[Jonga icandelo 1 Apha.]
Ngo-1976, xa uJimmy Carter wathatha uBongameli kuGerald Ford, uNobhala wezoKhuselo ophumayo uDonald Rumsfeld wahamba waya kufuna ubutyebi benkampani njengentloko yeGD Searle, inkampani yamayeza yaseSkokie. Ixesha lakhe lokuqhuba ishishini, elizuzwe njengelifa kusapho lomhlobo wakhe waseNorth Shore kunye nomxhasi wokuqala uDan Searle, uya kuba yinxalenye yentsomi yempumelelo kaRumsfeld njengomphathi oyintloko, eyamkelwa ngokungakhathali njengenyani ngamajelo eendaba kunye nabameli beCongressional kwiindibano zakhe zokuqinisekisa ngo-2001.
Intsomi ihambe ngolu hlobo: I-prodigy yezopolitiko icutha abantu abahlawulwayo ngama-60%, ijike umntu ophulukeneyo abe ngumenzi wengeniso enkulu, azuze udumo kwishishini kunye nezigidi ezininzi. Ekujongeni amadoda abalaseleyo afana noRumsfeld ajikelezayo ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwicandelo labucala, imithombo yeendaba yaseWashington phantse ngokungaguquguqukiyo ithatha ushicilelo lwephepha loshicilelo okanye i-booster business-page version yeziganeko ezivela kwizinto ezingaphakathi kwe-Beltway zibiza 'ihlabathi lokwenyani. ' Kwimeko kaRumsfeld, emva komfanekiso womsindisi weshishini kukho imbali efanelekileyo kakhulu neyoyikekayo.
Kuxwebhu olubhaliweyo lwenyani, oluvela kwisimangalo kunye nophando olungacacanga e-US nakwamanye amazwe, uSearle uye wabonakalisa ukonwabela ukunyuka okuphawuleka kancinci ngenxa yobuchule obutsha bolawulo beRumsfeldian kunokuthengisa ngokungakhathali kwakudala kwamayeza esele ekwishelufa kunye ukufowuna kuphembelela 'abamakishi' nge-CEO eqhagamshelwe kakuhle yaseRiphabhlikhi. Kwaye phezu kwayo yonke loo nto kwakuvakala ivumba elahlukileyo lezenzo zorhwaphilizo. Umzekelo woku liyeza likaSearle lokunqanda urhudo iLomotil, elithengiswe ngokubanzi kwaye linengeniso kumazwe ngamazwe (ngokweemeko zeshishini 'lahlwaywa') - ngakumbi e-Afrika ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1970 - ngaphandle kokusilela kwenkampani ukulumkisa ngeziphumo ezinokuthi zibe mbi kubantwana abancinci. .
'Istopcock esiyingozi emfamekileyo,' elinye ulindixesha wezonyango walibiza ngokuba liyeza, elinokuba netyhefu kwiintsana ezingaphezulu nje kancinane komthamo ocetyiswa nguSearle. Nokuba ithathwe ngokwemiyalelo, iLomotil yaziwa ngokufihla ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni okuyingozi kwaye ibangele ukwakhiwa kolwelo olubulalayo ngaphakathi. Emva kokuba epapashe iyeza 'njengelilungele yonke imeko,' uSearle akazange enze utshintsho olulumkileyo lokuleyibheli kude kube sekupheleni kuka-1981, phantse iminyaka emihlanu kulawulo luka-Rumsfeld, kwaye emva koko kuphela xa wayegrogriswa ngokonakaliswa kopapasho ngamaqela athethelela abantwana. Inxalenye yomsindo omkhulu 'woosomashishini' bezizwe ngezizwe bexhaphaza iLizwe leSithathu, inkampani ephantsi kweRumsfeld iya kuthi, njengokupapashwa ngakumbi kwe-Upjohn kunye ne-Depo-Provera yayo, ibandakanyeke ekunyotyweni okuxhaphakileyo kwamagosa (kunye nabanye) kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo ukukhuthaza ukuthengisa. yezicwangcisi ezithathwa ngomlomo ezifunyenwe zingakhuselekanga kubafazi baseMelika okanye baseYurophu.
Kodwa i-potion yomlingo kaSearle, ehlanganiswe kakuhle ngaphambi kokufika kukaRumsfeld, yayiza kuba yi-aspertame yokwenziwa kweswiti ephikisanayo, ethengiswe phantsi kwegama lezorhwebo elithi NutraSweet. Ngo-1977, uLawulo lokuTya kunye neDrugs (i-FDA) lwala ngokuqinileyo ukuvuma i-aspertame iminyaka emalunga ne-16, ifumana idatha yovavanyo ethandabuzekayo okanye engaqinisekanga kwaye besoyikela ukuba iingozi ezinokuthi zibekho kwixesha elide zinokungqineka zingavumelekanga. Njengoko uRumsfeld wayethatha isikhundla eSkokie, i-FDA yayithatha inyathelo elinqabileyo lokucebisa abatshutshisi beSebe lezoBulungisa ukuba ijaji enkulu iphande ngezicelo zenkampani zokuvunywa kwe-FDA 'ngokusilela ngokuzithandela nangokwazi ukwenza iingxeloโฆ ukufihla izinto eziphathekayo kunye nokwenza iingxelo ezibubuxoki uqhagamshelo nenkqubo yesicelo esemthethweni efunwa ngumthetho kunye nemigangatho ye-FDA.
Kwiminyaka emine elandelayo, abalawuli bomdibaniso babambe nkqi ngokuchasene namaphulo eSearle afumana inkxaso-mali kakhulu. Kuphela kunyulo lukaReagan ngo-1980 oluthe lwalungisa kwaye lwathanda indawo yesayensi kunye nomdla woluntu. Emva kokuba ekhankasele umongameli omtsha kwaye wabizwa kwiqela lakhe lenguqu, uRumsfeld uxelele ibutho lakhe lezentengiso laseSearle, ngokobungqina bamva, ukuba 'uyakubiza bonke abamakishi bakhe kwaye nokuba yintoni na, uya kuqinisekisa ukuba i-aspartame iya kuba. ivunyiweโฆ'
I-sequel iya kuba yi-classic yodidi: isicelo se-Searle kwakhona kwi-FDA ngosuku uReagan wasungulwa; ukuqeshwa ngokukhawuleza komkomishinala owamkelekileyo we-FDA owayeza kuthi kamva aye kusebenza kwifemu yobudlelwane boluntu yakwaSearle nge-$1,000 ngosuku; ethandabuzekayo ngakumbi, iimvavanyo ezigunyaziswe yinkampani kunye namathandabuzo amaninzi ngoosonzululwazi be-FDA kodwa ulwamkelo lwe-aspertame nangona kunjalo; isibetho samva seengxaki zempilo kodwa ngelo xesha inzuzo enkulu kulo lonke uqoqosho lokutya lweshishini lulandelwa yimali eninzi, iminikelo yeenkampani ezininzi kumalungu ekomiti yeCongress ukunqanda nasiphi na isikhalo; Ekugqibeleni, i-$ 350 yezigidi ze-class-action suit etyhola i-racketeering, ubuqhetseba, kunye nokuxhatshazwa okuphindaphindiweyo okujoliswe eRumsfeld, okwathi kwangaxeshanye waba sisityebi esizukileyo kwi-aspertame kunye ne-2.7-billion ye-Searle yokuthengiswa kwe-Monsanto ngo-1985.
