Umthombo: Independent Media Institute
Iintsholongwane aziyiqondi imida. Sonke sikhuselekile kuphela xa wonke umntu ekhuselekile. Kubhubhane, ukuhlasela ekuphela komzimba esinawo wentsebenziswano yehlabathi kubeka wonke umntu emngciphekweni. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukurhoxa kwe-US kwi-World Health Organisation (WHO) kuyingozi kungekuphela nje e-United States, kodwa kwihlabathi liphela.
Isigqibo sikaTrump sokurhoxa kwi-WHO kukuqhubekeka kwakhe ukusebenzisa ibhola eyonakalisayo kwisakhelo sezivumelwano nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe. Enoba lulawulo lwezixhobo, utshintsho lwemozulu, urhwebo okanye yi-WHO, iUnited States izibona ezi zivumelwano namaziko njengamakhamandela kwizivumelwano zayo. amandla hegemonic ukubumba ihlabathi. UTrump unokuchaza le pathology ngeyona ndlela imbi, kodwa isifo sihamba nzulu kakhulu.
Isizathu sikaTrump sokurhoxa kwi-WHO kukuba ayiwenzanga kakuhle umsebenzi wayo kubhubhani we-COVID-19 kwaye yayithambile e-China. Egxeka inyathelo likaTrump, uDevi Sridhar, unjingalwazi wezempilo yoluntu kwiDyunivesithi yase-Edinburgh kunye nomcebisi kurhulumente waseScotland, tweeted, “Ukurhoxa kukaDonald Trump e-US kwi-WHO ayihoyi indima ephambili edlalwa yi-arhente ekuthinteleni nasekuphenduleni uqhambuko. Ayiphelelanga nje kwi-COVID, kodwa nakwipoliyo, isifo seengcongconi, isifo sephepha, isibetho, i-yellow fever, ikholera, intsholongwane kaZika, kunye nezifo ezingahoywanga zetropiki.” Uye wachaza ukuba kungenxa yezivumelwano ezinjalo zamazwe ngamazwe ukuba i-WHO ifumene ulwazi oluvela e-China malunga ne-pathogen yenoveli ngoDisemba 30, 2019, kwaye yabhengeza "eyona ntsimbi iphezulu emhlabeni" - iNgxaki yeMpilo yoLuntu yeNkathalo yeHlabathi - ngo. NgoJanuwari 30, 2020.
UTrump uyazama gqithisa imali kwi-WHO ngokusilela kolawulo lwakhe ukulungiselela i-United States ubhubhane we-COVID-19 kunye nokuphatha ubhubhane. Amaziko ase-US oLawulo lweSifo kunye noThintelo (CDC) akakwazanga nokulungiselela ikhithi yovavanyo efanelekileyo yeenyanga ezimbini ukufumanisa i-SARS-CoV-2, intsholongwane ebangela isifo se-COVID-19. I-China, iJamani kunye noMzantsi Korea, ukukhankanya abambalwa, bonke babenezixhobo zokuvavanya ukusebenza kakuhle phambi kweCDC. Enye yezi, eBerlin Ikiti yovavanyo lwesibhedlele saseCharité, inikezelwe yi WHO kumazwe angaphezu kwe-120. I-WHO yayizise le khithi yovavanyo kumazwe angama-57 kwangaphambi kwe-CDC - kunye uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lonyaka phantse ngokuphindwe kathathu kwi-WHO (iiCDC's yonyaka Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lumalunga ne-6.8 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngokuchasene ne-WHO iminyaka emibini uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwe-2020-2021 malunga ne-4.8 yezigidigidi) - inokufumana izixhobo zayo zokuvavanya ukusebenza.
