Umthombo: Amaphupha aqhelekileyo
Kangangeminyaka engamashumi amabini, abavukeli bephiko lasekunene eMiami naseWashington banyelisa urhulumente waseVenezuela, bemtyhola ngokurhweba ngeziyobisi kunye nokugcina abanqolobi. engakhange anike nentwana yobungqina. Ekugqibeleni bawufumene umnqweno wabo ngoLwesine, xa iSebe lezoBulungisa laseMelika lityhila izimangalo ezichasene noMongameli uNicolás Maduro kunye namanye amalungu angama-13 akhoyo okanye angaphambili aseVenezuela kunye nomkhosi. Ukongeza kwizityholo, iGqwetha leGqwetha likaWilliam Barr linikeze umvuzo we-15 yezigidi zeedola ngolwazi olukhokelela ekubanjweni okanye ekugwetyweni kukaMaduro, kunye nemivuzo ye-10 yezigidi zeedola kuDiosdado Cabello (umongameli we-National Constituent Assembly yaseVenezuela), uTarek El Aissami (usekela mongameli). kwezoqoqosho), uHugo Carvajal (owayesakuba ngumlawuli wezobuntlola emkhosini) kunye noCliver Alcalá (ujikelele odla umhlala-phantsi).
Isityholo sele sibuyile. Kwiiyure emva kokubhengezwa, u-Alcalá wathumela iividiyo kwi-intanethi ezisongela ukubangela ukwahlukana ngakumbi kwinkcaso kwaye kunokubangela ukubanjwa kukaJuan Guaidó. Ngaphambi kokungena kwezo nkcukacha, nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba njani icala lezopolitiko izityholo zichasene noMaduro et al.
Kakade ke, izityholo azinanto yakwenza norhwebo lweziyobisi; zikokunyuka kwamva nje kulawulo lukaTrump “uxinzelelo oluphezulu Matshi.” Isizathu sisityholo seyelenqe likarhulumente waseVenezuela lokukhukulisa iUnited States "kwindawo ethile phakathi kwe-200-250 yeetoni zeemetric ze-cocaine.” Nangona eli nani lisenokubonakala liphezulu, kubalulekile ukuqonda umxholo. IUnited States yiyo umthengi omkhulu we-cocaine kwihlabathi kunye neColombia umvelisi omkhulu wehlabathi. Kwelinye icala, eVenezuela ayilimi icoca, ayivelisi i-cocaine kwaye, ngokwamanani karhulumente wase-US, ngaphantsi kwe-10% ye-cocaine ye-traffic traffic kwilizwe lonke.
Ukwenzela uthelekiso, iiarhente zase-US ezibonelele nge-Barr ngenani “elingama-200-250 eetoni” zikwathi umndilili ophantse ube ngama-2,400 eetoni ze-cocaine uqukuqelele eColombia phakathi kuka-2016 no-2019 (umyinge weetoni ezingama-216 eVenezuela- kalishumi ngaphantsi- ngexesha elifanayo). Umongameli wangoku waseColombia, u-Iván Duque, usondelelene nowayesakuba ngumongameli welizwe, u-Alvaro Uribe, naye ngokwakhe. ziye zanxulunyaniswa nokuthengiswa kweziyobisi. Phantse kunyaka odlulileyo, uMongameli Trump wakhalaza ukuba "amachiza amaninzi aphuma eColombia ngoku kunangaphambili” UDuque wayengumongameli, kodwa i-US iyaqhubeka inika izigidi zoncedo lokhuseleko eColombia njengenxalenye yemfazwe engaphumelelanga kwiziyobisi.
I-US kabini umgangatho malunga narco-states ayiphelelanga nje eColombia. Umongameli waseHonduras oxhaswa yi-US, uJuan Orlando Hernández, yayinxulunyaniswa nokurhweba ngeziyobisi kwinkundla yaseMelika, ukanti ezi ndaba khange zifune isibhengezo esikhulu se-DOJ, mhlawumbi kuba uHernández lihlakani lase-US. Omnye umhlobo wase-US, iGuatemala, wayenayo I-cocaine ephindwe kathandathu idlula kwindawo yayo njengeVenezuela.