Ukubuyela kwakhe kwiPentagon ngo-2001, wayeya kuhamba engonakaliswa yiyo nayiphi na imbali yenkampani. Ngexesha lokufakwa kwesimangalo, iUnited States yayisele isele iinyanga ezili-18 ingena eIraq.
sithunywa
Njengoko kwakunjalo, ngaphandle koloyiso lwakhe lweshishini, uRumsfeld waphoswa nebhaso elikhulu ngakumbi. Wayekuluhlu olufutshane ukuba abe ngumlingane kaRonald Reagan kwiphulo lika-1980 likamongameli xa umgqatswa ngokungalindelekanga wafikelela kwimbangi yakhe ephambili owoyisiweyo (kunye noRumsfeld nemesis) uGeorge HW Bush. Ngelixa, kwiminyaka eli-12 elandelayo, uBush waya kusekela-mongameli kunye nomongameli, kwaye uJim Baker - wayethiywe ngokulinganayo nguRumsfeld - wahamba kunye nomxhasi wakhe kubasebenzi baseWhite House kunye namandla ekhabhinethi, uRumsfeld wayeza kwakha ubutyebi bakhe baseSearle kwaye ixesha.
Ekuphela kwento yokugxothwa kwakhe ngexesha likaReagan kurhulumente iyakuba ngunyaka ka-1983-1984 njengomthunywa okhethekileyo kamongameli kuMbindi Mpuma. Wayeza kuthunyelwa ukuba alungiselele inkxaso US Saddam Hussein kaThixo Iraq emfazweni kunye Iranians ethiyiweyo Ayatollah Khomeini, indima encinane waphawula ngelo xesha leyo nangona kunjalo wavelisa ifoto notorious Rumsfeld exhawula izandla kunye nozwilakhe Iraq. Ibali elinzulu lalibangela iintloni ukodlula nakuphi na ukuxhawulana nje ngesandla.
Uninzi lweerekhodi ezifanelekileyo kwisabelo seenyanga eziliqela sikaRumsfeld zisahlelwa, nangona kucacile ukuba, njengakwi-Ofisi yeThuba eliLinganayo (OEO), wawuthatha ngokuzimisela umsebenzi wakhe. Usebenze ukuhlamba kwi-Saddam (ngendlela engakhange iqatshelwe kangangoko kunokwenzeka) ukuhamba kakubi kobukrelekrele, iikhredithi zemali, kunye nezixhobo ezibuthathaka kunye netekhnoloji eza kuxhasa iinkqubo zemfazwe yeekhemikhali kunye ne-bacteriological e-Iraq, ekhokelela ekuhlaselweni kwerhasi eyoyikekayo kubaphikisi beShia kunye AmaKurds kunye nemikhosi yaseIran. Ngokubanzi, uRumsfeld wabeka igxalaba lakhe esondweni ukuxhasa ulawulo lwamaBha'ath olwaludlakazwe yimfazwe olwahlasela iIran ngo-1980.
Phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1980 ide facto Umanyano noSaddam, njengakwenye into, uRumsfeld akazange abe yedwa. Wadityaniswa kolu thambeka lwase-Iraq kuMbindi Mpuma nguMongameli uReagan, uSekela Mongameli uBush, unobhala welizwe uGeorge Shultz, unobhala wezoKhuselo uCasper Weinberger, abaCebisi bezoKhuseleko beSizwe uWilliam Clark kunye noRobert McFarlane, kunye nenani lamadoda asele engaziwa njengoPaul. UWolfowitz eState, uColin Powell, emva koko umncedisi kaWeinberger ePentagon, kunye noSekela Nobhala wezoKhuseleko uRichard Perle, ukuba angathethi ngomncedisi wakhe we-acolyte uDouglas Feith (oya kubuya kwisikhundla esibalulekileyo phantsi kweRumsfeld ngo-2001) kunye noBill Casey. kunye noRobert Gates kwiCIA, phakathi kwamanye amagosa.
Ukungcakaza kwabo, kwakuye, kuxhaswe ngooSenators kunye neCongressmen kuwo omabini amaqela athe anikwa amagqabantshintshi ngothumo lukaRumsfeld kwaye alutyeshela ulongamelo lwemiba eliqela ngamanye amaxesha intsebenziswano engekho mthethweni kunye namaIraq. Ukungahoywa kwabo kwaqinisekiswa, ngokuyinxenye, ngabantu ngokubanzi besiya eIran kwiCapitol Hill emva koko ilawulwa ngokufanelekileyo ngamaRiphabhlikhi, kwaye ngokwandayo phantsi kwempembelelo ye-bipartisan ye-lobby yase-Israel ekhulayo kunye nabaphathi bayo baseTel Aviv. I-lobby ngokuzolileyo, ngokugculelayo yatyhala zombini kuncedo lolawulo lwe-Reagan e-Iraq kunye nokusebenzelana ne-Iran ngezixhobo ezifihlakeleyo (emva kwexesha yavezwa kwisityholo se-Iran-Contra), ijonga ukubulawa kwabantu okungabanga baphumeleleyo kumazwe amabini amaSilamsi njengenzuzo. Konke oku kuqhubeke ubukhulu becala kungaxelwanga, xa kujongwa ukungakhathali okanye ukonqena kwamajelo eendaba kwimiba yokhuseleko lwesizwe.
Ngokwembali, ingqumbo yokuziphatha kunye nobudenge bezopolitiko obufikelela kude beWashington bebambe ingcinezelo enye ukuze yophe enye, kunye neengxwelerha ezingenakuchazwa kwicala ngalinye (kubandakanya ukunyanzelwa kokubulawa kwabantu ababeza kuba ngedemokhrasi kuwo omabini la mazwe), iya kuba semnyango weReagan's. ulawulo lwempendulo kunye nokusekwa komgaqo-nkqubo waseWashington ngokubanzi. Indima kaRumsfeld yaba luncedo kwaye kwezinye iinkalo ibalulekile, kodwa yayiyinxalenye yehlazo elikhulu.
Kwangelo xesha, kwiingcaciso zobuntlola awazifumanayo njengegosa lokuqala lase-US ukuya e-Iraq ukusukela kwiSivumelwano sase-Baghdad ngeminyaka yee-1950s, wayenokwazi ngokukodwa, njengoko kungekho mntu wumbi eWashington, womlinganiswa okhohlakeleyo kaSaddam. Ulawulo lukaHussein kwaye, ngakumbi, ihlelo, ingingqi, isizwe, kunye nezopolitiko ezisemva kwayo. I-Baathists yayingurhulumente, emva kwayo yonke loo nto, ukuba iCIA ngokwayo yanceda ekufuneni nasekufakeni kubhukuqo-mbuso luka-1963, yaphinda yafakwa ngo-1968 xa abathengi bokuqala be-Arhente bephulukene nolawulo, emva koko bajongisisa ngelixa i-Baghdad yayidlala ngothando (ebandakanya i-Arhente). ubudlelwane bokubonelela ngezixhobo) kunye nabantu baseRussia aboyikwayo (abaphembelela ubhukuqo-mbuso luka-1963 olunegazi kwakumele ukuba luchase). Oku bekuyinyani ngakumbi emva kweMfazwe yama-Arabhu namaSirayeli ka-1973 kunye nezivumelwano zayo zoxolo apho i-Iraq yavela njengomngeni ophambili oseleyo kuSirayeli.
