UAARON MATÉ: Ziindaba zokwenyani. NdinguAaron Maté. Kwiinyanga ezimbini emva kokuba ethe uza kuthatha inyathelo, uMongameli uTrump ubhengeze ingxaki ye-opioid overdose njengengxakeko yezempilo yoluntu.
UDONALD TRUMP: Ngaphandle kwenani lokufa elothusayo, umlinganiselo ombi wengxaki ye-opioid ibandakanya iintsapho eziqhekekileyo kunye noluntu oluninzi, isizukulwana esilahlekileyo kunye nethuba. Lo bhubhani yingxakeko yezempilo yesizwe. Asinakukuvumela oku ukuba kuqhubeke. Lixesha lokuba sikhulule uluntu lwethu kwesi sihelegu sokukhotyokiswa ziziyobisi.
UAARON MATÉ: Isigqibo sikaTrump siyasilela kwinto eyacetyiswa yikomishini yakhe ngo-Agasti. Ikhomishini yathi kufuneka kubizwe unxunguphalo lukazwelonke, olunokuthi lukhulule izixhobo ezitsha zomdibaniso. Endaweni yoko, ukutyunjwa kukaTrump kugunyazisa kuphela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezikhoyo.
Abantu abangaphezu kwe-59,000 baseMelika babulawa yi-opioid overdoses kwi-2016 kwaye lo nyaka uhamba ngesantya esiphezulu kuloo rekhodi. UJohann Hari ungumbhali weyona ncwadi ithengiswa kakhulu, Ukusukelana neSikhalo, Iintsuku zokuQala nezokugqibela zeMfazwe kwiZiyobisi. Johann, wamkelekile. Ndicinga ukuba umbuzo wam wokuqala ngowokuba, ukuba uTrump akabeki izixhobo ezitsha kule ngxaki, ngaba ikhona into ayenzayo?
UJOHANN HARI: Ukuba ufuna ukuqonda indlela uDonald Trump ajonga ngayo ukuba likhoboka, jonga into ayenzileyo kumntakwabo. Uthethe namhlanje ngomntakwabo, uFred Trump, Omnci., owayelinxila elibukhali, wazisela de wafa kwiminyaka yakhe engama-30. Lityala elibi kwaye libi kakhulu. Impendulo kaDonald Trump kwikhoboka elibi lomntakwabo yayikukuthatha umhlolokazi womntakwabo kunye nosana olukhubazekileyo enkundleni ukuze banqumle kwilifa losapho.
Impendulo kaTrump kwingxaki yesizwe yokulutha iyafana. Kuyaphazamisa kakhulu. Ukuba ujonga ngale nto ayithethileyo, yikhathalogu yeempazamo, izinto ezazanywayo, izinto ezichazwe ngokweenkcukacha zokusukelana nokuKhala, kwaye siyazazi iziphumo. "Yithi hayi" yenye yeendlela zakhe. Siyayazi into eyenzekayo. Kwakukho uphononongo olukhulu lwenkqubo ye-DARE, leyo yafundisa abantwana ukuba bathi hayi. Abantwana abathe badlula kuyo babenethuba elincinane lokusebenzisa iziyobisi kunabantwana abangazange basebenzise iziyobisi.
Uthi isisombululo kukuthintela unikezelo oluvela eMexico kunye nokwakha udonga. Uya kube uqaphele ukuba kukho iintolongo eUnited States ezineendonga ezijikelezileyo. Ndikhe ndahlala kwezo ntolongo zininzi. Ungafumana iziyobisi kuyo yonke into. Ukuba awukwazi nokugcina iziyobisi ngaphandle komda omncinci obiyelwe ngodonga, lithamsanqa kumda oziikhilomitha ezingama-3,000 kunye neMexico, ugcwele ubuhlanga.
