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NgoAprili 11, 2002, urhulumente waseVenezuela onyulwe ngedemokhrasi, ekhokelwa nguHugo Chรกvez Frรญas, wagxothwa kubhukuqo-mbuso lomkhosi. Emva koko, ngokukhawuleza, emva kweentsuku ezimbini, ubhukuqo-mbuso lwabhukuqwa ngokudibana kwabantu abaninzi baseVenezuela. Bafuna ukubuyiselwa kwedemokhrasi kunye nokubuyiswa korhulumente obonakala eqhuba kakuhle ekuzibopheleleni kwakhe ekusasazeni kwakhona ubutyebi be-oyile yaseVenezuela ukuze kuzuze amacandelo elizwe ahlelelekileyo. Ezi ziganeko zakhokelela kwimiphumo ehlala ixesha elide kungekhona nje eVenezuela, kodwa kwiLatin America kunye neCaribbean iyonke, ivula indlela "ye-pink tide" yeentshukumo eziqhubekayo ezithatha amandla ngedemokhrasi kuwo wonke ummandla. Kwiimeko ezininzi, kwabakho ukruthakruthwano olufanayo lwamagunya, kwabangela ukuba oorhulumente abatyekele ekhohlo baxhasa ingeniso yezoqoqosho nentlalontle kwabo bahlwempuzekileyo, abasebenzi, noluntu oluhlelelekileyo, nxamnye namaqela anamandla oluntu awayefuna, ngokubanzi, ukugcina imeko ekhoyo eye yanceda abantu abaninzi. ubukhulu becala inani elincinane labaphezulu kunye nomdla wamazwe angaphandle ngelixa bexhaphaza kwaye becinezela uninzi lwabemi.
Ubhukuqo-mbuso ngokwalo lwalungeyiyo inoveli, ewe, kodwa yayilugwayimbo lokuqala lwaseLatin America kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye, kwaye lwabonisa ukuba urhulumente wase-US uya kuqhubeka nokubeka phambili izinto azibonayo kwi-geopolitical interests-kunye nezo zamaqumrhu ezizwe ngezizwe-kwingingqi ngaphezulu. idemokhrasi. I-US iya kuqhubeka nokuxhasa ubhukuqo-mbuso, kunye nezinye iintlobo zeenguqu zezopolitiko ezingenademokhrasi, eHaiti (2004), Honduras (2009), Paraguay (2012), Brazil (2016), kunye neBolivia (2019) - kwaye yayiza kubonisa inkxaso yokuzama ukuzama. ubhukuqo-mbuso eBolivia (2008), Ecuador (2010), naseVenezuela (2019). Iimpawu ze-2002 Venezuela coup playbook nazo ziya kuphindwa kwiimeko ezininzi.
Kuninzi okwenzekileyo ibhaliwe malunga nekhondo elathatyathwa ngurhulumente waseChรกvez emva kokusinda kobhukuqo-mbuso, ngcono nangakumbi. Amava okuphela konyaka ka-2002 nasekuqaleni kuka-2003 (apho uninzi lwamaqela aphikisayo aqhubeka nomzamo wabo wokubhukuqa urhulumente ngogwayimbo lwabaphathi olwathatha iinyanga eziqhwalelayo olwaphazamisa ishishini leoli), kunye no-2004, xa uChรกvez. wasinda ngesandla ireferendamu, yabonisa zombini ukuba uChรกvez wayengenanto anokuphulukana nayo ngokujikela ngasekhohlo (wayeza kubhengeza injongo karhulumente yakhe yokusebenzela โubusoshiyali benkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananyeโ ngo-2005), kwaye kuya kufuneka ukuba athathe amanyathelo angqongqo ukuba uthe. wayeza kulawula uqoqosho lwaseVenezuela kwaye akwazi ukwenza i-ajenda yakhe. U-Chรกvez wagxotha abaphathi be-PDVSA, eyathi emva koko yavumela iVenezuela ukuba ifezekise ezinye ukukhula koqoqosho olomeleleyo kwindawo iminyaka emininzi emva koko. Oku kukhatshwa kukuncitshiswa kwentlupheko okuncomekayo kunye nokusungulwa kwabaninzi mishini - iinkqubo ezenzelwe ukubonelela abantu baseVenezuela abafumana imivuzo ephantsi ngokutya, ukhathalelo lwempilo, imfundo, kunye nezinye iimfuno.