Ngo-1983-1984, imisinga eguquguqukayo, entsonkothileyo yenkcubeko yezopolitiko yase-Iraq, usapho lukaSaddam ngokusisiseko kunye nolawulo lweziduko, kunye nolawulo olukrwada ngoku, ngoku olufihlakeleyo lwamaSunni namaShia kulawulo lwe-Baathist kunye ne-plutocracy, kunye nokungathembeki ngexesha lemfazwe kunye. Ingcinezelo ekhohlakeleyo yomrhanelwa, isininzi samaShia angaphantsi, ayesaziwa kakuhle kwii-arhente zobuntlola zangaphandle kunye nabaphengululi kunye neentatheli. I-CIA, i-DIA kunye ne-State Bureaus yeSebe leMicimbi yaseMpuma kunye noBukrelekrele kunye noPhando - kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo uRumsfeld njengommeli kamongameli - wayenesizathu sokuqonda okuninzi malunga namabhongo amakhulu kaSaddam, kukhuphiswano oludala lwase-Iraq kunye ne-Egypt, ukukhokela ukuvuselelwa kobuzwe be-pan-Arab. kuhlobo oluthile lwexesha elizayo kunye nomkhosi wamaSirayeli oxhobe ngenyukliya.
Ukongeza kwisiqhelo sokwabelana ngobukrelekrele kunye ne-Mossad yakwa-Israel, ngaphantsi kweminyaka emibini phambi kokuba i-Rumsfeld's Iraq mission operatives CIA yalayita indlela ye-Israel F-16 fighter bombers kuhlaselo lwabo lwangoJuni ngo-1981 kwi-reactor yaseSaddam esakhulayo e-Osiraq. Batyala ii-transmitters zesikhokelo ecaleni kwendlela yenqwelomoya ekwinqanaba elisezantsi phantsi kwe-Jordanian ne-Iraqi radar ukuya kwindawo yokupeyinta ekujoliswe kuko ngeelaser. I-Arhente kunye ne-Mossad emva koko babukela njengoko i-Iraqis ngokungakhathali, ngokudelela yaqala ukwakha kunye nokwandisa inkqubo yabo yenyukliya. Ukusuka kwizazinzulu ezingama-400 kunye namagcisa anemali ezizigidi ezingama-400 zeerandi, loo nkqubo ingakhula iye kuthi xhaxhe ukuya kutsho kwi-7,000 yezazinzulu kunye namagcisa afikelela kwi-10 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngokomyalelo wabo, okunye okuye kwenziwa ukuba kwenzeke ngendlela engangqalanga bububele uRumsfeld owasiwa eBaghdad phakathi. 1980s
Kuye nabani na ojongene nale miba ngokungqongqo, bekunokubakho amathandabuzo amancinci okuba iSaddam ingasebenzisa uncedo olukhulu kunye norhwebo uRumsfeld wayetyibilika phantsi kwetafile ukuze axhobe ngezixhobo ezingcono, imfazwe ephalaza igazi ngakumbi kwi-Iran, ukuqhubela phambili elona bhongo lolawulo. amaphupha ophuhliso lwezixhobo, kunye nokucinezela onke amaShiite namaKurds anokuba nemvukelo eIraqi. Njengoko uWashington wayebukele, uyenzile yonke loo nto-kwaye akukho mntu wayenokothuka kangako kunoRumsfeld ngokwakhe. Kwakudala emva koko, njengoko ezinye zezinto ezimbi zemishini yakhe e-Baghdad zaphuma phakathi kwamabhodlo olawulo lukaBush lwase-Iraq, uRumsfeld wayeya kuba netyala lokuthandabuza, kunye nokuxolisa, uSaddam (owayesele eqalile ukukhupha i-Kurds) - emva koko. yengxelo enye, eyoyikisayo nehanahanisayo eyakhutshwa eWashington ngoMatshi 1984 igxeka ukusebenzisa kwakhe izixhobo zemichiza. Eyona ntlawulo yomgaqo-nkqubo awayedityaniswe nayo yayiza kubonakala iphezulu kakhulu njengoko ixesha lihamba.
Izixhobo zezixhobo zemichiza zase-Iraq ezaqhushumbiswa kwiMfazwe yeGulf yowe-1991 zakhulula iiarhente apho i-100,000 yamajoni aseMelika aye adibana nayo. I-Gulf War Syndrome edume kakubi inokulandelwa ngandlela ithile kwiikhredithi zase-US, izixhobo, kunye netekhnoloji iRumsfeld eyaziswe kwiminyaka esixhenxe ngaphambili. Ngokunjalo, ewe, ingaba ingcinezelo ka-Saddam ka-1980 ka-2003 ye-Shia, ephantsi kwe-animus yehlelo kunye nokusombulula impindezelo kunye nolawulo lolawulo lwe-Shia olufakwe e-US emva ko-XNUMX olwabumba ukusilela kwe-Rumsfeld, kunye neMelika, imbali e-Iraq.
Abanye baye badibana ngalo lonke ixesha kwihlazo elide lomgaqo-nkqubo ukuya e-Iraq. UColin Powell, ngoko uSihlalo weeNkosana eziManyeneyo, kunye noDick Cheney, njengoNobhala wezoKhuseleko ngexesha leMfazwe yokuQala yeGulf, ngokomzekelo, baya kuba nenxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo kwi-Syndrome. Nangona kunjalo akukho namnye wabathathi-nxaxheba kwintlekele enkulu emva kwe-9/11 owayenoxanduva ngokuthe ngqo kuneRumsfeld.
Ngelixa umthunywa okhethekileyo kaReagan waye, ngamandla akhe aqhelekileyo kunye neengqiniba ezibukhali, edibana nama-Iraqis phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1980, uCondoleezza Rice wayengunjingalwazi oncedisayo ongazange ahluke ngokwemfundo eStanford; U-Cheney u-congressman wexesha lesithathu ovela e-Wyoming ekhwela inqanaba lobunkokeli beNdlu; isekela likaBaghdad L. Paul 'Jerry' Bremer ukusuka kunobhala weSebe likaRhulumente kunye no-Alexander Haig protรฉgรฉ ukuya kummeli wepati enika unozakuzaku eNetherlands; kunye noGeorge W. Bush, ngokweakhawunti yakhe enikwe 'ukusela kakhulu,' egxile ekutshintsheni igama lenkampani yakhe yeoli ye-Arbusto Energy ngokungapheliyo ukuya kwiBush Exploration.
Umdlalo wokulinda
Ngo-1987, uRumsfeld wayesele eguqula izihlunu zakhe kwakhona, elungiselela eyona njongo iphambili, ehlanganisa imali kunye nenkxaso yeqela kugqatso lobumongameli ngokuchasene noGeorge HW Bush ngo-1988. Kuyacaca ukuba, kungekudala wayeza kufumanisa ukuba inkxaso yayingekho. Ngodumo lwamva nje kunye nesiseko esibanzi sezopolitiko, uCheney angazama ukunyusa iphulo lakhe lobumongameli ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1990, kodwa wahlangabezana nokukhatywa okukrakra okufanayo.