Ingxaki ephambili apha kukuba uTrump kwaye, ndiyoyika, inkcubeko ebanzi yaseMelika, ayiqondi ukuba kutheni le ngxaki isenzeka kwaye ke, asifumani zisombululo zifanelekileyo. Le ngxaki ayenzeki kuba amachiza akhona. Iziyobisi ezinamandla kakhulu ziye zafumaneka yonke imihla iUnited States ikhona. Isizathu sokuba kukho ingxaki enzima kakhulu ngoku kungenxa yokuba kukho ubuninzi beentlungu e-United States. Yiya kwiindawo endikhe ndaya kuzo apho ingxaki imbi kakhulu, njengeMonadnock eNew Hampshire okanye eCleveland, eOhio, kwaye uyakuyibona le nto kwangoko. Kukho ukuhambelana okunomdla ngokwenene, ndiyacinga, kwaye ndichithe isiqingatha sonyaka wam e-US kodwa ndiseBritane okwangoku. Kwaye kwimbali yesi sixeko, eLondon, kukho ukuhambelana okubaluleke ngokwenene okukuxelela ukuba kuqhubeka ntoni ngengxaki ye-opioid.
Ngenkulungwane ye-18, abantu abaninzi baseBritani bagxothwa emaphandleni basiwa kula matyotyombe anezothe asezidolophini. Yayikukuzalwa koshishino. Baphulukana nayo yonke into eyenza ubomi babo bunentsingiselo. Baphulukana noluntu lwabo, baphulukana nohlobo lomsebenzi abawenzileyo, baziva bengento yanto. Into eyenzekayo yinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-gin craze. Yaba kukuqhambuka kobunxila. Yenzekile ngokwenene, kukho umzobo odumileyo wexesha lomfazi esela ibhotile yegin ngelixa umntwana wakhe ewa ngefestile. Yayikho ngokwenene le ngxaki.
Ngelo xesha, into ethethwe ngabantu yile nto ithethwa nguDonald Trump namhlanje. Jonga eli chiza libi, gin. Jonga indlela ebatshabalalisa ngayo abantu. Ukuba nje besinokususa eli chiza libi, ke yonke into iya kulunga.
UAARON MATÉ Njengoko usitsho, imigaqo-nkqubo kaTrump iza kwenzakalisa kwabona bantu bamvoteleyo, apho le ngxaki iqhume khona. Makhe ndikubuze, nangona kunjalo, ukuba siyaqonda ukuba, njengoko usitsho, entliziyweni ye-addiction yintlungu, ukulahlekelwa konxibelelwano, siyisebenzisa njani loo nto kumgaqo-nkqubo?
UJOHANN HARI: Xa uyojonga ipleyiti, akukho nto ibambekayo kule mpendulo yalo mbuzo, ingumbuzo ochanekileyo ofanele ukubuzwa. Ndikhe ndaya kwiindawo ezenzileyo. Ndiza kukunika umzekelo. ISwitzerland yayinengxaki enkulu ye-opioid kwiminyaka yoo-1990. Abantu banokukhumbula imiboniso eyoyikisayo evela eSwitzerland yabantu ekuqhambukeni kokusetyenziswa kweheroin egqithisileyo, rhoqo esidlangalaleni. Intlekele, bazama izinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kwaye bayisombulula loo ngxaki. Ndinike ingxelo ngayo nzulu. Ndikwangummi waseSwitzerland, ngokunjalo, ngokucacileyo njengoko unokwazi ngokwelizwi lam, ubunzulu baseBritane.
URuth Dreifuss, uMongameli waseSwitzerland, wacacisela abantu, xa usiva igama elithi ukusemthethweni, into oyibonayo ifana nesiphithiphithi kunye nesiphithiphithi. Into esinayo ngoku yisiphithiphithi kunye nesiphithiphithi. Sinezaphuli-mthetho ezingaziwayo ezithengisa imichiza engaziwayo kubasebenzisi beziyobisi abangaziwayo, bonke ebumnyameni, bonke bezaliswe lugonyamelo, izifo kunye nesiphithiphithi. Into ayenzileyo kukuba, wabhalisa ngokusemthethweni i-heroin ngendlela eyahluke kakhulu kwinto eyenzekayo e-United States nge-opioids kagqirha okanye i-heroin engekho mthethweni.