"U-self-proclaimed socialist" uMongameli uChรกvez (njengoko abeendaba bezizwe ngezizwe babethanda ukumbiza) esikhumbulayo ngoku ngokwenene yi-post-coup Chรกvez. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-20 emva kokukhethwa kwakhe okokuqala, kulula ukulibala ukuba ekuqaleni wayekhankasa kwiqonga "lendlela yesithathu", ekhumbula uTony Blair noBill Clinton. Yintoni ke eyenziwa nguChรกvez kwiminyaka yakhe yokuqala eyacaphukisa abachasi bakhe, abasemzini nabasekhaya, ukuba bambhukuqe?
Ekhaya, urhulumente osakhulayo kaChรกvez waqalisa ixesha elide ukubuyiselwa komhlaba. Yamisela umgaqo-siseko omtsha, owahlanganisa ukwaphulwa kolungelelwano oludala lwezobupolitika olubonakaliswa ngumbutho i-punto fijo Isivumelwano ebesiqinisekise ukuba amandla ezopolitiko ayatshintshana phakathi kweqela elibizwa ngokuba lidemokhrasi yezentlalo i-Accion Democratica kunye neqela ledemokhrasi yamaKrestu ebambelele ngakumbi iCOPEI. Amaqela emveli kunye namaqela aphulukene nolonyulo olusixhenxe kwiminyaka nje emithathu.
Kwinqanaba lehlabathi, phakathi kokuqala kwe-US "iMfazwe yeHlabathi yoBugrogrisi" kunye noGeorge W. Bush's imperious. isibhengezo ukuba "Mhlawumbi unathi, okanye ukunye nabanqolobi," uChรกvez akazange athandabuze ukugxeka kabukhali ibhombu yase-US yase-Afghanistan kunye nenani lokufa kwabantu. Urhulumente kaChรกvez uphinde wavuselela i-OPEC; idiplomacy yayo yeoli yakhokelela ekucuthweni kwemveliso kunye a uzinziso lwexabiso leoli yehlabathi. Okubi kakhulu, uChรกvez wazama ukuphinda axoxe ngezivumelwano zeoyile kunye neenkampani zangaphandle, ezithe, iminyaka, zabonelela i-US kunye nezinye iinkampani ngeoyile enexabiso eliphantsi ngelixa. ukubonelela ngengeniso encinci ukuya eVenezuela ngokwayo. Wayeka ukuvumela iinqwelomoya ze-counternarcotic zase-US ukuba zingene kwi-airspace yaseVenezuela, kwaye waphelisa ubukho bomkhosi wase-US kwisiseko somkhosi sase-Fuerte Tiuna. Wayethandabuza iinzame zase-US zokwandisa i-NAFTA kwi-hemisphere yonke njenge "Indawo yoRhwebo lwaMahla yaseMelika." Kwaye waphuhlisa ngokubonakalayo ubudlelwane obusondeleyo kunye norhulumente waseCuba.
Urhulumente wase-US wayemlumkele uChรกvez ngaphambi kokuba anyulwe njengomongameli. Emva kokuba esesikhundleni, oku kwaqala ukujikela kubutshaba obuvulekileyo, kwaye kwiinyanga ezingaphambi kobhukuqo-mbuso, abanye ababukeleyo, abanjengoJohn Pilger noConn Hallinan, waqala ukulumkisa ukuba ubhukuqo-mbuso lubonakala lunokwenzeka.