Ababhali-mbali bayakuqikelela kuphela kwisakhiwo se-rancor kula manani mabini anamabhongo anzulu, adane kakhulu kumongameli ababenaye, uGeorge W. Bush, ngokungathandabuzekiyo bambona ebonakala ephantsi, ngokuphambanayo. Imbuyekezo yeRumsfeld-Cheney, ngexabiso elikhulu kwisizwe nakwihlabathi, iya kuba kukuhluthwa kwabo ngamandla amandla emva kwe-11 kaSeptemba 2001.
URumsfeld uchithe iminyaka yoo-1990 kwakhona kwishishini, waba yi-CEO ye-General Instruments, ngoko ke uSihlalo weSayensi yeSayensi yaseGiliyadi, enenye imbali ekhumbuza iSearle. Ngo-1990, wajoyina ibhodi ye-ABB, i-conglomerate yase-Sweden-Swiss eyathi yahlutha iinkampani kwiminyaka yoo-1980s yokugqibela, kuquka nokusebenza kwamandla e-Westinghouse, kwaye yayiza kuhamba ngamandla ukuze iphumelele ikhontrakthi yezigidi ezingama-200 'yoyilo kunye namacandelo aphambili' iireactors zenyukliya zamanzi alula kuMntla Korea. U-Rumsfeld uye walandela eli bhaso ngelixa usihlalo wekhomishini yeCongressional kwizoyikiso zemijukujelwa efumene 'ingozi ecacileyo' yekamva evela ePyongyang. Kwingxelo eyothusayo, iCV yakhe egcweleyo ayikwazanga ukukhankanya ukuba wayengumlawuli we-ABB.
Ngo-1996, wathabatha ikhefu eGiliyadi ukuze abe ngumcebisi oyintloko kumgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle, ekunye noWolfowitz, kugqatso lukamongameli lukaRobert Dole olungaphumelelanga. Wayeza kugqiba njengomphathi weli phulo weeyure ezilishumi elinesibhozo ngosuku. Ngo-1997, phakathi kokuthatyathwa okupheleleyo kweWashington GOP yi-cabal-churning cabal ye-neoconservatives, wajoyina u-Cheney kunye noWolfowitz kwiBhodi yeNgcebiso yoMgaqo-nkqubo weNewt Gingirch ukubumba uhlaselo kuLawulo lwesibini lukaClinton.
NgoJanuwari 1998, watyikitya ileta ebhiyozelwayo eyathunyelwa esidlangalaleni kuClinton isuka kwicala lasekunene, iProjekthi elawulwa yilobby yase-Israel yeNkulungwane eNtsha yaseMelika. Ecaleni noWolfowitz, uPerle, kunye nabanye kungekudala ukuba babe ngabadlali abaphambili kulawulo lukaBush omncinci, wabongoza ngamandla 'ukususwa' kukaSaddam. NgoJulayi 1998, kwalandela ingxelo 'yeKomishoni yeRumsfeld' malunga nezisongelo zemijukujelwa, ibango elibi, kwisiqalo esingachazwanga samagama 'somgca wobubi' othathwe kubungqina kunye nomsebenzi wabasebenzi beengcamango zamaphiko asekunene, ukuba i-Iran, i-Iraq, kunye neNyakatho. IKorea iya kuba nakho 'ukwenza umonakalo omkhulu' kwi-US ngo-2002. Kuyo yonke into, kuquka neenyanga ezisixhenxe ezinesiqingatha zolawulo lwabo emva konyulo olunzima lwe-2000, akusayi kubakho mkhondo weyona nto. Ingozi eyaqhambuka kwisibhakabhaka sakusasa ngoSeptemba ngo-2001.
Nangona waye walungisa ubudlelwane obuphezulu kunye neeBushes, uRumsfeld akazange athathe indima enkulu kugqatso luka-2000. Nokuba yeyiphi na imeko, uBush omdala wayemcimile kuluhlu lonyana wakhe wamaqabane anokubaleka, ngelixa ekugqibeleni wawangawangisa ngeCheney, ogama lakhe lokuphendula laligqunywe kakuhle kwiPentagon ngo-1989-92. Xa, emva konyulo, uCheney wavotela iRhuluneli yaseNew Jersey uTom Ridge kwiPentagon, kwaye bekukho uloyiko lwe-neocon lokuba i-cosmetic Powell, i-bureaucrat entliziyweni, ingalingana kakhulu kwiSebe likaRhulumente, iRumsfeld iya kuba yeCheney's, kwaye ke uBush. , iyeza.
Ukuqeshwa kwakhe yayiluphawu lwentlupheko egqithisileyo yetalente yeRiphabhlikhi ulawulo lubonakaliswe ngokomzobo. Iqela ekucingelwa ukuba lelokhuseleko lwesizwe, elibambe i-White House kangangezihlandlo ezihlanu kwezisibhozo zokugqibela kwaye lilawula iSenethi ixesha elininzi leminyaka engama-30 edlulileyo, lalingenayo enye indlela enzulu kunendoda eyayihleli phezu kwePentagon kwikota epheleleyo yenkulungwane ngaphambili. . Ngaphandle kwephiko lasekunene, lephaneli yomjukujelwa eyayingagunyaziswanga ngokubanzi awayeyichophele, uRumsfeld akazange abonakalise umdla okanye ubuchule kwimiba yokhuseleko entsonkothileyo eyandayo ukusukela ngoko, ngakumbi utshintsho olukhawulezayo lwezopolitiko lwehlabathi lasemva kweMfazwe ebandayo. Nangona kunjalo, efanelekile, eselula kakhulu eneminyaka engama-69, waphinda wangena kwi-E-Ring. Kwakukho uqikelelo lokuba injongo yakudala ye-Halloween Massacre yayisekho, ukuba uCheney, ngempilo yakhe engaqinisekanga, angahlehli ngo-2004, ukuze umngcwabi afikelele kwiOfisi ye-Oval.
Mastery
URumsfeld waqala impinda yakhe yePentagon ngokubamba i-marshal yaseRussia efileyo kunye ne-octogenarian Washington bureaucrat abambalwa abakhe beva ngayo.
Njengo-Osama bin Laden, u-Nikolai Ogarkov oneenwele ezilukhuni waqala ukubonakala ngexesha lemfazwe yaseSoviet e-Afghanistan. Ngowe-1977, eneminyaka engama-50 ubudala, waba ngumphathi wolahleko we-General Staff yaseSoviet. Kuloo nkampani inyuswe kakhulu, iimbasa, wazibonakalisa eyinjengele eselula enamandla, etyekele kubuchwephesha, ecinga phambili. Kule minyaka ilandelayo, wayeya kuba sisithethi saseMoscow esichukumisayo kulawulo lwezixhobo, kwaye akhusele ngenkani, nokuba kubi, ukudutyulwa kwenqwelomoya yaseKorea yaseKorea 1983 eyayithe yawela kwisithuba somoya saseSoviet ngo-747.
U-Ogarkov wayeza kuwa kulawulo ngo-1984 umzabalazo wase-Kremlin phezu kwenkcitho yezixhobo, ubhale incwadi elumkisayo ye-American militarism, kwaye ufe ekungabonakali kwe-post-Soviet ngo-1994. awathi watyhola uloyiso lwangaphambili, oluphantse lwabulala iRashiya kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II ngokusilela ukuziqhelanisa neengqikelelo ezintsha ze-blitzkrieg zaseJamani kwimfazwe yetanki. Inkqubela phambili yakutsha nje yase-US kwitekhnoloji yezixhobo, wathi, inokushiya abantu baseRussia besengozini efanayo ukuba abakhange baziqhelanise ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo.