Indlela esebenza ngayo kukuba, ukuba unomlutha we-opioid, wabelwa ekliniki. Uya kula kliniki, ndiye kulaa yaseGeneva, ujika ngo-7:00 kusasa, kuba abantu baseSwitzerland bakholelwa ekwenzeni izinto kwangethuba. Ujika phezulu, unikwe i-heroin yakho okanye i-opioid apho. Awunakuyikhupha nawe, kufuneka uyisebenzise apho, umongikazi uyakukujonga. Emva koko uyeka ukuya kunyango lwakho kunye nomsebenzi wakho, kuba bakunika ukhathalelo olubanzi ngenene, inkxaso yezengqondo, izindlu ezixhaswa ngemali, umsebenzi ofumana inkxaso-mali ukuze ujongane nyani nengxaki ebikwenza ukuba ufune ukuzilalisa ii-anesthetize ngalo lonke ixesha kwindawo yokuqala.
Cinga ngale nto, kuba ufuna ukuyithelekisa nento eyenzekayo e-US okwangoku. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini. Iprong yokuqala kukuba, nika umntu ichiza. I-prong yesibini ijongana nengqondo kunye nokusingqongileyo kunye nezizathu zokuba kutheni beyisebenzisa kwasekuqaleni. Enye into eyandichukumisayo xa ndisiya kule kliniki uyakwazi ukuhlala kuloo program kangangoko ufuna. Akukho xinzelelo lokunciphisa, kwaye baya kukunika nayiphi na idosi oyifunayo, ngaphandle kokubulalayo.
Indothusile kakhulu kuba bendicinga ukuba ngokuqinisekileyo wonke umntu uya kuhlala kuyo ngonaphakade, ngoko. Ndithethe nogqirha wengqondo uRita Mange wandicacisela. Ndathi kuye, ngoba? Enyanisweni, wandicacisela ukuba akukho mntu wayesele ekwinkqubo iminyaka elishumi owayekho kwasekuqaleni. Phantse wonke umntu ukhetha ukunciphisa kwaye ayeke ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ndathi kuye, “Kutheni na?” Wathi, “Ke, kuba siyabajonga kwaye ubomi babo bubangcono. Emva koko njengoko ubomi babo busiba bhetele, abafuni kuthomalaliswa kakhulu.”
Ngoku ngokuchaseneyo noko kwenzekayo e-US kwaye, kufuneka nditsho, ndivuyiswa kungekuphela nje nguTrump, kodwa eneneni ngabantu abaninzi kwicala lethu abangabantu abalungileyo nabahloniphekileyo, abangayiqondiyo le ngxaki kwaye ngokwenene bacebisa imigaqo-nkqubo. eziya kubangela umonakalo nangakumbi. Kwenzeka ntoni e-US kukuba, ukuba ugqirha wakho ukumisela kwaye ugqirha wakho uyaqonda ukuba awusebenzisi ngenxa yentlungu yomzimba kodwa ngenxa yeentlungu zengqondo, ugqirha wakho ufunwa ngumthetho ukuba akunqumle. Oko yimfuneko esemthethweni, okanye banokuvalelwa entolongweni njengomthengisi weziyobisi, nto leyo eye yenzeka koogqirha abaninzi.
Emva koko uwedwa kwindawo apho kubiza kakhulu ukuthenga la mayeza kagqirha kwimarike emnyama, ngelixa i-heroin inexabiso eliphantsi ngezizathu endinokuvuyela ukukuchaza ukuba uyafuna. Into esiyifumanayo kukuba udluliselwe, kude nokufumana inkxaso oyifumana eSwitzerland, utshintshelwe kwimarike yolwaphulo-mthetho apho ube sisikrelemnqa. Enyanisweni, ujongene nokuvalelwa, ukubekwa ibala, ukohlwaywa. Senza ngokuchaseneyo nomgaqo-nkqubo osebenze ekunciphiseni ingxaki ye-opioid.