I-United States inomanyano oluyi-bipartisan ekubeni yiyo yodwa i-hegemon yehlabathi. Yalo iimfazwe zohlaselo - ukusuka eKorea ukuya eVietnam, Afghanistan ukuya eIraq - baye bafumana inkxaso ye-bipartisan. Iphiko layo lasekunene, elinokuthi nakweyiphi na enye indawo yehlabathi lithathwe njengelungelo lelony, likholelwa ekubeni linokunyanzelisa intando yalo kwihlabathi ngokuthatha icala elinye: ngokusebenzisa umkhosi womkhosi kunye nezohlwayo zoqoqosho. Kwelinye icala, ilungelo lehlabathi jikelele - akukho mandla asekhohlo okanye aphakathi kwiinkokeli zase-US zalo naliphi na iqela - likholelwa ukuba le hegemony inokusetyenziswa ngokulula kunye nendibaniselwano yokusebenzisa amaziko ehlabathi angaphakathi kunye nesenzo socalanye ngaphandle.
Yenza ntoni i-WHO, kwaye yeyiphi imingcipheko kwihlabathi lokutsalwa kwe-US?
Phantse onke amazwe anayo balubuyisela ukholo lwabo kwi-WHO njengekuphela kwesixhobo samazwe ngamazwe esinaso ekulweni ubhubhane kunye nezifo ezosulelayo. Ke isenzo sase-US siya kubangela umonakalo othile wezezimali kwi-WHO, kodwa ayisosisongelo kubukho bayo okanye igunya.
I-WHO ine- uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lonyaka malunga ne-$ 2.2 ukuya kwi-2.4-billion (i-budget yayo yeminyaka emibini ye-2018-19 yi-$ 4.4-billion, kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lweminyaka emibini ye-2020-21 yi-$ 4.8-billion). Ngokutsho kwe-WHO, malunga neepesenti ezingama-80 zohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwayo luxhaswa ngemali “yiminikelo yokuzithandela” eyenziwa ngamazwe angamalungu kunye nemibutho equka iziseko zoncedo kunye necandelo labucala. Ama-20 eepesenti aseleyo ahlawulwa koko kubizwa ngokuba “ngamagalelo avavanyiweyo” amazwe. I igalelo elivavanyiweyo eUnited States kunjalo malunga ne-120 yezigidi zeedola yonyaka ka-2020. Ngokusekelwe kumanani eNkonzo yoPhando yeCongressional for Iminikelo yokuzithandela yase-US kwi-WHO ukusuka kwi-2012 ukuya kwi-2018 (idatha ayifumaneki ngo-2019-2020, isitsho), luqikelelo lwam lokuba igalelo lokuzithandela lase-US kwi-WHO ngo-2020 limalunga needola ezingama-320 ezigidi, kwaye, kunye negalelo layo elivavanyiweyo le-120 yezigidi zeedola, limalunga nama-20. ipesenti ye-WHO yangoku ye-$2.2 ukuya kwi-2.4-yezigidi zezigidi kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lonyaka.
Ngenxa yokuba iminikelo evavanyiweyo iphantsi kakhulu ukuba ixhase i-WHO ngokwayo, iminikelo yokuzithandela evela kumazwe kunye nabaxhasi bezimali babucala ibe yeyona nto iphambili yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwayo. Ngenxa yoko, i-WHO iye yanda ngokuqhubekayo ixhomekeke kumaqela abucala kunye nomdla welizwe olawula i-ajenda yalo. Emva kwe-United States kunye ne-UK, iSiseko seBill kunye ne-Melinda Gates yi wesithathu onegalelo elikhulu kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwe-WHO lulonke.
Xa kuthelekiswa nesigunyaziso sayo sezempilo kubo bonke, kunye nokulwa izifo kunye nobhubhane kwihlabathi liphela, luhlahlo lwabiwo-mali olucekethekileyo. Ukubeka nje amanani ohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwe-WHO ngokwembono - njengoko benditshilo ngasentla, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lonyaka lwe-US CDC luqikelelwa. amaxa amathathu inkulu kunaleyo ye-WHO. I-WHO nayo ayinawo amandla kumazwe azimeleyo, kwaye kufuneka isebenzisane noorhulumente.
