaninzi asakhasayo. Ngokukodwa, kufuneka senze ngakumbi ukunceda onke amazwe asaphuhlayo akhusele ukufikelela okungcono kwiimarike zamazwe atyebileyoโฆ Amanqanaba akhoyo okhuseleko ayahlazisa. [24]
Akuzange kukhankanywe kwisiqwenga sesidingo sokuyeka ukunyanzela amazwe ahlwempuzekileyo ukuba akhulule uqoqosho lwawo. Emva kwengxelo, i-Guardian yathi:
โAbaququzeleli be-TJM baphendule kabukhali, beyikhaba ngawo omane ingxelo yakhe besithi โyi-spin zeโ. Kukho umsantsa omkhulu phakathi kwento abaza kuyibhalisa (urhulumente) kunye nale nto siyifunayo, utshilo isithethi.โ[25]
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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