Izityholo zesinye isitena kwisiseko sesizathu sokuhlasela ngokuthe ngqo komkhosi wase-US okanye imfazwe yeproxy isebenzisa imikhosi yaseColombia. Kukho uthelekiso olucacileyo kwi-1989, xa i-US yabeka i-1 yezigidi zeedola kumongameli wasePanama uManuel Noriega, emva koko wahlasela ilizwe, kubangele ukufa okuqikelelwa kuma-4,000. Imivuzo i-US inika uMaduro kunye nabanye abane bayakhathaza, njengoko benayo sele ifaniswe nesisa. UMaduro sele esindile ubuncinane kumzamo omnye wokubulala (ngo-Agasti ka-2018 xa iidrones ezithwele iziqhushumbisi zaqhuma ngaphambi kwexesha), kwaye imivuzo inokutolikwa njenge, ubuncinci, ikhadi "lokuphuma entolongweni simahla" ukuba umntu uphumelele ukumbulala. Kwelinye icala, imivuzo iqinisekisa into ebithethwa ngurhulumente waseVenezuela ngalo lonke ixesha: i-US ibonelela ngezigidi zeedola ukuba abantu bajike ubunkokeli belizwe.
Nangona kunjalo ulawulo lukaTrump lubonakala lwenza impazamo enkulu ngokubandakanya uGeneral Alcalá osele umhlala phantsi kwizityholo. Umntu owayesakuba ngumongameli owayengumongameli u-Hugo Chávez, u-Alcalá wajoyina inkcaso kwi-2015 kwaye uye wadibaniswa nezicwangciso ezahlukeneyo zokukhwabanisa kunye nokuhlaselwa kobugrogrisi okucwangcisiweyo ukususela ngo-2016. Uyi-profile ephezulu yangaphambili igosa lokujikela uMaduro kwaye ithathwa njenge "inkokeli yabasebenzi basemkhosini be-pro-Guaidó.” I-Alcalá ngoku ifunwa yi-United States kunye neVenezuela.
UAlcalá ubandakanyeka kwiyelenqe lamva nje lokuhlasela urhulumente waseMaduro. NgoMatshi 24, abasemagunyeni baseColombia babamba ilori eyayizele zizixhobo kunye nezixhobo zomkhosi, kuquka imipu yokuhlasela engama-26, exabisa ii-$500,000. Iinkonzo zobuntlola zaseVenezuela zanxibelelanisa izixhobo kwiinkampu ezintathu zaseColombia apho amaqela eparamilitary Abahlali baseVenezuela kunye namajoni ase-US baqeqeshelwa ukuhlasela iVenezuela. NgokukaMphathiswa wezoNxibelelwano waseVenezuela uJorge Rodríguez, la maqela ayeceba ukuthatha ithuba lobhubhani we-COVID-19 ukuhlasela iiyunithi zomkhosi kunye nokutyala iibhombu. Kwakhona wadibanisa amaqela kwi-Alcalá.
Ezi zityholo zingqineke zichanekile, njengoko u-Alcalá, kwividiyo ayithumele kwiiyure ze-intanethi emva kwezityholo, wavuma ukuba izixhobo ziphantsi komyalelo wakhe. Waphinda wavuma ukuba izixhobo zathengwa ngemali awayeyinikwe nguJuan Guaidó, ekutyholwa ukuba utyikitye isivumelwano naye. Ukongeza, u-Alcala wabanga ukuba olu tyando lwalucwangciswe ngabacebisi base-US, ekucingelwa ukuba wadibana naye amaxesha asixhenxe ubuncinane. U-Aclalá uphinde watyhola ukuba uLeopoldo López, umseki weqela likaGuaidó uVoluntad Popular owaphuma ekuvalelweni endlwini ngexesha likaGuaidó. NgoAprili 30 wazama ukuvukela, wayenolwazi olupheleleyo ngeyelenqe labagrogrisi.
Ngenxa yezi vidiyo, iGqwetha Jikelele laseVenezuela liye wavula uphando kuJuan Guaidó ngelokuzama ukubhukuqa. Ngaphandle kokuzibhengeza kukaGuaidó njengomongameli ngoJanuwari ka-2019, ukuzama kwakhe ukuvukela umbuso ngo-Epreli ka-2019, ukufowuna kwakhe ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukohlwaywa kunye nohlaselo lwasemkhosini, abasemagunyeni baseVenezuela bayekile ukumchasa. Izityholo zase-US zibonakala ngathi zenze ukuba urhulumente waseVenezuela akhuphe eyona mpendulo inamandla kulawulo lukaTrump kunye nokuqhubeka kukaGuaidó.