Utshintsho olutshayo kumaqhinga kunye neengalo kunye nemikhosi exhobileyo ekhawulezayo, esabelayo yayifuneka ukujongana nomceli mngeni waseMelika, uMarshal wacebisa. Kungenjalo, imikhosi yaseSoviet yayiza kuwela kuthotho lwemigibe etshabalalisayo kwidabi ledabi ekujoliswe kulo kwixesha elizayo apho utshaba luya kusebenzisa inkqubo yamva nje yokucupha ekhompyutheni kunye nenkqubo yolwazi ngendlela entsha yemfazwe yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu. Umbono wakhe ngokukhawuleza wafumana inkangeleko eWashington naphakathi kweendawo eziphakamileyo zomkhosi waseSoviet kwiminyaka yoo-1980s. Yabhaptizwa ngokumangalisayo-kwaye yamkelwa yi-Pentagon aficionados-njenge-'Revolution kwiMicimbi yoMkhosi' okanye, kwelo lizwe lizaliswe ngu-acronym, i-RMA.
Kwakukho i-banality ethile kuxinzelelo luka-Ogarkov kwiteknoloji. Ukuba umkhosi wokulwa kufuneka ulungelelaniswe kakuhle nethafa ledabi kunye nomchasi welo xesha - langoku, eliguquguqukayo, elikhawulezayo, kwaye linolwazi - bekufanele ukuba lizibonakalise ngokwalo, ngokomyalelo wesifundo segazi kwiminyaka engama-80 ngaphambi komkhosi wamahashe waseTsarist ubiza umatshini omiliselweyo. imipu kwiMfazwe yaseRussia-yaseJapan. Nangona kunjalo icacile isiseko, umbono we-RMA - uthuthelwe kwiPentagon kwaye ubekwe kwimeko yesizukulwana esingxamisekileyo semfazwe ye-elektroniki, yeziphumo ezikufutshane-zenyukliya ngeendlela ezingezizo ezenyukliya, kunye nokubiza kuka-Ogarkov amaqhinga amatsha (kwaye ke izixhobo ezitsha. kunye nenkcitho ephezulu) - yathathwa ngabavelisi, osomathuba, kunye neendidi zabo ezixubileyo kumacala omabini eMfazwe Yomlomo.
Oku kwakunjalo ngakumbi phakathi kweSoviets, umkhosi wayo onzima waseYurophu wawusele ushukunyiswa kwaye wopha e-Afghanistan. U-Mujahideen - ngo-1982-1983, nangona imali eninzi yaseSaudi, isaxhobe ngokuyinxenye yiCIA yabo, iPakistan, kunye nabaphathi baseTshayina. Ngalo naliphi na inqanaba, i-truism ka-Ogarkov yayikwayi-grist yeqela le-Pentagon elingasemva lamajoni asemkhosini 'theorists,' amagosa aseburhulumenteni ahlala ekhangela i-mission kwaye etyekele emsebenzini ekuchazeni ubukrelekrele obubi - obufuna impendulo efanelekileyo yebhajethi yaseWashington - kwiRed Menace. .
Mfutshane, inkqayi, kunye neeglasi ezinocingo ezibukhali, u-Andrew Marshall wayengunobhala we-Dickensian wendoda eyathatha i-RMA ye-bureaucratic cudgel emele kwaye wayihlisa ngaphakathi kwePentagon. Ingcali yezoqoqosho ngoqeqesho, wayeqale e-RAND njengomhlalutyi ekupheleni koo-1940, xa uRumsfeld wayesekwiSikolo samaBanga aPhakamileyo iNew Trier. UMarshall wayeyi-archetypical kuloyiko lokwenza umsebenzi kunye nobudenge bokukhuphisana komfanekiso wesipili sase-US-Russian. Wayekade engumxhasi wokucinga-okungacingelwanga, ingcali yethiyori yeMfazwe yeHlabathi yesiThathu uHerman Kahn, emva koko, ngomcebisi kaHenry Kissinger uFritz Kraemer, waya kusebenzela uKissinger kwiBhunga leSizwe loKhuseleko (NSC) kwikota yokuqala yeNixon. Ngo-1973, wadlulela kwiPentagon apho wongamela eyakhe indlwane engacacanga, iOfisi yoVavanyo lweNet, ukusuka eRumsfeld I ukuya ku-II, ngelixa ngokuthe ngcembe efumana isidima sobukrelekrele bokuhlala beendlela ezintsha zemfazwe.
I-Guru elumkileyo kwii-reactionaries, engahoywayo kodwa icingelwa ukuba ayinakuchukunyiswa yi-Democrats xa ephethe, uMarshall wajonga njenge-Joint Chiefs ayihlolanga nje uthethathethwano lolawulo lweengalo zikaKissinger kunye namaRussia, kodwa idlale indima exhasayo ekuweni kukaNixon. Emva koko watyikitya eRumsfeld I ukwala ukoyiswa kweVietnam emva koko, ekufikeni kweRMA, wasebenzisa lo mbono ukuvuselela uloyiko olubi lobuchule obutsha bomkhosi waseKremlin, ethethelela inkcitho yePentagon eyenzeka ngexesha leReagan. (Okumangalisayo kukuba, ngokuqinisekileyo, u-Ogarkov ngowe-1982 wayephikisana ne IsiRashiya impendulo kulowo usalindelweyo ubukhulu becala American Ukunyuka kwezixhobo kunye nemfazwe.) Ngelixa izixhobo zase-US zoo-1980s zihlawulela uphuhliso olutsha lwe-RMA, uninzi lwenkcitho lungena gingci kurhwaphilizo oludala lwenkqubo yeMfazwe ebandayo, kunye nemikhosi exhobileyo yaseMelika eyenzelwe isoyikiso seSoviet eYurophu. , kwaye akukho lindelo lunzulu lweemfazwe ze-neo-inshurensi ezilindelekileyo.
Njengoko uMarshall edlala 'ngokuguquguquka' - kunye neeNkosi eziManyeneyo ze-cherry-zikhethe ukudibanisa kwakhe amandla aseMoscow ngeenjongo zabo zohlahlo lwabiwo-mali, ngelixa betyeshela ukungeniswa kokwenyani, kunye nemida, ye-RMA - iMfazwe ebandayo yaphela kwi-equivocations kunye nokuphepha kukaBill Clinton. amagama amabini e-ofisini kunye nerenti ephantsi, ukuzivuyisa ukufakwa kolawulo lwe-mafia eBosnia naseKosovo. UMarshall ofana ne-gnome, esele esidla umhlala-phantsi kodwa wangqina phambi kwekhomishini yokugrogrisa imijukujelwa, yaxhoma ukubuya kukaRumsfeld.
Imbali enesiphumo isondele kakhulu kwiinkcukacha ezininzi ezibhaliweyo, nangona i-silhouette yayo icacile ngokwaneleyo. Ebiza uMarshall njengomlingo, uRumsfeld wenza iRMA uphawu lokuzimisela kwakhe ukufumana ulawulo kwiiNkosi eziManyeneyo kunye nePentagon bureaucracy, kanye nethuba awayecinga ukuba wayeliphosile kwiminyaka engama-25 ngaphambili. Ngaphantsi kwebhanile endala yongquzulwano phakathi kwegorha, unobhala wezokhuselo otyhafileyo kunye nobhedu olulahliwe luhamba ngendlela engenakwenzeka, 'yenkqubo yeglandula', waphakamisa injongo, onke amaxesha afanelekileyo ePentagon 'uhlaziyo.' Lo mbutho 'wohlaziyo' yayiza kuba yeyona nto iphambili yokususa kwakhe, ibango lakhe lobungangamsha, kwaye mhlawumbi - ngubani owayesazi ngo-2001 - ukudubula okokugqibela kumongameli.
Phakathi kwamabango angenakuthintelwa 'okulungelelaniswa' kunye 'nendlela yangoku,' iiDemokhrasi zaqhwaba izandla kwaye iintatheli zagubha ingqondo malunga noRumsfeld njenge-CEO edumileyo kunye ne-quipster yesizwe. Ukungazi ngokuvumayo, ukukhanyela, ukuthembela ngokungakhathali, okanye ukuvuma ukulangazelela okuye kwaphawula ukuzithoba okubalulekileyo kwezopolitiko kunye nenkcubeko yeendaba kulawulo lukaRumsfeld yayiyinxalenye nje enkulu, yokungacingi nokucinga kwesizwe kwisigwebo kunye noxanduva kwiimfazwe awayeza kuziqhubela zombini i-Afghanistan kunye. Irakh.
Ngokubetha ngobumfama emva kwe-9/11-i-reflexive, ithuba elimangalisayo, nokwanelisa ngokutyebileyo kwezopolitiko isenzo eMelika-engakhange aqonde nzulu ezopolitiko okanye imbali yelo naliphi na ilizwe, wafaka iPentagon ekubhuqeni, ephanga imisebenzi eyenza amaphupha amabi ka-2007 nangaphaya aphantse abengenakuthintelwa.
Leyo yayilixabiso - ngokungabikho kwengxoxo enzulu kunyulo luka-2000 okanye kwiinyanga ezisibhozo zokuqala zika-2001 - ukunikezelwa kwamandla omgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle kunye nenyathelo lokungaphumeleli okubonakalayo komongameli (kubandakanywa nokungaqondi okothusayo koMcebisi weNSC uCondoleezza. Irayisi kunye nabasebenzi bakhe) kunye nolawulo olude oluqikelelwayo lweRumsfeld-Cheney. Konke kwacaca eWashington kamsinya nje emva kokufika kukaGeorge W. Bush kwiOfisi yeOval; akukho nanye kuyo eyabuzwayo, ingaphikiswanga kangako, yiCongress, intsalela yokusekwa komgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle, okanye amajelo eendaba aqhelekileyo. Akukho nkqubo yedemokhrasi engaphumelelanga ngokupheleleyo kuvavanyo lwento njengeMelika emva kwe9/11. Ayikho intlekele eyalandelayo eyaba yimvisiswano.
Imbali iya kutyhila ngokuthe chu kuphela ubudlelwane bukaRumsfeld kwiineocons, ezazilawula indawo ephakathi kunye nephezulu yePentagon yakhe, ubudlelwane obuntsonkothileyo kunehagiographies yangoku okanye iidemonoloji eziye zanazo. Ngokwembali, wayelihlakani labo, umxhasi, umntu onegunya elisemthethweni, kodwa engazange abe ngomnye wabo, engazange abe ngumntu ocinga ngeengcinga, umntu okholelwa kwiinkolelo, okanye umntu obambelele kubukhoboka kwizinto ezininzi ababezisukela. Ekubhaliseni uWolfowitz, uPerle kunye nololiwe wabo, wayeya kuzisebenzisa, njengoko wayesebenzisa uMarshall, njengoko wayesebenzise abaninzi ngaphambili, njengendlela yokwenza oko ubukhulu becala, isiphelo se-megalomaniacal. Kodwa oko kusetyenziswa, nako, kwakungahoywa zizinto kunye neendleko.
Wavula urhulumente kunanini na ngaphambili kumadoda ahlala ehlala, acingela ukuba izinto zase-US kunye nezakwaSirayeli ziyafana, bengenanjongo malunga nomgaqo-nkqubo waseMelika kuMbindi Mpuma abaqondanga ukuba kwasekuqaleni. Ukungazi kwabo kunye nokuzicingela kwabo kwadityaniswa kuphela yinzondelelo yabo yokuhlanganisana kwiindawo ezithatha izigqibo zolawulo olutsha lwaseBush apho izigqibo zeqhinga elikhulu, lemfazwe noxolo, ngoku zaziyilwe kwaye zamiselwa kwangaphambili.
'Njengeeseli zomhlaza,' njengengqina lokuzibonela, uLieutenant Colonel Karen Kwiakowski, wayeza kuzichaza zisebenza kwiSebe lezoKhuselo laseRumsfeld. Befundiswe ngesiqingatha kwaye benyanisekile kwimbono ye-lobby ye-Israel yoMbindi Mpuma kunye ne-neocon enkulu yokuthanda i-American post-Cold War global hegemony, baxinanise imimandla yenombolo yesithathu yegosa kwi-Pentagon, i-Undersecretary of Defense kuMgaqo-nkqubo uDouglas Feith. , umsebenzi wabo wawungumzekelo wohlobo lwabo kunye neOfisi yabo edume kakubi yeZicwangciso eziKhethekileyo yadalwa njengomthombo wobukrelekrele bobuqhetseba obuphembelela uhlaselo lwase-Iraq.
Ababhali-mbali bayakuxoxa, nabo, ngentembeko ecacileyo yento abanye abayibiza ngokuba 'yi-Likudniks' yaseMelika ngokuhambelana ngokupheleleyo neengcinga ezichasene neZionist zelungelo lakwaSirayeli. Akuzange ngaphambili - nasemva kweMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi yeLizwe elinamandla laseTshayina Lobby elinamandla okubambelela kwiCapitol Hill kodwa lingekho kwindawo ephezulu yeSigqeba ngokwaso-yayinonyanzelo olungako kangako kwimigaqo-nkqubo yamandla angaphandle. ibekwe kakuhle eWashington.
Rhoqo kwezopolitiko zaseMelika nakurhulumente, nangona kunjalo, kwakungekho iyelenqe elifunekayo, nangona i-Pentagon-Israeli lobby spy scandal kusafuneka idlalwe. Ukungabi nzulu okubambekayo okungathotyelwanga, inzululwazi ngentlalo-ntle yoluntu, ixesha elide elijongiwe ngamandla kunye nokuqhubela phambili kwekhondo lomsebenzi, umbono omkhulu weparochial Pax Americana Ihlabathi linyameke kwikhulu elilityelweyo lamaphepha okucinga kunye neenkomfa zokulalana-konke oko kubeke umqobo, imfundiso eyintlekele kulawulo.
Okuncinci, basebenze ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuxhasa ucalucalulo okanye iinkohliso zabo kwingxoxo-mpikiswano ekwinqanaba eliphezulu, bekhula kwiindawo zabo zamalungu kuphela ePentagon, i-NSC Staff, kunye neSebe likaRhulumente, besonwabela amajelo akhethekileyo onxibelelwano kwi-White House. ilawulwa nguCheney, kwaye ingenamkhethe phantsi koMongameli wengqondo evaliweyo ngokukodwa.