Nakubeni kukho le miqobo, i-WHO ibe nempumelelo ephawulekayo ekupheliseni ingqakaqha, yehlisa inani losulelo lwepoliyo ukusuka kwisibetho ebesikuso ukuya kutsho kumanani amancinane anamhlanje, kunye nokungenelela kwezinye izifo ezosulelayo. Ukulawula i Ubhubhani we-Ebola Ifuna intsebenziswano yamazwe amaninzi kunye nee-arhente ezininzi ngengazange yenzeke ngaphandle kokungenelela kwe-WHO (nangona iinzame zayo bezinazo abagxeki). Yiyo kuphela i-arhente enobuchule bobugcisa, ethathwe kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo, enokulungelelanisa iinzame zamazwe ahlukeneyo kunye nee-arhente zawo.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, sinokuyigxeka i-WHO ngeempazamo zayo, ekuqaleni ngokungacebisi ukunxitywa kweemaski kwaye singagxininisi indima yamathontsi amahle ahamba emoyeni okanye ii-aerosols kwiindawo ezivaliweyo. Nangona kunjalo, iphakamise iflegi yobhubhane kwangoko, yaphuma ineengcebiso ezicacileyo kuvavanyo kunye nokulandela umkhondo, kwaye iqela layo lezinto ezininzi lisebenze ne-China ukulawula ubhubhane apho, lifumana ulwazi oluyimfuneko ukulwa le ntsholongwane kunye nokwabelana ngayo nehlabathi.
I-WHO umbiko ekhutshwe nge-24 kaFebruwari ngokusekwe kwintsebenziswano yayo ne-China yenze amanye amazwe azi ukuba ukulawula ukusasazeka kwe-COVID-19 kufuna inkqubo engqongqo efana naleyo ye-SARS kunomkhuhlane. Ngenxa yoko, utshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo lwenziwa kumazwe anje Nyu Zilend. Amazwe anamava okuqhambuka kwe-SARS ka-2003, anjengeVietnam kunye noMzantsi Korea, ebesele elandela umthetho olandelwayo we-SARS wokusebenzisa imaski, uvavanyo olubanzi kunye nokubahlukanisa abo bosulelekileyo. IVietnam, ngaphandle komda okwabelwana ngawo neTshayina, uye walawula le ubhubhane ngokupheleleyo kwaye akachazanga nokuba mnye ukubhubha kwe-COVID-19.
I-WHO: Kuphela Kwesixhobo seMpilo yoLuntu kwiNtsebenziswano yehlabathi
Kutheni ibaluleke kangaka indima yonxibelelaniso ye-WHO? Ngokungafaniyo nabantu, iintsholongwane azinamida. Abahambi kuphela ekuhlaleni emanzini nasemoyeni, kodwa nakwilizwe elinxibeleleneyo njengelethu, ngabakhweli abahamba ngomoya, ngamanzi okanye emhlabeni. Bosulela izilwanyana neentaka, ezifuywayo nasendle. Yiyo loo nto ukuvalela abantu abosulelekileyo kunye nokwahlula amazwe kwabanye kulinyathelo lexesha elifutshane. Ekuphela kwendlela yexesha elide yokulwa nobhubhane kukuphelisa ngokupheleleyo okanye ukuvalela kwiipokotho ezincinci zoqhambuko, ngogonyo kunye neminye imilinganiselo yempilo yoluntu. Eli dabi alinakoyiswa lilizwe elinye. Yiyo loo nto ukuphelisa i-WHO, ekuphela kwesixhobo sezempilo soluntu esifanelekileyo sentsebenziswano yehlabathi esinayo, yindlela eya kwintlekele.
Ngelixa bekukho izilumkiso ezininzi zokuba ubhubhani omtsha wawungenakuthintelwa, intsholongwane yomkhuhlane kwakucingelwa ukuba yeyona nto ibalulekileyo. Ukukwazi kwayo ukuguquguquka ngokukhawuleza, kusetyenziswa amadama ezilwanyana ezifuywayo – iinkukhu neehagu – kunye neentaka ezifudukayo, kuye kwabonwa njengobhubhane wexesha elide. Inkumbulo yobhubhani womkhuhlane we-1918 ibolekise ubunzulu besoyikiso somkhuhlane.