Ewe kunjalo, ukuba ulawulo lukaTrump lwalunyanisekile malunga nokulwa ubugrogrisi, urhwaphilizo kunye nokurhweba ngeziyobisi, umntu wokuqala waseVenezuela ekufuneka bejonge kuye kufuneka abe nguJuan Guaidó. Ngapha koko, wayenjalo ifotwe namalungu eshishini leziyobisi elidume kakubi iLos Rastrojos, ekutyholwa ukuba wamnceda wawelela eColombia ukuze ajike amehlo akhe ekwandeni kwe-cartel ukusuka eColombia ukuya kwintshona yeVenezuela. Iqela likaGuaidó eColombia barhwaphilize imali yoncedo loluntu kwaye ngoku uye wabandakanyeka ngokuthe ngqo kwiyelenqe labanqolobi, ekucingelwa ukuba wasebenzisa imali ayinikwe yi-United States (njengoko kuphela komthombo wakhe wenkxaso-mali).
Isityhilelo malunga nenkcitho kaGuaidó yemali yase-US yokuthenga izixhobo kunye nokubandakanyeka kwakhe kwelinye iyelenqe elinobundlobongela kubeka uxinzelelo kumaqela aphikisayo kunye namaqela athe afuna ukuthatha inxaxheba kunyulo lomthetho lwalo nyaka kodwa abakazibophelele ngokupheleleyo kwingxoxo. Usuku ngaphambi kokuba kutyhilwe izityholo zase-US, uMongameli Maduro wamema uninzi lwezi nkokeli ukuba zingenele ingxoxo kwi-Apostolic Nuncio (ummeli weVatican eCaracas) ukuze azame ukufikelela kwimvumelwano malunga nokusabela kwesizwe kwi-COVID-19. Ngoku bajongene nokukhetha okunzima nokubacaphukisa abavoti baseVenezuela (I-83% eyala ukhetho lomkhosi) ngokuqhubeka nokuxhasa ugonyamelo lukaGuaidó okanye ukucaphukisa iUnited States ngokusebenzisana namagosa karhulumente abekwe ityala.
Ulawulo lukaTrump luye lwachitha isisombululo sothethathethwano kwiingxaki zaseVenezuela iminyaka emibini, kubandakanya ngoFebruwari 2018, xa yayisongela i-oyile embargo kunye nenkxaso yobhukuqo ngexesha lothethathethwano phakathi kukarhulumente kunye neqela eliphikisayo kwiRiphabhlikhi yaseDominican, kwaye kwakhona ngo-Agasti ka-2019. , xa ibeke i-embargo epheleleyo ngexesha lolunye umzamo kwingxoxo. Ezi zityholo zitsha, neNew York Times yazichaza ngokuthi “engaqhelekanga kakhulu", kubonakala ngathi lixesha lokuchitha uthethathethwano kwakhona, njengoko ekuqaleni kweveki amalungu eqela eliphikisayo eliphakathi, kubandakanya nomongameli weNdlu yoWiso-mthetho uLuis Parra, ebesandula ukubongoza ukuba I-US ukuba inyuse izohlwayo ngenxa yobhubhani we-coronavirus.
Ukanti enye impazamo kwizityholo kukuba ulawulo lukaTrump luthumela imiyalezo ephikisanayo. Kwelinye icala, bachithe iminyaka emithathu bebongoza urhulumente waseVenezuela okwinqanaba eliphezulu kunye namagosa omkhosi ukuba enze isiphene, bethembisa indawo yokusebenza kwezopolitiko emva kokuba urhulumente wenguqu engene kulawulo. Kwelinye icala, bamangalele elona lungu liphezulu emkhosini uye wakreqa, uCliver Alcalá, ngezityholo ezinzulu zobugrogrisi.
Ukunyanzeliswa kwezityholo zokuzama ukuphosa iVenezuela njenge-narco-state, ukungabikho kokubona kwangaphambili malunga nemiphumo enokwenzeka, ukuzama ukutshatyalaliswa kwengxoxo kunye nemiyalezo edibeneyo zonke zizibonakaliso zokuba ulawulo lukaTrump lufuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo wokutshintsha ulawulo ubonisa iziphumo. . Amaxhoba alo mgaqo-nkqubo ngabantu baseVenezuela, abaya kuba ngcono kakhulu kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wokunciphisa, iingxoxo kunye nokususwa kwezohlwayo ezibulalayo.
ULeonardo Flores yingcaphephe yomgaqo-nkqubo waseLatin America kunye nomkhankaseli ngeCodePink.
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