Akukho kubuya umva kwihlazo lefoto ka-Abu Ghraib. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba uMongameli Bush kunye nabancedisi bakhe abaphezulu bazama kangakanani, abayi kukwazi ukubuyisela iqabunga lokugqibela legqabi lomkhiwane elakha lagubungela uhlaselo lwabo olungekho mthethweni kunye nokuhlala kwabo e-Iraq. Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi, kuba ukuvuza kwamva nje kwengxelo emfutshane yomthetho elungiselelwe uNobhala wezoKhuseleko uRumsfeld ngoMatshi ka-2003 exoxa ukuba, ekubeni uMongameli ekhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe, nakuphi na ukuvalwa kwentuthumbo, naphantsi komthetho waseMelika, akunakusetyenziswa โkuphando olwenziweyo. ngokulandela igunya likaMongameli.โ
Ukuba ihlazo lamabanjwa yayilinyathelo lokugqibela lokuguqula abakhululi bamazwe angaphandle base-Iraq babe ngabacinezeli bayo - yangena phakathi kweendawo ezimbini zokunika iingcebiso zomkhosi kumzabalazo oqhubekayo phakathi kwabavukeli abaxhobileyo kunye nemikhosi elawulwa yi-US; phakathi, oko kukuthi, idabi leFalluja kunxantathu weSunni kunye nedabi laseNajaf kwintliziyo yaseShia. Ngokudibeneyo, ezi zibeka uGeorge W. Bush kwimodi yokuphulaphula ngexesha lentlanganiso yakhe noMongameli waseFransi uJacques Chirac ekuqaleni kukaJuni kwaye kwakhokelela kuthotho lwe-redrafts yesigqibo se-Anglo-American kwi-Iraq kwi-UN Security Council.
Isikhundla esitshintshileyo solawulo lukaBush sazibonakalisa e-Iraq ngokulahla u-Ahmad Chalabi we-Iraqi National Congress, inkwenkwe yeposta ye-neo-cons ePentagon, kunye nokwamkela u-Iyad Alawi weSivumelwano seSizwe sase-Iraqi, isithandwa sikarhulumente. ISebe kunye neCentral Intelligence Agency kunye neBritish MI6.
Kusemva komhla kuphela apho iBush White House yade yasishiya isicwangciso sayo esiyingozi โsonyaka onguziroโ - ukuchithwa komkhosi wase-Iraq, iiarhente zokhuseleko, kunye nenkonzo karhulumente edityaniswa nomgaqo-nkqubo wokungabhaptizi (othethelelwe nguChalabi nowakhe. i-neo-con cohorts) - endaweni yoko yamkela iqhinga le-Alawi lokunyula uninzi lweempawu zolawulo lukaSaddam kuthatyathwe ubunkokeli bayo obuphezulu. Kwaye akwenzanga oko nge-bang kodwa nge-whimper e-Falluja apho enye indlela yayikukunciphisa eso sixeko se-300,000 ukuba sichithe kwaye senze inyikima yezopolitiko kuMbindi Mpuma.
Ngokucacileyo, umzuzu ka-Abu Ghraib uphawule inqaku lokunika uluvo loluntu nge-Iraq e-United States ngokunjalo. Ngexesha lethu le-Intanethi, ngokukhawuleza, ukuhanjiswa kwehlabathi jikelele kwemifanekiso ka-Abu Ghraib, echazwa nguRumsfeld "njengenkohlakalo ecacileyo, ikhohlakele, nengenabuntu," abavoti baseMelika ngequbuliso bavezwa ngokuthe ngqo kwicala elimnyama lokuhlala ngezixhobo zobuhlanga, ngokwenkcubeko. , kunye nesizwe esahlukileyo ngokwembali. Olo tshintsho lunokufumaneka nakwimbali yobukhosi baseYurophu. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1950 iBritane, inkxaso edumileyo yemfazwe yaseKenya yokutyumza umzabalazo wobuzwe waseMau Mau wawa emva kokuvezwa kwesibetho esibulalayo kwinkampu yogcino lwaseHola. Xa sijonga umva, ingxelo evuzayo evela kwiKomiti yaMazwe ngaMazwe yoMnqamlezo oBomvu malunga nokuthuthunjiswa eAlgiers yangqina eyona nto iphambili kwinkxaso yoluntu lwaseFransi kwimfazwe yayo yaseAlgeria.
UMongameli Bush kunye neNkulumbuso yaseBhritane uTony Blair, bevuthela ngexilongo ukupasiswa kweSigqibo seBhunga lezoKhuseleko 1546 njengeyona mpumelelo ibalulekileyo, baye basilela ukuwuphendula lo mbuzo ubalulekileyo: Ngaba esi sigqibo siya kuyitshintsha indlela abantu abacinga ngayo nge-Iraq njengomhlaba othathiweyo? Kuhlalutyo lokugqibela, uluvo loluntu e-Iraq luqinisekile ukuba lubaluleke kakhulu kunaso nasiphi na isigqibo seBhunga lezoKhuseleko. Okona kumva i-USA Namhlanje/ CNN I-poll yase-Iraqis ibonisa ukuba kuphela i-23% -27% inombono oncomekayo we-US okanye i-UN. Kwakungekho kuqhekeka kobuhlanga okanye ngamahlelo kula manani, kodwa kukhuselekile ukucinga ukuba phantse onke amaKurds รขโฌโ isinye kwisithandathu sabemi - ababenandipha ukuzimela phantsi kweambrela yomoya ye-Anglo-American ukusuka ngo-1991 ukuya ku-2003, bawela udidi oluthandekayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba phakathi kwama-Arabhu ase-Iraq, kuphela i-7% -11% inombono oncomekayo we-US kunye ne-UN.
Kulandela ke, ukuba naliphi na iqumrhu lase-Iraqi i-US kunye/okanye i-UN enokuthi ibekwe e-Baghdad ayinakuthenjwa phakathi kwama-Iraqi, nokuba lungakanani na ulongamo oluya kudluliselwa kuyo ngabahlali base-Anglo-American kunye nemikhosi yabo ye-150,000 endaweni. . Kwaye oyena rhulumente wethutyana wamiselwayo wayedanisa ngokwenene.
Kwelinye icala, uMongameli Bush kunye noMcebisi wakhe weSizwe kwezoKhuseleko uCondoleezza Rice basiqinisekisa ukuba igalelo labo ekudalweni kwequmrhu elitsha lalingu โzero.โ Kwelinye icala, umthunywa weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo uLakhdar Brahimi wavuma ekuhleni ukuba igunya lakhe elithenjisiweyo ekumiseleni urhulumente ophetheyo โlalisikelwe umda kakhuluโ ngamagosa aseMerika. Emva kokubiza umlawuli welizwe uPaul Bremer ngokuthi โnguzwilakheโ wase-Iraq (โAkukho nto yenzekayo ngaphandle kwesivumelwano sakhe kweli lizweโ), wathi, โEnoba uGqr. - kungcono ubabuze."
Ekufumaneni isabelo sakhe esixhaswa nguBush sokubiza urhulumente wethutyana, uBrahimi wabhengeza ukuba uza kukhetha abo base-Iraqi abanyanisekileyo, abasebenzayo, nabangenabhongo kwezopolitiko. Ngaphandle kwe-ado eninzi, nangona kunjalo, abantu baseMelika bambhukuqa kuba besoyikela ukuba ezi teknoloji zinokuzibonakalisa zizimele kakhulu.
Into eyayifunwa yiWashington yayiyi-Iraqis eyathi-ngelixa izimisele ukukhelela ekugxekweni ngamathuba athile kulawulo-yaye kuhlahlelo lokugqibela lwabonwa kuyo; kwaye yiloo nto iWashington yafumana ngeendleko zokuphulukana njengelinye ithuba lokucenga abantu base-Iraqi abaqhelekileyo ukuba utshintsho oluphawulekayo lwaluza kwenzeka ngoJuni 30. Kwizikhundla ezihlanu eziphezulu, ezintathu zaya kumalungu angaphambili e-US-enyulwe yi-Iraqi yoLawulo lweBhunga. (IGC) - u-Iyad Alawi, uGhazi Yawar kunye no-Ibrahim Jaafari - kunye nabaseleyo kwiinkokeli zeKurdish Democratic Party kunye ne-Patriotic Union yaseKurdistan (PUK), amaqabane aseWashington ukususela kwi-1991.
Ngokungakumbi, ulawulo lukaBush lubeke amaqela amabini asele emiselwe kwizikhundla eziphambili zenkulumbuso elawulayo (Iyad Alawi) kunye nosekela-Nkulumbuso ophethe ukhuseleko lwesizwe (uBraham Salih, owayesakuba yiNkulumbuso yaseKurdistan elawulwa yiPUK). Hleze silibale, i-Iraqi National Accord (INA) ka-Alawi yayininzi ekuboneleleni ngolwazi olungeyonyani ngezixhobo zase-Iraq zokutshabalalisa ngobuninzi njengembangi yakhe u-Ahmad Chalabi we-Iraqi National Congress. I-INA yaba ngumthombo webango elimangalisayo lokuba i-Iraq ikwazi ukudubula izixhobo zayo zentshabalalo phakathi kwemizuzu ye-45 yomyalelo we-Saddam wokwenza oko.
Ngexesha lokuxoxisana kwiBhunga lezoKhuseleko malunga namalungelo olawulo lwexeshana olutsha kwimikhosi yalo yezokhuseleko kunye nobudlelwane bayo kunye ne-US-lead Multi-National Forces (MNF), amaFrentshi agxininisa kwi-veto yase-Iraq phezu kwayo nayiphi na imilinganiselo enkulu ye-MNF. Ngokusilela ukuxhasa imfuno yesiFrentshi, u-Alawi wangqina inyani yakhe ye-pro-American kumagosa aphezulu ase-US.
Injineli yasekuhlaleni eqeqeshwe eBritane, uSalih ube ngummeli wengingqi yaseKurdistan eWashington, kwaye uye wahlakulela ubudlelwane obuhle kunye neSebe likaRhulumente kunye nePentagon. Njengendoda yenqaku lika-Alawi kukhuseleko lwesizwe, uya kulawula ezokhuselo kunye nabaphathiswa bangaphakathi, kwaye alungelelanise ukwakhiwa kwakhona kwemikhosi yokhuseleko yase-Iraq.
Phambi kokuba athathe isikhundla sakhe esitsha somphathiswa wezokhuselo, uHazim Salaan Khuzaei, waseShia, wayengusodolophu waseMelika waseDiwaniya. Emva koqhankqalazo lwamaShia ngowe-1991 awathi wathatha inxaxheba kulo, wabalekela eBritani, apho waba ngumthengisi wezakhiwo. Ukuswela kwakhe amava omkhosi kufanelekile abantu baseMelika. UFalah al Naqib, waseSunni, owamiselwa njengerhuluneli yephondo laseSalaheddin (inkunzi, iTikrit) yi-Coalition Provisional Authority, isondele ngokulinganayo kumaMerika.
Njengoko kwakunjalo nakwi-IGC, isibini kwisithathu sorhulumente wethutyana onamalungu angama-36 aphatha iipasi zangaphandle, ingakumbi iBritane neMelika. Kwabali-12 abaseleyo abanamapasi eIraq kuphela, isiqingatha ngabasetyhini. Okumangalisayo kukuba, uninzi lwabo babefudula begxothiwe kwi-IGC abazange bazibuyisele iintsapho zabo e-Iraq. Kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa zokungaphumeleli kwakhe ukukhusela isikhundla sikamongameli, u-Adnan Pachachi wabuyela kwisiseko sakhe e-Abu Dhabi ngezicwangciso zokuchitha ihlobo nentombi yakhe eLondon. Ngoku, abo babefudula elubhacweni kurhulumente wethutyana balandela lo mzekelo mnye we-IGC kwaye bagcine iintsapho zabo kumazwe angaphandle. Oku kubonisa indlela olujule ngayo ulusu ukuncamathela kwabo e-Iraq kunye nokuba luncinci kangakanani ukholo abanalo kwikamva labo njengelizwe elilawulwa yi-US โelizinzileyo nelinedemokhrasi.โ
Njenge-IGC, urhulumente wethutyana uswele umphathiswa wemicimbi yezenkolo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba i-Iraq ibe lelona lizwe likuphela kwalo lama-Arabhu ngaphandle kwenkonzo enjalo-inyaniso ngokungathandabuzekiyo iye yaqatshelwa ngokungamkelwa nguGrand Ayatollah Ali Sistani phakathi kwabanye.
Ngokwembono yobudlelwane boluntu, ewe, inceda abalawuli bakaBush kunye norhulumente wethutyana ukuba babhenele kumdlalo wamanqindi kwimiba efana nokugcinwa kukaSaddam Hussein kwaye ngubani oza kuhlala kwiBhotwe likaMongameli weRiphabhlikhi kwixesha elizayo. Imfuno ka-Alawi yokuba iSaddam kufuneka inikezelwe kurhulumente wase-Iraq ngaphambi kwe-30 kaJuni, kunye nokunyanzeliswa kukaYawar ukuba iGunya leSibonelelo soMdibaniso liphume kwibhotwe likaMongameli weRiphabhlikhi yenzelwe ukuchukumisa uluntu lwase-Iraq oluthandabuzayo ukuba eli ziko litsha lahlukile kunangaphambili. Noko ke, kusenokwenzeka ukuba ayisayi kuba ngumzekelo โwewayini endala entsubeni entshaโ kodwa โwewayini endala entsubeni esetyenziswe kakuhle.โ
Incwadi yamva nje kaDilip Hiro Iimfihlo kunye nobuxoki: Ukusebenza "Inkululeko yase-Iraq" kwaye emva koko. (Iincwadi zeSizwe). Uzinze eLondon, ubhala rhoqo kwi ENew York Times, i Umgcini, i Guardian, i Washington Post kwaye i Wesizwe iphephancwadi, kwaye ungumhlaziyi rhoqo kwi-CNN, i-BBC, kunye ne-Sky TV. Ukwangumbhali we I-Iraq: Kwiliso leSiqhwithi.
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