I-WHO yenze uthungelwano lwehlabathi kunye neziseko ezingundoqo ezinokubeka iliso kuqhambuko lomkhuhlane kwihlabathi liphela. Yalo IGlobal Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS), ukusebenza ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-65, ichonge “iintsholongwane ezintsha zomkhuhlane kunye nezinye iintsholongwane zokuphefumla” kwaye inika ulwazi olubalulekileyo lwexesha elizayo leentlobo zomkhuhlane kunye nezindululo zokwenziwa kwesitofu sokugonya. I-GISRS kuphela kweqonga lehlabathi elivumela amazwe ukuba ukwabelana ngentsholongwane ukuze bafumane izitofu zokugonya ngeenkqubo ze-WHO ngamaxabiso emvumelwano, kwaye hayi ngamaxabiso abizi kakhulu emarike kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo.
Ngawaphi amazwe axhamlayo kweli qonga lokwabelana ngentsholongwane? Uninzi lwezitofu zokugonya umkhuhlane zisetyenziswa kwi EUnited States nakwintshona Yurophu. Iunited States usebenzisa isitofu sokugonya somkhuhlane ngaphezu kwalo naliphi na elinye ilizwe. Ngeli xesha, phantse i-50 pesenti yabantu behlabathi - iAfrika, iNtshona Asia, uMzantsi Asia, kunye nomzantsi-mpuma weAsia - isebenzisa kuphela i-5 ekhulwini yezitofu zokugonya zomkhuhlane zehlabathi, nangona isambuku seisampulu zomkhuhlane ziphuma kula mazwe.
Ukuphuma kwi-WHO kushiya emngciphekweni kungekuphela nje inkqubo yomkhuhlane yehlabathi, kodwa namandla ethu okulwa a ubhubhane womkhuhlane omtsha enokukhuphisana neyowe-1918. Ngelo xesha yabulala abantu abaqikelelwa kuma-50-100 ezigidi (i-15-20 lezigidi zabo maxhoba yayikwiBritish India kuphela). Ekubeni inani labemi behlabathi lalimalunga nesinye kwisine samanani ethu angoku, oku bekuya kuthetha ixhoba lezigidi ezingama-200-400 ngokwezibalo zanamhlanje, kwanangaphandle kokuqwalasela imiphumo yohambo lwanamhlanje lokukhawulezisa ukwanda kosulelo.
Nokuba isifo siqala phi na, ukumisa ukusasazeka kumthombo ngaphambi kokuba kube ngubhubhani kukhusela abemi bamanye amazwe. Kutheni le nto i-United States izakurhoxa xa ingumxhamli we-WHO wenkqubo yokubeka iliso kunye nothintelo lwesifo?
Iphiko lasekunene liyayichasa imigaqo-nkqubo yezempilo yoluntu ngokuthanda umntu ngamnye, ukhathalelo lwempilo lwabucala, kunye neBig Pharma efumana inzuzo enkulu kumayeza asindisa ubomi. Oku kuhlala kunjalo ngoku, nangona ubhubhane unokuphumelela kuphela walwa kwinqanaba lehlabathi. Impilo yoluntu ivelisa inzuzo engenakulinganiswa kuluntu, kodwa hayi kwizibhedlele zabucala okanye iBig Pharma.
I-WHO, kunye neemfazwe zayo kunye nazo zonke, isamele intsebenziswano yehlabathi kunye nokukhuthaza imigaqo-nkqubo yezempilo yoluntu, kwaye kuphela kwesixhobo esinaso kwintsebenziswano yehlabathi. Yi uthiywa liphiko lasekunene ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yezi zizathu. Abahlobo abasekunene bakaTrump - uJair Bolsonaro, uBoris Johnson kunye noNarendra Modi - abayigxeki i-United States ngokuyeka i-WHO, nangona amazwe abo edinga i-WHO njengelizwe liphela. Isimo sengqondo sokuba wonke umntu kufuneka abe ngowakhe, kunye nelizwe ngalinye ngokwalo, yinxalenye yembono yabo yehlabathi ngokunjalo.
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