Kungekudala emva kokugxeka kukaChรกvez ngemfazwe yase-US e-Afghanistan ngasekupheleni kuka-2001, awayenzayo kumabonakude ngelixa ephethe iifoto zabantwana base-Afghan ababulawa kuqhankqalazo lwase-US, umkhosi wase-US kunye nee-arhente zobuntlola zadibana ukuze zixoxe ngeqhinga labo laseVenezuela. Ngaphakathi eVenezuela, amacandelo aphikisayo aphehlelele iinzame zokujongela phantsi urhulumente waseChรกvez ngenjongo yokumbhukuqa. Amagosa aphezulu omkhosi abambe iinkomfa noonondaba egxeka "uzwilakhe" kwaye esithi "ukungathobeli uluntu" ngokuchasene nomongameli welizwe osanda kuphinda wonyulwa. Owona mbutho uphambili wabasebenzi, iConfederaciรณn de Trabajadores de Venezuela (CTV), kufutshane namaqela emveli anorhwaphilizo, aphambili athe intshukumo kaChรกvez yawenza ngequbuliso yangabalulekanga, yazimanya nombutho ophambili wamashishini, iFedecรกmaras, ukusungula โuqhankqalazo jikeleleโ (ubukhulu becala Okubandakanya ukuvalwa okwethutyana kwamashishini amancinci kunogwayimbo lwabasebenzi).
Kwakuchasene nale meko yokutshatyalaliswa kwezoqoqosho-kwaye kwaxelwa kumajelo eendaba ngamazwe njengokunganeliseki kwabasebenzi abacwangcisiweyo kunye nolawulo lweChรกvez - ukuba ukukhwabanisa kwenzeka. Isiganeko esihlasimlisโ umzimba esiya kuthethelela isenzo somkhosi ngokuchasene noChรกvez, kwaye oko kuya kuchaza ukuvela ngokukhawuleza korhulumente omtsha, ongakhethwanga okhokelwa ngumongameli weFedecรกmaras uPedro Carmona, yayilugonyamelo olunxibelelene noqhanqalazo olukhulu lwenkcaso kwibhotwe likamongameli apho abaqhankqalazi bajongana nodonga. yabaxhasi bakarhulumente onyuliweyo kunye namajoni agada umongameli adubule irhasi yenyembezi kubaqhankqalazi abaphikisayo. Abahlaseli badubula kweso sihlwele, ubukhulu becala ukubulala chavistas, kodwa amajelo eendaba abucala alawulwa yinkcaso yaseVenezuela atyhola uChรกvez ngokubulala - izityholo ezigqithiswe ngokukhawuleza ngamajelo eendaba ehlabathi kunye neSebe leSizwe laseMelika. Olu bundlobongela obucingelwa ukuba lwe-chavista lwaba yinxalenye ephambili yesizathu sokukhwabanisa kunye nengxelo yokuba, kunye nomkhosi wajika kuye, u-Chรกvez wagqiba ekubeni arhoxe kwaye abaleke. Enyanisweni, wabanjwa waza wabanjwa kwiziseko zomkhosi (apho, uChรกvez wayeza kuthi kamva, waphantse wabulawa).
Ngeli xesha, ulawulo lobhukuqo-mbuso oluhlanganisene ngokukhawuleza lwayibhangisa iCongress yaseVenezuela, iNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye nomgaqo-siseko. Ubhukuqo lwamkelwa ngehlombe e-US, kunye ne-International Republic Institute (IRI) - iqela lase-US elixhaswa ngemali ngurhulumente. misela ubukhulu becala "ukwenza namhlanje [okwenziwa] ngokufihlakeleyo [phambi] yiCIA" - ngokuphandle bagubha, kunye neNew York Times ukudumisa Ukususwa kukaChรกvez kumhleli. I-IMF yakhawuleza yanika uncedo โkulawulo olutshaโ amagqabantshintshi alungisiweyo kwiiyure nje ezimbalwa emva kobhukuqo-mbuso, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba iinkokeli zeNgxowa-mali zisenokuba zazinolwazi lwangaphambili. (Amalungu amaninzi eNkongolo yase-US kamva aya kucela iNgxowa-mali ukuba icacise oku, kodwa akazange afumane impendulo engaphezulu nje yokungahoywa.)