Ukuba ufuna ukwazi iziphumo eSwitzerland, zijonge nje. Ngaba uyazi ukuba bangaphi abantu ababhubhileyo ngokugqithisileyo kwiprogram ye-heroin esemthethweni eSwitzerland? Impendulo ngu-zero, ngokoqobo akukho mntu. Kushiyeke imarike engekho mthethweni. Incinci kakhulu, bambalwa kakhulu abantu abafayo kuloo nto, bambalwa kakhulu kunabafa ngaphambi kokuba kube semthethweni. ISwitzerland lilizwe elinogcino kakhulu. Umakhulu wam wafumana ivoti ngo-1974. Le asiyoSan Francisco. Nangona kunjalo, xa babenokuvota kule nkqubo, xa abantu beyibonile ekusebenzeni, ngokwenene, kwakukho inkxaso enkulu kuyo, i-70 ipesenti yabantu baseSwitzerland bavotela ukugcina i-opioids ngokusemthethweni ngenxa yeso sizathu.
UAARON MATÉ: Kutheni ucinga ukuba sigcina, njengoluntu, sisala izisombululo ezisebenzayo? Ndiyazibuza ukuba ngaba unazo naziphi na iingcinga malunga nokuguquguquka kwengqondo emsebenzini ekubekeni amabala amakhoboka, nanjengokwala ukubabona njengabantu abasentlungwini?
UJOHANN HARI: Ndicinga ukuba kukho uhlobo lwamacandelo amabini kwimpendulo yale nto uyithethayo. Enye yimpendulo endiqinisekileyo ukuba wonke umntu obukele i-Real News Network uyazi, emalunga nezinto ezinomdla kwindawo yoshishino yentolongo kunye ne-DEA kunye nabo bonke abo bantu. Yinyani yonke loo nto. Andiyijongeli phantsi oko okomzuzwana. Leyo yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokumelana notshintsho.
Kukho enye into ekunzima ukuthetha ngayo, nangona ndiyazi yonke into endisandula ukuyithetha kuwe kwaye ndiyikholelwa ngokunzulu, nabantu endibathandayo abaneziyobisi, ixesha elininzi ndinomsindo ngokwenene. . Ndiyazama ukungawuthathisi loo msindo, ngokuqinisekileyo awuyazisi indlela endicinga ukuba masiphendule ngayo. Ndicinga ukuba yindalo xa ujongile umntu onengxaki yokunxila, ndiye ndicinge ngesinye isizalwane sam onomntwana endimthanda kakhulu, kukho icandelo elicingayo, andiqondi ukuba akukho ngokwemvelo ukucinga ukuba umntu makakumise, kodwa ndicinga ukuba siyazibona iziphumo. Ndikhe ndaya kwimibutho esebenza ngendlela enokuthi umntu akunqande.
E-Arizona, ndaphuma kwiqela lemigulukudu kunye nabasetyhini abenziwe ukuba banxibe izikipa ezithi, "Ndandilikhoboka leziyobisi" nguloo psychopath uJoe Arpaio, owaxolelwa nguTrump ngolunye ulwaphulo-mthetho. Aba bafazi bayathotywa baze batshatyalaliswe yaye, ewe, xa bephuma entolongweni, maxa wambi abantu bathi, “Owu, oko akusebenzi ekuyekeni ukukhotyokiswa?” Kubi kakhulu kunoko. Loo nto yenza ukuba umlutha wabo ube mandundu ngakumbi kuba yenza intlungu kunye nokwenzakala kwabo kube nzulu ngakumbi. Ndikhe ndaya kwezindawo bezizama lonto, ndazibona iziphumo. Uya kuba uqaphele ngokujonga ngaphandle kwefestile, e-United States ingxaki yokukhotyokiswa ikhula kakhulu. Ndikhe ndaya kwiindawo ezisebenza ngalowomnye uchuku. Kanye njengokuba sonke sinentshukumisa enomsindo, ndicinga ukuba phantse sonke sinayo, ngokucacileyo uTrump akanguye omnye wabo onikwe indlela amphatha ngayo umntakwabo, kodwa phantse sonke sinempendulo enothando nemfesane ngokunjalo. Ndikhe ndaya kwiindawo ezenza ezo mpendulo zothando novelwano.