Ngokubhekiselele kubudlelwane bukaRumsfeld kunye neenjengele zakhe, umxholo wezityholo ezifihliweyo zokungakhathaleli kwakhe ukuchasa okanye ukuqhubela phambili kwizilumkiso zeengxaki ezinzulu, sinolwazi oluncinci kakhulu. Intlekele e-Iraq izise ukugxekwa ngakumbi kuluntu ngamagosa aphezulu kunayo nayiphi na enye imfazwe kwimbali yaseMelika, kubandakanya neVietnam, kodwa phantse yonke yaphoswa kwizihlalo ezikhuselekileyo zokuthatha umhlala-phantsi kweenkwenkwezi ezimbini kunye nezintathu-kwaye ngokudana emva koko.
Oku kucacile: Akukho nto ivuzayo yePentagon, isixhobo esihlonelwayo saseWashington sabaphathi abachasayo, siphawule ukuqhubela phambili kuhlaselo. Akukhange kubekho mntu urhoxayo xa ekhalazela imigaqo-nkqubo yakhe. Yaye ukungakhathali, ukungabi nabuchule, nokungakhathali kwabaphathi-mkhosi ekuqondeni nasekumelaneni nemvukelo, ekujonganeni namahlazo okuxhatshazwa kwamabanjwa, izixhobo ezingonelanga nezinye, zonke ezi zinto ziye zabonakala zicace gca. Akukho bungqina bokuba naliphi na igosa laseMelika elisemsebenzini licinezele umceli mngeni wobukrelekrele okanye wokuziphatha kwisiphithiphithi esiqhubekayo - nasemva kokuba ikhazimle kakhulu ukuba ingahoywa. Njengakwenye into kwirekhodi yakhe ende, uRumsfeld wayonwabela, ngumxube ongenakulinganiswa weWashington wokufuna umsebenzi kunye nobugwala, ukuzithoba kunye nokuthatha amathuba, inkxaso enkulu ephoswe kubudenge bakhe.
Thatha phantsi
Kugqatso oluchulumancisayo oluya e-Baghdad ngo-2003, akukho namnye kwigalari encomekayo owabonakala eqaphela ukuba umkhosi 'omtsha' kaRumsfeld ubukhulu becala wawumdala, 'uhlaziywe' ngegama kuphela; kwaye abaninzi abazange baqaphele ukuba umatshini oncitshisiweyo, othetha umatshini we-RMA kunye noMarshall ophinde wanyanzelwa ukuba aqonde ukuba unzulu kangakanani. kwezopolitiko yayisisenzo sokubhukuqa iminyaka engama-40 yolawulo lwamaBhakathi; nzulu kangakanani kwezopolitiko yayiliphulo apho abantu abaninzi baseMelika baphila, ubuninzi bezinto eziphathekayo kunye nobutyebi besizwe bomfuziselo, bebuya kuzibophelela.
URumsfeld uza kuthabatha ukhenketho lwakhe loloyiso kwiGulf ngaloo ntlakohlaza ngokungathi ujikeleza imathi emva kwephini elikhawulezayo elimangalisayo. Loluphi ubizo lwakhe olunzima, iintatheli ezilandela umkhondo zabuza-inxalenye yeentyantyambo zemveli zoloyiso iphoswe indlela yakhe - kwaye 'waziva njani' ngexesha loloyiso olunje?
Yayingelilo ixesha lokuba amajelo eendaba, umkhosi obonakala unamandla onke, okanye urhulumente wonke kunye nenkcubeko yezopolitiko ukuba bacinge malunga nokuba 'umothuko kunye noloyiko' kangakanani oluxhomekeke kumandla amakhulu athotywe kwabo bangakhuselekanga, malunga nokuba lo mbono ungakanani na. ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga kunye nokuzenzisa kobukoloniyali - abantu bomthonyama kwindawo yexhwayelo nakwingingqi 'basothukile kwaye bekhwankqisiwe' njengamaZulu abethelwa phantsi kwaye othuswa ziingcali zamva nje zikaKumkanikazi.
Kwakusekutsha kakhulu kweminye imibuzo - malunga namandla abiweyo ekupheleni kwemigca yonikezelo esesichengeni, ifotogenic kakuhle kwiiglasi zasebusuku kodwa ngaphandle kwesikrweqe somzimba saneleyo; malunga ne-akhronimi efana ne-IED ebekungekangeniswa isigama sabaphathi okanye beentatheli; malunga nokuleqa iimbasa okuqhelekileyo kunye nokungabikho kotshaba oluvumayo ukuba loyisiwe kwaye lulungele ukunikezela (into elahlekileyo 'yoloyiso' ebiya kumkhathaza kakhulu uMaxwell Taylor).
Abalawuli abangaguqukiyo, abangaziwa, abangafundiswanga ngaphaya kwamadabi amafutshane, bakhokelela iintlawulo zabo e-Iraq bexhomekeke kwiinjengele zabo. Iinjengele zazixhomekeke ebantwini. Abemi babethembele (okanye balukuhlwa okanye baxhatshazwa) ziineocons. I-neocons yayixhomekeke kubuchule babo be-ersatz, abangaphakathi baseMossad, kunye nabathinjwa base-Iraqi ixesha elide bengadibani nelizwe labo. Abathinjwa - bavalelwe kwiibhotwe zaseBaghdad kunye nabalindi abahlawulelwa yi-US, bengazi kwaye bedelela i-Iraq eyayidlulile kubo, nalapho babengenamandla, nangamandla ePentagon emva kwabo - baxhomekeke kubantu baseMelika. .
URumsfeld, njengesiqhelo, uthembele kuye. Amanqanaba ayemthembile - kunye nabenzi bezigqibo zezopolitiko - ukwazi kunye nokulawula ezopolitiko emva kweSaddam e-Iraq ukukhusela uloyiso kunye nokubonelela ngobume bezopolitiko obuzalisekisa uloyiso lwasemkhosini. Xa basilela kabuhlungu, begwebela umkhosi waseMelika kumsebenzi owonakeleyo, ongalawulekiyo kunye nokumosha kancinci kancinci kwamadoda kunye nodumo, idebacle yayigqityiwe.
Ngaphaya kwe-Iraq kwakukho amanye amafa akhe ahlala ehleli.
Njengoko alikho elinye igosa lekhabhinethi embalini, ujike imisebenzi ebalulekileyo, yokuzixhasa yesebe lakhe kubantu babucala kunye nemikhosi yabucala. Wanikezela ngeenkonzo ezibalulekileyo kunye neenkonzo ze-commissariat kumkhosi waseMelika kwiikontraka eziphanga ingeniso apho imikhosi yase-US yayingengomajoni angamanye, okanye nabanini-zabelo, kodwa 'abathengi' abathinjiweyo ukuba baphathwe ngobugwenxa obunikwe iikhontrakthi eziqinisekisiweyo. Wanikezela ukhuseleko kunye nemisebenzi yokulwa eyimfuneko kwi-mission yelizwe kumbutho wamawakawaka ezibhamu eziqeshiweyo ezineziqinisekiso, imigangatho yokuziphatha kunye nokunyaniseka kokugqibela - konke okubalulekileyo kukhuseleko kunye nempumelelo yemikhosi yaseMelika - yayingaphaya kolawulo olusebenzayo lukarhulumente okanye umlinganiselo. (Ibhengezwe kwingxoxo yeCongressional ngoFebruwari 7, ihlazo leBlackwell Security Corporation edume kakubi, ibaleka phakathi kwenzuzo enkulu yokubamba izixhobo kunye nokukhusela amanqanaba ayo, iya kuba ngumbono nje wehlazo elikhulu.)