Emhlabeni eVenezuela, ezinye iinkokeli ezichasayo, ezinye zazo zisabalasele namhlanje, njenge Leopoldo Lopez, baba nenxaxheba kubhukuqo-mbuso ngokuncedisa ekutshutshiseni kunye abambe amagosa kurhulumente onyuliweyo. Kodwa into uCarmona, uLรณpez, kunye nabanye abaxhasi bobhukuqo-mbuso abangakhange bathembele kuyo kukusabela kwabantu baseVenezuela. Amashumi amawaka ahlanganisana, esihla kwiinqaba ezikwiinduli eziphezu kweCaracas, aza amatsha esiya kwibhotwe likamongameli. UChรกvez wabagcina abaxhasi emkhosini ngokunjalo, apho waqala waququzelela intshukumo yakhe yoguqulo, kunye nokudityaniswa koxinzelelo oludumileyo kunye nenkxaso yomkhosi kurhulumente onyuliweyo-kunye nesityhilelo sokuba uChavez akazange abenaso, ngokuchasene namabango eendaba aseVenezuela, warhoxa - warhoxa. kubhukuqo-mbuso olwathi lwabhukuqwa nge-13 ka-Epreli.
The abakhohlisi ngokukhawuleza waqala umva umthengisi; abanye ababetyikitye igama elibiโCarmona Ummiseloโ ukubhangisa urhulumente wedemokhrasi kuya kubakhanyela, okanye babonakalise ukuzisola. Abaxhasi bamazwe ngamazwe bokubhukuqwa korhulumente onyuliweyo, kuquka ENew York Times, banyanzelwa ukuba babuyele emva kwiingxelo zabo kwaye bavume ukuba bayingcatshile imigaqo yolawulo lwentando yesininzi.
Emva kokubuya kwakhe, uChรกvez waba nesibindi; nangakumbi emva kokusinda ngo-2002-2003 ukuvalwa kweoyile kwaye wathatha ulawulo lwePDVSA. Waphumelela ngokulula kwi-referendum ye-2004 yokukhumbula (uRicardo Hausmann's amabango angenasiseko ngevoti eqhekekileyo nangona kunjalo). Kwisithuba seminyaka emithathu, uChรกvez wemka kwisikhundla sakhe sangaphambili โesikwindlela yesithathuโ waza wathi urhulumente wakhe wayeza kulandela โubusoshiyali benkulungwane yama-21.โ
Okwangoku, "i-Pink Tide" yahamba, kunye nonyulo lukaTabarรฉ Vรกzquez e-Uruguay (2004), u-Evo Morales eBolivia (2005), uRafael Correa e-Ecuador kunye noManuel Zelaya eHonduras (2006), kunye noFernando Lugo eParaguay (2008). ), ngaphezu kweLula da Silva (eBrazil, 2002) kunye noNรฉstor Kirchner (Argentina, 2003). Iiprojekthi zokudityaniswa kommandla zaqala ngokukhawuleza: i-Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA), iPetrocaribe kunye nePetrosur (ezabonelela ngesaphulelo seoli yaseVenezuela kumazwe angabamelwane), kunye ne-UNASUR, phakathi kwabanye. Oorhulumente be-Pink Tide baphinde bangcwaba umgaqo-nkqubo ophambili wase-US kulo mmandla ngelo xesha: iNdawo yoRhwebo lwaMahla yaseMelika, eyayandisa i-NAFTA phantse kulo lonke ilizwe. I-Mar del Plata, ingqungquthela yaseArgentina apho i-FTAA yadibana khona nesiphelo sayo kwi-2005 yayiyi-fiasco enjalo kurhulumente wase-US ukuba uMongameli Bush umke kwangoko.
Ukubala iVenezuela yaba yeyona nto iphambili kwi-US kwiLatin America nakwiCaribbean, njenge Imemo yeSebe leSizwe yowama-2006, epapashwe yiWikiLeaks, yenziwe yacaca. Amanqaku ezinye iintambo zirekhoda ukuba iVenezuela iya kuba sisihloko sengxoxo kangaphi phakathi kwamagosa ase-US kunye norhulumente kunye namanani oluntu kulo mmandla, njengoBush kuqala kwaye emva koko ulawulo luka-Obama. izame ukumisa amazwe ukusuka ekujoyineni iPetrocaribe kunye namanye amanyathelo akhokelwa yiVenezuela, nangona ngasese bevuma inzuzo ebalulekileyo yezoqoqosho kumazwe ahlangene nawo.