Cinga ngePortugal. Ngonyaka wama-2000, iPortugal yaba nenye yezona ngxaki zinkulu zeheroin ehlabathini. Ipesenti enye yabemi yayingamakhoboka eheroin. Unyaka ngamnye bazama indlela yaseMelika ngakumbi nangakumbi kwaye minyaka le ingxaki yaba mbi, de ekugqibeleni, baseka iphaneli yezesayensi ekhokelwa yindoda emangalisayo endayaziyo, ebizwa ngokuba nguGqr Joao Goulao, kunye nephaneli yokusombulula ingxaki. . Iphaneli yathi zonke iziyobisi mazibe lulwaphulo-mthetho ukusuka kwi-cannabis ukuya kwi-crack, kodwa, kwaye eli linyathelo elilandelayo elibalulekileyo, thatha yonke imali esiyichithayo ngokubulala abantu, kwaye bayichithe endaweni yokuguqula ubomi babo.
Into abayenzileyo kukuba, baphinda bayibuyisela yonke loo mali ngenkqubo yokudala intsingiselo. Masithi ubungumakhenikha, baya egaraji bathi, ukuba uqeshe lo mfo unyaka wonke, siya kubhatala isiqingatha somvuzo wakhe. Baseka inkqubo enkulu ngeemali-mboleko ezincinci ukuze abantu abaneengxaki zokulutha baseke kwaye baqhube amashishini apho bengabaphathi babo. Kwakhona, iziphumo zicace kakhulu. Ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ngokutofa kwehle nge-50% ePortugal, i-5-0 yepesenti. Ngokwenyani akukho mntu ePortugal ofuna ukubuyela emva.
Ngexesha elithile, kufuneka sijonge ubungqina. Into endikhathazayo malunga nengxaki ye-opioid, kukho izinto ezininzi ezindikhathazayo malunga nengxaki ye-opioid, kodwa into enye yimpendulo yecala lethu. Abantu esibathandayo kunye nam, abantu abangabalingane bendalo, uninzi lwabantu luyazi, uninzi lwabantu abakwicala lethu lezopolitiko kwaye eneneni, uninzi lwabantu baseMelika ngoku bayakwazi, ukuba umbhalo kaNancy Reagan malunga, uthi, ubhubhani wokuqhekeka, yayibubudenge. Utyhola umthengisi weziyobisi, uthi lityala labantu abathengisa esi siyobisi, kwaye nje, ukuba nje sinokuyeka abantu abathengisa iziyobisi, ingxaki ingaphela. Uninzi lwabantu luyayazi ukuba yayiyindlela ehlekisayo nelula yokucinga malunga nobhubhani wokuqhekeka. Kodwa jonga ukuba icala lethu lithini malunga nengxaki ye-opioid.
Into abayithethayo kukuba, abathengisi beziyobisi ezimbi, kule meko, i-Big Pharma, abagxeka ngokusemthethweni kwaye ndigxeka ezinye izinto ezininzi, kodwa abathengisi beziyobisi ezimbi baye babangela le ngxaki kwaye kufuneka siyeke iyeza elibi. abathengisi ukuba bayenze. Ngokwenene yimbuyekezo yeskripthi seReaganite, nje uhlobo oluphindwe kabini. Ndiyayicaphukela i-Big Pharma njengaye nabani na. Le ngxaki ayenzeki ngenxa yeBig Pharma. Jonga xa intlekele iqala. Iqala ngo-2008. Ingaba ukhona umntu obukele le nkqubo ongakwaziyo ukucinga ngento eyenzekileyo ngo-2008? Uninzi lwabantu baseMelika babekwingxaki enkulu ngakumbi.
Ngexesha elithile kufuneka sijonge, siye kwiindawo apho ingxaki ye-opioid iphezulu. Zikwayindawo apho ingxaki yokuzibulala iphezulu, apho ingxaki yokukhotyokiswa butywala iphezulu. Ngokwenyani, kwaye le yinto enzima ukuyithetha, uMarianne Faithfull, abantu abaninzi baya kuyazi. Wayengumdlali we-rock, enengxaki ye-heroin. Kwimemori yakhe, uthi le nto inzima kakhulu malunga nokulutha kwe-heroin. Uthi, xa wayengenakhaya, uthi, “Iheroin yabusindisa ubomi bam, kuba ukuba yayingeyiyo iheroin, ngendizibulele.” Akatsho ukuba i-heroin sisisombululo, ngokucacileyo akunjalo.
Kucacile kuye wonke umntu ukuba izisa iingozi zayo kunye neengxaki zayo, kodwa kukho into ebaluleke ngokwenene ukuyiqonda. Ndathetha nogqirha e-Oklahoma ogama linguGqr. Hal Vorse, owayeyincutshe koku. Okwenzekayo kukuba, ukuba ulahla nje abantu abakhotyokisiweyo kummiselo wabo, okwenzekayo kukuba abanye babo baya kuhamba baye kufumana i-heroin ezitratweni kwaye basengozini yokufa, kuba i-heroin yesitalato yosuleleka ngakumbi kwaye i-heroin. yiyo nayiphi na indlela enamandla ngakumbi. Abanye babo baya kuzibulala kwaye abanye baya kuba nobomi obubi beentlungu ezinzulu ngokwasengqondweni.
Isisombululo esibanzi, kwaye oku kunokuvakala kukhulu kakhulu, kodwa le yingxaki enkulu ke kufanele ukuba sithetha ngezisombululo ezinkulu. Isisombululo esibanzi kukwakha uluntu abantu abafuna ukuba khona, apho sibaxabisa abantu, apho iimfuno zabantu ngokwasengqondweni zihlangatyezwana nazo. Kukho uluntu olunjalo ehlabathini. Banamazinga aphantsi kakhulu okukhobokisa. I-United States, kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwimbali yayo, ibe luluntu olunjalo kubantu abaninzi, kungekhona wonke umntu.
Into ekufuneka siyenzile kukujonga, uBruce Alexander, owenza umfuniselo omkhulu kwaye wasifundisa okuninzi malunga nokuba likhoboka, ndiyavuya ukuthetha xa ufuna, uthe sithetha ngalo lonke ixesha ukongeza malunga. ukuchacha komntu ngamnye, kwaye oko kunexabiso lokwenene, kodwa kufuneka sithethe ngakumbi malunga nokubuyisela uluntu. Kukho into engahambi kakuhle ngathi, kungekhona njengabantu ngabanye, kodwa njengeqela. Ayisiyiyo nje into yokuba abantu baseMonadnock eNew Hampshire bavele nje ngokungaqondakaliyo ukuba bangasebenzi kakuhle ngaxeshanye, ngelixa abantu abakwindawo entle yaseVermont bengenjalo. Kufuneka siqonde oonobangela bentlalo obunzulu bale ntlungu. Oku ngokuyinxenye into yam, incwadi endiyibhalileyo ephuma ngoJanuwari, ibizwa ngokuba yiLost Connections, imalunga nokuqonda okunzulu kwezentlalo kwiingxaki esijongene nazo.
UAARON MATÉ: UJohann Hari, kufuneka siyishiye apho. Ukucacisa nje ireferensi ka-2008 kuye nabani na oyiphosileyo, kulapho ingxaki yezemali yafika kwihlabathi liphela. UJohann, andinakulinda ukuthetha nawe malunga nencwadi yakho ezayo, iLost Connections, emalunga nokudakumba, akunjalo?
UJOHANN HARI: Ewe, imalunga nentlupheko enzulu eyenzekayo kwinkcubeko yethu, ebonakala ngazo zonke iindlela ezahlukeneyo, uxinzelelo, ixhala, ukuba likhoboka, uTrump, kunye nokuba zeziphi izizathu zokwenyani zale ngxaki kunye nokuba singaqala njani. zisombulule.
UAARON MATÉ: UJohann Hari ungumbhali weyona ncwadi ithengiswa kakhulu, Ukuleqa isikhalo, Iintsuku zokuQala kunye nezokuGqibela zeMfazwe kwiZiyobisi. Johann, enkosi kwaye enkosi ngokuzimanya nathi kwiiNdaba zokwenyani.
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