Kususela oko amaBritane aqeshe inkitha yama-Hesse ukuba atyumze umkhosi wenguqu kaGeorge Washington waba nomkhosi womkhosi olandela umkhondo ukuya eMelika ubunoburharha obugqithisileyo. Irhafu enokubakho ngokuthe ngqo nengathanga ngqo kumgaqo-nkqubo kunye nemikhosi exhobileyo ayinakwaziwa iminyaka.
Njengoko alikho elinye igosa lekhabhinethi kwimbali, wachitha isidima sesebe lakhe kunye nekhowudi eyodwa, eyimfuneko yembeko yeenkonzo zayo. Wajoyina, kwaye ehlala ekhokela, lonke ulawulo oluthotyiweyo ngokwasengqondweni, engawahoyanga amalungelo oMgaqo-siseko kunye namalungelo oluntu, ekwaphuleni eyona ntliziyo yeenkolelo zabo ezibonakala zingqongqo. Ngemvumelwano esele ilungile, emva koko ide facto Ukugqunywa kwentuthumbo kunye nokuphathwa gadalala e-Abu Ghraib, eGuantanamo, kunye neentolongo ezingaqatshelwanga kodwa ezoyikekayo ngokulinganayo e-Bagram Air Base nakwezinye iindawo e-Afghanistan, watshintsha, kwizigidi ezingenakuchazwa, uphawu lweMelika kunye nomkhosi wayo owawunebhongo kwinkululeko kwaye umthetho kwiqhina lebanjwa elingalibalekiyo kunye namakhamandela. Iimpembelelo zikaRumsfeld azinakuphela ngokwemigaqo ye-ofisi okanye unyulo. Ngokwemvelo yeekontraka, izenzo zabasebenzi, kunye nemigaqo yokuziphatha - ezinye zezona zikhumbuzo zisisigxina eWashington - ilifa lakhe liya kuhlala linzulu kwizicubu kunye nomphefumlo weziko aphathiswe ukulikhokela. Ekugqibeleni, uvuthondaba olulusizi kwiminyaka yakhe engaphezulu kwamashumi amane nokuba kurhulumente okanye ebongoza kumgubasi wakhe, bekukho kuphela imemo yakhe egqwethiweyo kumgaqo-nkqubo wase-Iraq - evuza, ngakumbi kabuhlungu, kumzamo ocacileyo wokumthethelela emva kwayo yonke loo nto.
Yiyo ke loo nto, wakhwaza esithi urhulumente wase-Iraq, njengeqela elithile elijijisayo, kufuneka 'linyuse iikawusi zalo'; kwaye, eyona nto ibuhlungu kakhulu, owake waba ngusopolitiki oqhuba umgaqo-nkqubo obulalayo njengezopolitiko, wacebisa ukuba iWashington 'ibhengeze ukuba nayiphi na indlela entsha ethathwa yi-US, i-US ikwenza oko ngovavanyo. Oku kuya kusinika amandla okuhlengahlengisa kwaye sifudukele kwesinye ikhosi, ukuba kuyimfuneko, kwaye ke ngoko 'singalahleki.
Njengoko wayeshiya isikhundla okokugqibela, yayiza kuba yilahleko kuphela eyayibalulekile. Njengomongameli ongafanelekanga ngokwengqondo wazabalazela ukubuyisela ububi bakhe bembali, njengoko i-neocons kunye ne-lobby yase-Israeli bacinezela kumajelo eendaba akhohlisayo kunye nokuphumla kodwa besathinjiwe iCongress intsomi yesoyikiso senyukliya yaseIran, njengoMkhosi waManzi kunye noMkhosi woMoya, abadlali abancinci kwisenzo sase-Iraq. , wathembisa iziphumo ezimangalisayo ePersi, isiphithiphithi kunye nengozi engabonakaliyo yashiyelwa kuRobert Gates, inkundla ekhukhumele.
Iiveki emva kokuhamba kukaRumsfeld, imbali - encinci eyaziwayo okanye eqondwayo - yayisele ishukunyiswa, ilityalwe. Ixesha elidlulileyo lalintsokothile kwaye linenkathazo, linetyala kakhulu kwaye likufuphi nekhaya, lizaliswe ziziphumo ezibuhlungu.
Eyona nto imbi kakhulu yayiyeyona isisiseko kwaye igxeka. UDonald Rumsfeld kunye nayo yonke into awayeyimele, konke awakwenzayo nangakwenza, kwaphuma kuthi. Ubalo lwabangcwabi, kuqukwa ne-Iraq, lwaqulunqwa ngexesha lethu lekhefu, ngendlela enye okanye enye, ngalo lonke ixesha. Intlungu yakhe yayisoloko iyeyethu.
URoger Morris, owayesebenza kwiSebe likaRhulumente kunye naBasebenzi abaPhezulu beBhunga leSizwe loKhuseleko phantsi kooMongameli uJohnson kunye noNixon, warhoxa ngokuqhankqalaza ekuhlaselweni kweCambodia. Emva koko wasebenza njengomcebisi wezomthetho kwi-Senate yase-US kunye nomlawuli wezifundo zomgaqo-nkqubo kwi-Carnegie Endowment, kwaye ubhala le mbali yaseRumsfeldian evela kulwazi olusondeleyo kunye nophando olubanzi. Unjingalwazi woNdwendwelo lweeHonours kwiYunivesithi yaseWashington kunye noMfo woPhando weGreen Institute (umsebenzi wakhe uvela website yayo), ungumbhali-mbali ophumelele ibhaso kunye nentatheli ephandayo, kubandakanywa neNational Book Award yeSilver Medal winner, kunye nombhali weencwadi zikaNixon, uKissinger, uHaig, kunye noClintons. Kutshanje, ubhale kunye noSally Denton Imali Namandla, Imbali yaseLas Vegas njengeparadigm yorhwaphilizo lwesizwe. Umsebenzi wakhe wamva nje, iShadows of the Eagle, imbali yongenelelo olufihlakeleyo lwase-US kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo kuMbindi Mpuma naseMzantsi Asia kwisiqingatha senkulungwane edlulileyo, iya kupapashwa kwi-2007 nguKnopf.
[Eli nqaku lavela kuqala I-Tomdispatch.com, iblogi yeSizwe yeZiko, ebonelela ngokuhamba ngokuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, iindaba, kunye noluvo oluvela kuTom Engelhardt, umhleli wexesha elide ekupapasheni, umseki we iProjekthi yobuKumkani baseMelika kunye nomlobi Ukuphela kweNkcubeko yokuNqoba, imbali yoloyiso lwaseMelika kwiMfazwe ebandayo, inoveli, Iintsuku Zokugqibela Zopapasho, yaye Uthumo alufezekiswanga (Iincwadi zeSizwe), ingqokelela yokuqala yodliwano-ndlebe lukaTomdispatch.]
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