"... oyena Nobhala wezoKhuselo ubalaseleyo kwesi sizwe." - Usekela Mongameli uDick Cheney
"Ixesha elidlulileyo lalingalindelekanga xa liqala." - UDonald Rumsfeld
Kwinqwelomoya yokuba ndlelantle eya eBaghdad ekuqaleni kukaDisemba ka-2006, uNobhala wezoKhuselo oshiyayo wakhumbula ukuqala kwakhe kwezopolitiko kwiminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amane ngaphambili. Abancedisi bangqiyama ukuze baphulaphule ngenyameko, kodwa beza bengakhange batyhilelwe izityhilelo. Kwakungekho nto ingako. Njengesiqhelo nale ndoda ilawula urhulumente njengegosa lekhabhinethi phambi kwakhe - kubandakanywa no-Henry Kissinger onamandla, wayedelela kwaye ephuma ngaphandle, ukuba ayingosaziwayo - imbali yokwenyani kunye noguqulelo lukaDon Rumsfeld lwalufana kakhulu.
Kwakukho ummangaliso kwezo ziqalo. Uphume kwindawo enabantu abafumileyo baseChicago ngeminyaka yoo-1950s ngokuzithemba okukhohlakeleyo kunye nonxibelelwano olusebenzisekayo ePrinceton, phakathi kwabo uFrank Carlucci, uNobhala wezoKhuselo wexesha elizayo wengqondo ephakathi, ukanti ukuzingca kwentsimbi kunye nobuhlakani obunobuqili busebenza ngakumbi kurhulumente kunobukrelekrele okanye uvakalelo. Emva kwekholeji kunye neminyaka emibini njengomqhubi we-Navy, uRumsfeld wenza izithuba zezopolitiko njengomfundi waseCapitol Hill kunye nomncedisi wephulo weRiphabhlikhi, kwaye ngamashumi amabini anesithoba, emva eChicago kwibhanki yotyalo-mali, wayebalekela iCongress.
Njengokuninzi okuzayo, umsonto omnyama walala phantsi komphezulu ukusuka ekuqaleni. Kwinqanaba eliphambili laseRiphabhlikhi elifana nolonyulo, ngaphandle wayeyinkwenkwe, engathethi-bubi, engafumani mali, umceli mngeni weqela elidala elimiselwe ukuba lizuze isihlalo esivulekileyo. Ngapha koko, wayexhaswa ngemali ngabahlobo abazizityebi, ngelixa oosomashishini bakhe-kuquka uJeb Stuart Magruder we-Watergate infamy kamva - baxhakamfule kwaye bamdyobha umchasi wakhe, besebenzisa amaqhinga angazange alandele eRumsfeld.
Waya eWashington ngoDisemba ka-1962 inzwana, enemihlathi ephindwe kabini, isitulo esikhuselekileyo esivela kwindawo yokugcinwa kwechibi eliseMntla Shore, ebonakaliswa ngamafama anamagqabi eWinnetka kunye ne-Evanston ephezulu. ISithili esidala seshumi elinesithathu sase-Illinois sasisesinye sezona zityebi esizweni kwaye sasibambe iRiphabhlikhi ngokutyibilikayo kangangenkulungwane. Endlwini, uRumsfeld wakhawuleza wabonwa ngabanye njengoko wayesoloko ezibona - inkwenkwe ekwinqanaba elibuthuntu leQela lakhe.
Emva koko, njengasemva koko, wayengenazo iziqinisekiso zokwenene okanye impumelelo ezimeleyo. Kodwa loo nto yayisoloko igqunywe sisihlunu esifanayo, isitayile esinobundlongo-ndlongo awasithathayo kwi-mat njenge-Ivy League wrestler - "ingqiniba ezibukhali," umlingane othobekileyo, onomona wayibiza loo nto-kunye nokunganyangeki kwe-GOP kuninzi. 1960s. Umbutho weRiphabhlikhi uRumsfeld wangena wawusele ubanjwe phakathi kokumoshakala kokufa kwe-Eisenhower yehlabathi kunye nokumodareyitha (kunye nokulandelelana kukaRichard Nixon emaphikweni) kunye nomnqweno ofanelekileyo wephiko lasekunene lokuthatha ulawulo olunokuthi, kwisithuba esingaphezu kweminyaka elishumi, lunikeze Reagan Reaction.
Ingqondo kaRumsfeld yokulungileyo, i-New Deal-phobic corporatist cant kunye neCold War chauvinism, weza enxibe ngamandla amdaka ngakumbi kunento ethethwayo - kwaye wayesele etsalwa ngumntu onengqondo eqinileyo yenzondelelo yelo xesha lokucutshungulwa kwezinto ezincinci kodwa ephumelela ngokumangalisayo. iteknoloji yomkhosi. Njengoninzi lwesizukulwana sakhe owazalwa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1930s, abantwana be-scrap-drive, abaphumeleleyo beMfazwe Yehlabathi II abeza kulawula ihlabathi lasemva kwemfazwe kwaye babeza kuba ngabadala abathatha isigqibo sexesha le-9/11, wayengathandabuzi. malunga nobuhandiba bendalo baseMelika okanye ukungoyiswa kweengalo zayo; yonke le nto yenze ukuba ibentle, ingathinteleki ngakumbi ngamawele angamawele ongxowankulu baseMelika - itekhnoloji kunye nolawulo "lwangoku".
Oko, emva koko, yayilukholo olungathandabuzekiyo, olungathandabuzekiyo looyise baseNorth Shore kunye nezinye iimpumelelo ezifana nabo kwisizwe sonke. Elo yayilihlabathi, ngokutsho kwePrinceton yasemva kwemfazwe, kunye neSikolo soShishino saseHarvard. Leyo yayiyingqondi ekucingelwa ukuba nguNobhala wezoKhuselo wexesha elizayo uRobert McNamara's Ford Motor Company echazwe ngokufanelekileyo kunye "nohlalutyo lweenkqubo" zexesha laseVietnam iPentagon, nokunye okuninzi.
Ekuqaleni koo-1960, elo lizwe lifunyenweyo laphela ngaphaya kwee-suites kunye neendawo zasedolophini. Ngenxa yokuba iMelika iziphatha kakuhle nezinto eziphathekayo, ukugqwesa kwayo okungumzekelo (okubonakala kuMntla woNxweme), intsalela yesijikelezi-langa ayifuni kuphononongwa, ulwazi, okanye ukuqonda ngokwembali kwezopolitiko, kwaye kwakungafuneki ukuba amadoda anjalo aqondwe kancinci ngobuzwe baseMelika. elidlulileyo non-ntsomi. Abenzi bezigqibo abalumkileyo, abaxakeke ngeziphumo ezisezantsi ezibaliweyo, babengenaxesha leephemera "zemfundo".
Xa imali okanye amandla kufuneka asetyenziswe kubantu base-Asiya, ama-Arabhu, amaLatin, okanye ama-Afrika, ingcaciso ecacileyo eyenziwa ngabafundi abaphantsi ababefunde iimemo eziyimfuneko iya kuhlala isenza. Ukubanjwa njengoko sonke besikwi-kinetic ka-Rumsfeld, i-churlish yehla kwisiphithiphithi esinegazi lase-Iraq yakhe, kube lula ukungahoyi indlela etyebe ngayo. nkcubeko konke kwakusekuqalekeni - isiqingatha senkulungwane yaseMelika yamandla amakhulu kunye nokucingelwa okubekwe ecaleni kokungazi kwethu okukhulu kunye nokungakhathali. Kwakungowe-1963, ngexesha leenyanga zokuqala zikaDon Rumsfeld kwiCongress, apho i-Iraqi Ba'ath Party-ukusukela ngo-1959 yafumana, yafumana inkxaso-mali, yakhokelwa kwaye yakhokelwa yi-CIA, kwaye ilandela i-tug yaseTikriti eneminyaka engamashumi amabini anesithandathu ubudala egama linguSaddam Hussein. (yena ngokwakhe engumbulali ohlawulwe yiCIA) kunye noluhlu lwamakhulu abantu bezopolitiko baseIraq abashiyekileyo kunye neengcali eziza kubulawa emva kobhukuqo-mbuso - bathathe amandla eBaghdad.
KwiCapitol Hill, ilungu lowiso-mthetho eliselula laseRiphabhlikhi elinomoya laye labandakanyeka ekwaneliseni ulwabiwo olutsha kwi-aeronautics kunye nezixhobo. Uphawu lwakhe lokurhweba lunqumle inzondelelo kunye nokuphoxisa okukrakra kwimibuzo kunye neentetho esele zibambe inqaku lePentagon E-Ring canon kumashumi amane eminyaka kamva: umkhosi onamandla amakhulu njenge-wrestler yakudala - lithe, ixhobe kakhulu, ikhawuleza ukubethelela utshaba olubambeneyo, olunamandla ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, kwaye eneentyantyambo zeentyantyambo ngeenxa zonke. Yayiyinto nje - waqala ukufunda kwangethuba kwiingcaciso eziluncedo kunye nobungqina ngabaphathi bezomkhosi-bokwenza abalawuli (abaphathi bamasebe, emva koko) batshintshe iindlela zabo zakudala ezinobuvila. Igama legama liya kuba: Ukufumana ukuphumelela. Eyona nto yayiphezulu yayibuchwephesha obutsha kunye nabaphathi abahamba nayo kangangokuba kwakunqabile ukuba ingaba ngubani okhuphisana naye. Kwezo ntsuku zihambileyo, kwiindibano ezifihlakeleyo zaseWashington zingaviwa, kwiingxoxo phambi kwamagumbi angenanto, kwakukho amagubu okuqala entlekele ekude eHindu Kush, eMesopotamia nangaphaya.
Ewe, ngeminyaka yoo-1960, ukuthanda kukaRumsfeld kumkhosi wobuchwephesha obuphezulu kwakuchukumisa kuphela, umzabalazo omncinci xa uthelekiswa nokuzixakekisa kwakhe kwinkqubela phambili. Ngelixa abambalwa babonakala beqaphela, indoda esandul' ukunyathela yenza ingxakeko engaqhelekanga kwiNdlu yokugawula amaplanga. Ngo-1964, phambi kokuphela kwekota yakhe yokuqala, wabamba imvukelo echasene neNkokeli ye-GOP uCharles Halleck, u-Dwight D. Eisenhower othembekileyo othanda ukuba ne-bipartisanship kunye nokuthandabuza zombini uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwe-Pentagon kunye nokungenelela kwamanye amazwe. Ngeevoti ezintandathu kuphela kwiCaucus yeRiphabhlikhi, uRumsfeld ukwazile ukuthatha indawo ye-Indianan wafaka uGerald Ford waseMichigan.
Kwizopolitiko zangaphakathi zeNdlu, iFord ethandekayo, ethandekayo, engaqhelekanga yayisoloko ilungile kune-post-Nixon yakhe, kwaye ngoku emva kokufa, umfanekiso kamongameli uya kuba nayo. URichard Nixon wabiza uFord โnjengomntu oqhwanyazayo kwaye onqwala ngentloko,โ onobugcisa bakhe kunye nokuthembeka kwakhe kwamshiya engazange adibane nentsimbi, abantu abanobuqili ngakumbi abamjikelezileyo. Ukutyhala iFord yenye yezo ntshukumo zangaphakathi zaseCapitol Hill ezazibonakala ngathi, ngelo xesha, ziphumelela iRumsfeld kuphela, amabhaso anqabileyo-izihlalo zekomiti ezikhethiweyo, iqela elikwileli yobunkokeli, amahlakani aluncedo.
Ithatyathwe ngesitayile sikaRumsfeld soburly ngaloo nyaka yayiyiNkongolo yaseKansas uRobert Ellsworth, igqwetha ledolophu encinci yengqolowa enezipho ezithobekileyo kodwa amabhongo angaphaya kunye nonxibelelwano olusondeleyo noNixon. "Enye nje into yaseTurk eselula," elinye lamaqela abo eNdlu ngokungaqhelekanga labiza ukudilizwa kweHalleck.
Kubonakala kunzima ngoku ukubaxa izinto ezilandelelanayo ezingapheliyo kwesi senzo sincinci kodwa sithatha isigqibo. Ukunyuselwa phezulu kweFord enyanisekileyo kodwa ephantsi ukuba iqeshwe njengosekela mongameli phakathi kwentshabalalo kaMongameli uRichard Nixon kunye noSekela Mongameli wakhe, uSpiro Agnew; Ukusilela kweFord, ukuba akunabungozi, ikhefu kwiOfisi ye-Oval kwaye kamva njengenkokeli yeQela ngokugqithiswa kakubi kweGOP kuRonald Reagan ngo-1980; Ukunyuswa kuka-Ellsworth kweRumsfeld kwizithuba ezibalaseleyo kodwa ezihlazo-zokhuselo lomzimba phantsi kweNixon; kwaye emva koko, ngexesha likaMongameli we-Ford, umvuzo weRumsfeld, ukuphakama kwakhe kwi-White House Chief of Staff, kunye naye ukunyuka komnye wabancedisi bakhe ukususela kwixesha le-Nixon, i-rectionary e-Wyoming engazange ibonwe ngaphambili egama linguDick Cheney; Okulandelayo, ngo-1975-1976, i-Rumsfeld yokuqala yokuhlala kwi-Pentagon ehlazekileyo kodwa engenakuguquka eyayiza kubumba ixesha lakhe lesibini emva kwe-2001; kwaye ekugqibeleni, ngokuqinisekileyo, iRumsfeld-Cheney monopoly of power in a George W. Bush White House elandelwa yimigaqo-nkqubo yabo eyintlekele emva kwe-9/11 - zonke zivela ekwenzeni iNkokeli ehloniphekileyo, i-diffident Gerry Ford Minority Leader elibale ubusika be-1964.
Iqela lokungcwatywa
Babengamadoda akwaNixon. U-Rumsfeld kunye no-Cheney baphakama bedlula kwisiqingatha sobutata bezopolitiko obungafunwayo ngumongameli okhohlakeleyo owahlala kwaye wasebenzisa abanye awayengabathembi, wada weza nokuzohlwaya. Uziswe kwiphulo likamongameli lika-Nixon ngo-1968 ngempembelelo ka-Ellsworth, uRumsfeld wawela kwindima efanelekileyo-ukuhlola iNgqungquthela yeDemokhrasi eChicago, eyagqabhuka โkwisiphithiphithi samapolisaโ esichasene nabaqhankqalazi abachasene nemfazwe abaqwenga iiDemocrats kwaye babolekisa ingxelo yentlola ngokungalindelekanga. (Phakathi kobuso besihlwele ebesibukele isidubedube kwakukho omnye umntu obukeleyo ophuma kwindawo etofotofo yeRiphabhlikhi, umfundi waseWellesley oneminyaka engamashumi amabini ananye wasePark Ridge ogama linguHillary Rodham.) Nangona wafumana ingqwalasela kwintlekele yeDemocrats, uRumsfeld wabaleka waya phezulu. ngokuchasene nomphathi wephulo likaNixon elihlabayo ngokulinganayo, uBob Haldeman kwaye, nangona uloyiso lwabo lolonyulo, babuyela kwiCongress ngo-1969 ngaphandle komvuzo.
Intsebenziswano yamaqela amabini yamhlangula. Ngo-1968, i-Ofisi kaMongameli uLyndon Johnson eneminyaka emine ubudala ye-Ofisi yeThuba lezoQoqosho (OEO), inkqubo yokuchasana nentlupheko kunye nesiseko sayo "Isenzo soLuntu" kunye neeNkonzo zayo zoMthetho zamahlwempu, yaba libali lempumelelo elinokubakho - kwaye ke ngoko isiqalekiso kwiiDemocrats ezinamandla. kunye namaRiphabhlikhi. Yalelwa irhafu yecuba yowe-1964 (eyayiyixhasa ngemali ngokukhuselekileyo) kwindawo yokusebenzela icuba, emva koko balamba ngokutshona kwemithombo yobutyebi kumbindi wecuba.
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