Ngaphandle kokusilela kwayo, ubhukuqo-mbuso lwaseVenezuela lulingana nepateni yeenzame zokutshintsha ulawulo oluxhaswa yi-US. IiNGO kunye namaqela amatshantliziyo ifumene inkxaso-mali kunye noqeqesho oluvela kurhulumente wase-US kunye namaqela adibeneyo (ngokukodwa, i-National Endowment for Democracy, NED, apho i-IRI ingumxhasi oyintloko). Amagosa aseMelika kunye nabacebisi be-NED basebenze nzima, nangona ngempumelelo elinganiselwe, ukufumana inkcaso yaseVenezuela ukuba idibanise kwaye ivumelane neqhinga lexesha elide lokulahla urhulumente waseChรกvez. Incwadi yokudlala efanayo yayisetyenziswe kwiindawo ezifana serbia, kwaye iya kuphunyezwa kwi-coups elandelayo eHaiti, eHonduras, naseBolivia, kunye nabachasi abaninzi abafanayo (i-NED kunye nababoneleli bayo abangundoqo, amajelo amakhulu eendaba, indawo yoshishino, kwaye ngokuphindaphindiweyo iCawa yamaKatolika kunye nomkhosi - ngaphandle kwe eHaiti, apho umkhosi wapheliswa khona, kodwa abathathi-nxaxheba abasebenzayo baquka owayesakuba ngumkhosi).
Ukukhanyela ukuba ubhukuqo-mbuso lwenzekile emva kwenyani ikwayeyona nto iphambili kwisicwangciso, esalandela ubhukuqo-mbuso eHaiti, eHonduras naseBolivia. "Iyavakala into yokuba ngexesha apho uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe luthiyile ubhukuqo-mbuso, ukuba umntu ebenokuququzelela ubhukuqo-mbuso, umyalelo wokuqala weshishini uya kuba kukwenza ubhukuqo-mbuso lubonakale ngathi yinto eyenye," umhlalutyi wexesha elide waseVenezuela. UGreg Wilpert wabhala kwintshayelelo a Ncwadi ye-2003 kubhukuqo-mbuso lwaseVenezuela. Nangona kunjalo ngaphakathi, iSebe leSizwe laseMelika ngokwalo libhekisele kwiziganeko zika-Aprili 2002 eCaracas njenge "coup emfutshane" (in. 2004 kwaye 2005 iintambo, umzekelo).
EHaiti ngo-2004, ibali elixhaphakileyo elibekwe phambili ngamagosa ase-US kunye noninzi lwamajelo eendaba yayikukuba umongameli onyulwe ngokwentando yesininzi, uJean-Bertrand Aristide, akazange abhukuqwe kubhukuqo-mbuso, kodwa โwarhoxaโ kwaye wakhetha ukubaleka. ilizwe. Ungaze ucinge ukuba uAristide kunye nenkosikazi yokuqala yaseHaiti bakhatshwa kwinqwelomoya yase-US ngamajoni oMkhosi oKhethekileyo wase-US; ukuba uAristides ndandingazi apho inqwelomoya yayibasa khona; ukuba uAristide wathi bekukade โโkubhukuqo-mbuso olutsha,โ okanye โukuqweqwedisa kwale mihlaโโ; kwaye ungalokothi ukhumbule ukuba elinye lamangqina kuphela kwezi ziganeko ezingekho kwi-US, umqhubi we-helicopter ka-Aristide, iyakuba nenkcazo efanayo kwezi ziganeko njengeAristides. Ekuvukeni kobhukuqo-mbuso, kwaba lula ukuba abeendaba bangayihoyi ukuzingela kunye nentshutshiso yamagosa kunye nabaxhasi bakarhulumente ogxothiweyo, njengamajelo eendaba bonke ngaphandle kweHaiti emva kobhukuqo-mbuso, nanjengoko amawaka abulawa kunye namakhulu avalelwa ngezityholo zomgunyathi. NjengaseVenezuela ngo-2002, urhulumente wobhukuqo-mbuso wakhawuleza wafumana uncedo kumaziko ezimali ezizwe ngezizwe eWashington, awayekade ewisile isithintelo soncedo kwaye walubamba. amakhulu ezigidi zemali-mboleko kurhulumente ka-Aristide. Abanye bababantu abafanayo, abanxulumana ne-IRI, bade babonakale ngathi babandakanyekile zombini Ubhukuqo-mbuso lwaseVenezuela naseHaiti.
Uqhankqalazo luka-2009 lwaseHonduras lwalandela incwadi yokudlala efanayo, kunye noMongameli uZelaya wanyanzelwa ukuba akhwele kwinqwelomoya kwaye wabhabha ngaphandle kwelizwe (emva kokumisa kwisikhululo somoya sase-US ukuze afake i-refuel) ngelixa abaxhasi be-coup bacebisa ukuba uZelaya wayeyilungisile yonke loo nto kwaye akukho qela. yenzekile. NjengaseVenezuela ngo-2002, ubungqina bucebisa ukuba amagosa ase-US ayesazi ngezicwangciso zobhukuqo-mbuso kwangaphambili, kodwa akukho nto ibonisa ukuba amlumkisile urhulumente onyulwe ngokwentando yesininzi. (Kuyaphawuleka ukuba iintambo zeSebe likaRhulumente ezipapashwe yiWikiLeaks zikwabonisa ukuba amagosa ase-US kholelwa Kwakukho isoyikiso esithembekileyo kurhulumente ka-Evo Morales eBolivia ngo-2008, nokuba unokubhukuqwa okanye abulawe, kodwa yayingeyiyo le nto urhulumente wase-US awayenxibelelana ngayo nehlabathi okanye kurhulumente waseBolivia ngelo xesha.)
Kunyaka olandelayo, umongameli wephiko lasekhohlo lase-Ecuador, uRafael Correa, yasondela ekubhukuqweni, wada wabulawa, phakathi kokujongana ngezikhondo zamehlo namapolisa awayeqhanqalaza oko kwaphumela kukudubulana kwisibhedlele apho wayenyangwa khona uCorrea emva kokuba edutyulwe ngamapolisa. Umongameli waseParaguay oqhubela phambili uFernando Lugo, owayesakuba ngumfundisi, wagxothwa kwi- Ubhukuqo-mbuso lwepalamente ngowama-2012 oko kwakufanekisela umongameli waseBrazil uDilma Isiphelo sikaRousseff ngo-2016. Kwimeko nganye kwezi, amazwi akhwazayo avakalisa ukuba ezi yayingengo โubhukuqo-mbuso,โ okanye amalinge obhukuqo-mbuso.
Nangona kwakunjalo ingakumbi enegazi, kunye nobundlobongela bobuhlanga kunye nezisongelo zobundlobongela ziqeshwe kumagosa karhulumente onyuliweyo ukuba anyanzelise ukuhamba kwawo, kukho namhlanje kusekho abanye (nakwi-academia) abaphika ngokuvakalayo ukuba urhulumente we-Evo Morales uphelile kwi-coup d'etat. UMorales warhoxa kuphela kwaye wayishiya iBolivia emva kwentloko yomkhosi wamcela ukuba arhoxe, kwaye nangona kunjalo, i-Morales phantse akazange aphumelele ephuma eBolivia ephila. Ingcinezelo enobundlobongela, kuquka ezimbini ezidume kakubi ku bulala yabeMi Bomthonyama baseBolivia, yalandela ubhukuqo-mbuso. Urhulumente wobhukuqo-mbuso iintatheli ekujoliswe kuzo namatshantliziyo, nabaninzi ababekade bengamagosa karhulumente kwanyanzeleka ukuba balishiye ilizwe okanye baye kukhuselwa kwizindlu zozakuzo. Nangona kunjalo nabani na owagxeka ezi ziganeko njenge "coup" wayegxekwa ngokucwangcisiweyo kwaye ahlukunyezwe kumajelo asekuhlaleni.
Ubhukuqo-mbuso lwaseBolivia, olufana nolweVenezuela, nalo luya kubhukuqwa, kodwa kuphela emva konyaka, ngonyulo olwathi ekugqibeleni lwaququzelelwa kuphela emva koqhanqalazo kunye neentshukumo ezidumileyo ezifuna ukuba kubanjwe unyulo. Iqela leMorales's Movement Toward Socialism (MAS). iphumelele kakhulu, okwenza ukuba kungenzeki ukuba i-pro-coup ibe nelungelo lokwenza amabango athembekileyo obuqhophololo bonyulo. Urhulumente onyuliweyo uyazama babeke ityala abaphuli-mthetho ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho lwabo, kodwa ukubanjwa kokuqala kunye nokumangalelwa kwamagosa aphezulu kwagwetywa ngokukhawuleza ngamagosa ase-US kunye nezinto ezifana ne-Human Rights Watch, eyabagxotha ngokuthi "impindezelo yobulungisa. "
Ingaba urhulumente waseBolivia uya kukwazi ukubaphendulisa ngempumelelo abo babhukuqa urhulumente onyuliweyo, kunye nabo babejongene nengcinezelo kunye nobundlobongela obenzeka phantsi korhulumente woburhulumente, kubalulekile kungekuphela nje eBolivia, kodwa kummandla. Ukuba abenzi bobhukuqo-mbuso abafane bajongane neziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho lwabo, kwaye ukuba i-US iyaqhubeka nokugxeka iinzame zokubamba abantu abanjalo ukuba baphendule, kukho inkuthazo enkulu kwaye kuncinci ukuthintela imikhosi echasene nedemokhrasi eLatin America ukuba iqhubeke nokwenza ubhukuqo.
Kodwa ukuba amazwe aseLatin America kunye neCaribbean sebenze kunye ukuchasa utshintsho lolawulo olungekho mthethweni, kunye nokufuna iziphumo xa kuzanywa ubhukuqo-mbuso, ngoko mhlawumbi ubhukuqo-mbuso lwaseLatin America luya kuba yintsalela yexesha elidlulileyo. Kukho izifundo ezibalulekileyo kwimpendulo yengingqi kubhukuqo-mbuso lwaseHonduras, xa uninzi lwamazwe akulo mmandla lwakhaba kakhulu ubhukuqo-mbuso kwaye ngelulubhukuqe, lubuyisela uZelaya e-ofisini, ukuba i-US yayingazange. ivimbe lento kuMbutho waMazwe aseMelika (OAS). Isiqendu sazisa ubudlelwane base-US-Latin America imbali ephantsi kwaye ikhokelele ekusekweni kweKomiti yeLatin America kunye neCaribbean States (CELAC), ejoliswe ukuba ibe yenye indlela ye-OAS, ebandakanya onke amazwe aseMerika ngaphandle kwe-US neKhanada.
Ngokubuya kwePink Tide, kunye ne-OAS ingcoliswe ngakumbi ukulandela indima elihlazo kwikhokhelo lobhukuqo-mbuso lwaseBolivia, amanyathelo okumanyaniswa kwengingqi afana ne-CELAC kufuneka aqhutywe ngamandla ngakumbi kunangaphambili. Ngaphandle koko, i-Latin America elite kunye namahlakani abo e-US baya kuqhubeka neenzame zabo zokuvala idemokhrasi, kwaye babhenele ekusebenziseni ibhulethi xa ukuvota kungahambi ngendlela yabo.
UDan Beeton ulawula unxibelelwano lweNkqubo yeZizwe ngezizwe yeCEPR. Uneminyaka engamashumi amabini amava esebenza kwimiba yomgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe ngamazwe kunye nemibutho equka iZiko loBulungisa bezoQoqosho, iHaiti eyazalwa ngokutsha, kunye nePhulo lase-US leBurma.
Ngaphambi kokujoyina i-CEPR, wayengumlawuli odibeneyo wePhulo loRhwebo lwabemi apho wayesenza khona uphando kunye nokukhuthaza umgaqo-nkqubo worhwebo wase-US. Imibhalo yakhe ngeHaiti, eLatin America, kurhwebo, kunye neminye imixholo iye yapapashwa kwiLos Angeles Times, eAl Jazeera America, kwiNgxelo ye-NACLA yaseMelika, ngeKota yeHlabathi yesiThathu nezinye iimpapasho.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela