Umthombo: I-Intercept
Ifoto nguJohnny Silvercloud/Shutterstock
Imfundo yam ku Inkohlakalo yexesha lemfazwe yaqala eBosnia ngeminyaka yoo-1990. Ndinikela ingxelo ngemfazwe, ndatyelela iinkampu zokubulawa kwabantu, ndabona abantu bedutyulwa yaye bebethwa, ndidlan’ indlebe nabathuthumbisi, yaye ndabanjwa izihlandlo ezininzi ngenxa yokuba kwindawo engafanelekanga nokubuza imibuzo emininzi kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwayo yonke loo nto, Ndaziva ngelo xesha ukuba izifundo zam zeBalkan aziphelelanga - kwaye ezo mvakalelo ziye zaqinisekiswa kwiminyaka eyi-20 edluleyo yemfazwe yase-US e-Afghanistan, e-Iraq naseSiriya.
Sithanda ukunxulumanisa ubuqaba nohlobo lwezinto endazibona eBosnia: ugonyamelo olusondeleyo apho abenzi bobubi bajonga emehlweni amaxhoba abo baze bashiye ukudibana okuyingozi kunye namathontsi egazi kwiibhutsi zabo. Oko kukungaqondi kakuhle kuba ayibandakanyi ukubulala-ukusuka-umgama ngoku okusembindini weemfazwe zaseMelika zanaphakade, eziye zasuka kude kumlo wasemhlabeni. Ngokombutho ongenzi nzuzo Airwars, I-US iqhube ngaphezu kwe-91,000 i-airstrikes kwiindawo ezisixhenxe ezinkulu zongquzulwano ukususela kwi-2001, kunye nabantu abancinci be-22,000 ababuleweyo kwaye banokuba baninzi njenge-48,000.
Isabela njani iMelika xa ibulala abantu? Kwiveki ephelileyo, sifunde ukuba umkhosi wase-US uthathe isigqibo sokuba akukho mntu uya kuthwala uxanduva kuhlaselo lwe-drone ye-29 ka-Agasti eKabul, e-Afghanistan, eyabulala amalungu e-10 osapho lwase-Afghan, kuquka nabantwana abasixhenxe. Emva kokuphononongwa kwangaphakathi, uNobhala wezoKhuseleko uLloyd Austin wakhetha ukungathathi nyathelo, kwanokubetha kwesandla kumhlalutyi omnye wezobukrelekrele, umqhubi wedrone, umphathi wemishini, okanye jikelele. Isithethi sePentagon uJohn Kirby ngokungaqhelekanga wathi, “Siyavuma ukuba bekukho ukuqhawuka kwenkqubo” kodwa “akuthethi kuthi umntu okanye umntu umele aphendule.”
Zininzi kakhulu iindaba ezisondeleleneyo ezinokuthi zithathwe kule nyanga. INew York Times isandula ukupapasha uthotho olunamacandelo amabini ngu-Azmat Khan, esekwe kumaxwebhu omkhosi, eveza ukuba ukuqhushumba kwe-US ukusukela ngo-2014 kuye kwabulala abantu ngokuqhubekayo kodwa iPentagon yenze phantse kwanto ukuqaphela ukuba bangaphi benzakele okanye yintoni engalunganga kwaye ukulungiswa. Njengoko uKhan phawula, "Yayiyinkqubo ebonakala isebenza phantse ngokuyila ukuba ingafihli kuphela uhlaselo lokwenyani lwabahlaseli basemoyeni baseMelika kodwa ivumele ukusetyenziswa kwabo okwandisiweyo."
Inkohlakalo ibandakanya ngaphezu kwesenzo sokubulala. Ikwabandakanya inkqubo yokungohlwaywa eyenza kucace kubenzi bobubi ukuba le nto bayenzayo yamkelekile, iyimfuneko — mhlawumbi nobugorha — kwaye mayingapheli. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i-United States iphuhlise oomatshini bokungohlwaywa ekungathandabuzekiyo ukuba ngoyena uhambele phambili kwihlabathi, engabandakanyi nje kuphela iqela elibanzi labasebenzi basemkhosini kodwa nalo lonke uluntu lwaseMelika.
Elite Accountability
Ukungohlwaywa kudla ngokuqala phezulu. Akukho mkhosi waseMelika uqeqeshelwe ukongamela iimfazwe eziyintlekele e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq, nokuba kunjalo ukuxoka kwiCongress ngezi ntlekele. Kuye kwenzeka okwahlukileyo: ngokuqhelekileyo kongezelelwa iinkwenkwezi emagxeni abo, yaye xa berhoxa emkhosini, baye bongezelelwa bathande ukumatsha kungena izikhundla ezihlawulwa kakuhle njengamalungu ebhodi kushishino lwezixhobo okanye kwenye indawo (nangona bengabotshwanga kwizibonelelo, ngenxa yepenshoni enokufikelela kwi-250,000 yeedola ngonyaka). I-racket yokukhusela isithunzi ibuhlungu kangangokuba igosa lomkhosi elikhonze iindwendwe ezimbini e-Iraq labhala inqaku elidumileyo ngoku ngowama-2007 yathi: “Umntu wabucala ophulukene nompu uba nemiphumo engaphezulu lee kunenjengele ephulukene nemfazwe.”
Asimele simangaliswe. Siluluntu olugqwesileyo ekungaphenduleni kwabakumgangatho ophezulu. Jonga nje inani lee-CEO zebhanki ezijongene nezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho emva kokuwa kwemali ka-2008 (unothi), okanye inani lamalungu osapho lakwaSackler abatyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho emva kokuba inkampani yabo, iPurdue Pharma, iqalise ubhubhani we-opioid nge-OxyContin (kananjalo zero), okanye inani lamawaka ezigidi abakuphepha ukuhlawula irhafu yengeniso (uninzi lwabo). Kwaye masingalibali bezopolitiki kwaye iingcali ngubani owakhokelela iMelika kwi Ukungena ngokungekho mthethweni yase-Iraq ngo-2003 kwaye ayizange ibe nemiphumo. Akukacaci ukuba ngubani othatha izikhalazo zabo, kodwa kucacile ukuba bonke aba bantu baxhamlayo kwi-con.
Ukungohlwaywa komkhosi kukodwa ngandlel' ithile kuba kunwebeka ukuya ezantsi nako. Ukuba umhlalutyi wezobukrelekrele okanye umqhubi wedrone okanye umqhubi wenqwelomoya ulandela imiyalelo kunye neenkqubo zokuhlasela kweenqwelomoya ezibulala abantu abaninzi kwitheko lomtshato - eye yenzeka — kufuneka baxolelwe ekwenzeni okubi. Ngapha koko, ngubani owanikela imiyalelo, yaye ngubani owamisela iinkqubo? Le mibuzo iya kufuna ukujonga phezulu ikhonkco lomyalelo, kwaye ngenxa yeso sizathu, ayibuzwa ngenjongo yokufumana iimpendulo. Yiyo loo nto kwakungekho mvakalelo yothusayo ukuba amaxwebhu omkhosi ayimfihlo epapashwe yi-Intercept kwi-2015 yaqaphela ukuba kwiphulo leminyaka emibini elibizwa ngokuba yi-Operation Haymaker, i-9 ye-10 yase-Afghan ebulewe kuqhankqalazo lwe-drone yase-US yayingeyiyo ekujoliswe kuyo. Kwi-US, le yayiyindleko eyamkelekileyo yokwenza ishishini.
Inkcubeko yePentagon yokungohlwaywa ngokubulala abantu imile ngokuchasene nokusukela amajoni ngenzondelelo yezinye izenzo.
Inkcubeko yePentagon yokungohlwaywa ngokubulala abantu imile ngokuchasene nokusukela amajoni ngenzondelelo yezinye izenzo. Ngokungafaniyo neKhomishini yezoKhuseleko kunye noTshintshiselwano, elawula ishishini lezemali, okanye i-IRS, eyongamela abahlawuli berhafu, okanye iikomiti zeSenate kunye neNdlu yokuziphatha, ebeka iliso kumalungu eCongress, umkhosi wase-US unegunya elibanzi kunye nezixhobo ezinzulu zokunyanzelisa i-Senate kunye ne-House Ethics Committees. uluhlu lwezohlwayo, ukusuka kunciphiso lwemivuzo ukuya ekulahlekeni kwenqanaba kunye izigwebo zentambo. Umkhosi uwasebenzisa ngokuzimisela la magunya, nawo. Ngo-2020 kuphela, bekukho ngaphezulu Amatyala angama-37,000 oqeqesho kwimikhosi exhobileyo, kwaye ukususela ngo-2001, kukho iimeko ezingaphezu kwe-1.3 yezigidi.
Ukanti la magunya asetyenziswe ngokucokisekileyo okanye hayi kwaphela xa kufikelela kuhlaselo lwasemoyeni olubulala abantu. Enye yezona ndyikityha zokubulawa kwabantu kumashumi amabini eminyaka emfazwe yenzeka kungekudala, nge-18 kaMatshi, ngo-2019, xa iinqwelomoya zemfazwe zase-US zawisa iibhombu ezabulala abantu abaninzi, uninzi lwabasetyhini kunye nabantwana, kwindawo ebiyelwe yi-Islamic State eSyria. Imbubhiso yabonakala ngoko nangoko. Njengoko Amaxesha ixelwe kwinyanga ephelileyo, umhlalutyi obukele uhlaselo lwevidiyo yedrone echwetheziweyo kwinkqubo yencoko ekhuselekileyo, "Ngubani oye wayilahla loo nto?" Omnye umhlalutyi ubhale wathi, "Sisanda kuwisa abafazi nabantwana abangama-50." Uvavanyo olukhawulezayo lwedabi lwahlala kubantu abangama-70 ababuleweyo.
Igosa lezomthetho layichaza njengesenzo solwaphulo-mthetho esisemfazweni esabangela ukuba kwenziwe uphando, iTimes yaphawula ukuba, “kodwa phantse kuwo onke amanyathelo, umkhosi wawusenza imigudu yokufihla olo qhankqalazo.” Umhloli jikelele wePentagon ujonge okwenzekileyo, kodwa nengxelo yakhe "yaye yanqunyanyiswa kwaye yahluthwa nakuphi na ukukhankanywa kogwayimbo." Umvavanyi owayesebenza kwingxelo yomhloli jikelele, uGene Tate, wanyanzeleka ukuba ashiye umsebenzi wakhe emva kokukhalaza ngokungabikho kwenkqubela kunye nokunyaniseka. UTate uxelele iTimes: “Ubunkokeli bubonakala buzimisele ukuyingcwaba le nto.”
Ndingaqhubeka ndithetha amawakawaka amazwi ndichaza olunye uhlaselo lweenqwelo-moya olwabulala abantu abangekhoyo lwaza lwaphumela ekubeni kungabikho ngqeqesho okanye ukukhalinyelwa okuncinane okwakhutshwa kuphela emva kweengxelo ezihlazisayo ezivela kwimibutho yeendaba nakumaqela alwela amalungelo abantu. Umzekelo, bekukho i-airstrike ka-2015 kwi- Isibhedlele eKunduz, Afghanistani, eyabulala abaguli nabasebenzi abangama-42; uqeqesho olumathidala lomkhosi lwaluquka ukululekwa nokuqeqeshwa kwakhona kwabanye babasebenzi ababandakanyekayo. Ingongoma yile: Iziko lomkhosi eliye lanyanzelisa ngehlombe iimfuno zezinto ezincinane ukunxiba ibhanti lokubonisa ngelixa ubaleka iye yasilela ngokuqhubekayo ukuqeqesha amajoni ngenxa yokuqhushumba kweebhombu ngendlela engafanelekanga evunywa ukuba eyalo idabi iye yabulala abantu.
Umatshini wokungohlwaywa unemisebenzi emibini: Eyona nto icacileyo kukuxolela abantu abangafanele kungxengxezelwa. Enye yeyokohlwaya abo bazama ukuveza umatshini, kuba awusebenzi kakuhle emini. Yiyo loo nto uDaniel Hale, igqala loMkhosi woMoya urhulumente atyhola ngokuvuza la maxwebhu edrone ahleliweyo kwi-Intercept, wagwetywa phantsi koMthetho wobuNtlola ukuya phantse iminyaka emine entolongweni. Ayisosenzo sokubulala abantu esiya kukhokelela kwisohlwayo esiqinisekileyo nesinzima, kodwa ukutyhila isenzo sokubulala.
Ukuphelisa Ukungohlwaywa
Ngowe-1992, ndadlan’ indlebe nentombazana engumSilamsi eBosnia eyadlwengulwayo. Kamva ndathi: “Umphathi-mkhosi waseVišegrad wayithanda gqitha loo nto wabhala, “yaye ngobunye ubusuku bamrhuqa kunye nodade wabo omncinane kunina, owayekhala kanobom ebambelele emilenzeni yomphathi-mkhosi, owamkhabayo waza wadanduluka esithi, ‘Ndingumthetho.’”
Igama lomphathi-mfazwe yayinguMilan Lukić, yaye wayengomnye wawona madoda angendawo emfazweni awayenentsalela yawo. Wabulala amabhinqa nabantwana ngenkohlakalo ethile, ngaxa lithile watshisa indlu eyayinabantu abangama-59 ababehlala kuyo; bonke batshabalala. Kodwa uLukić wayethetha into enye enyanisekileyo xa wayexhwila oodade: Yena bekunjalo umthetho. Izihange zakhe zomkhosi zazilawula ugonyamelo eVišegrad kunye nenkxaso epheleleyo yamagosa ezobupolitika nawezomkhosi amaSerb. Ngelo xesha, andizange ndiyicinge into yokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lwawo luza kufikelela nabani na kubo.
Umdla wam ngoku kukuqina kwaba matshini bokungohlwaywa, hayi ukonakala okuthelekisayo kolwaphulo-mthetho abalukhuselayo (okwenzeka eBosnia kukubulawa kwabantu). Kubonakala kungenangqondo ukucinga ukuba ukugqunywa komkhosi wase-US kuya kwenziwa. IPentagon ngoku ifumana inkxaso ethe chatha kweli lizwe ngendlela ekulula ukuyilinganisa kwaye ibalulekile ekuzinziseni amandla ayo: inkxaso-mali. ICongress isanda kudlula uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lomkhosi we $ 768 billion, engaphezulu kunokwabelwa ngo-2020, nangona imikhosi yase-US irhoxile kulo nyaka, ngendlela ehlazisayo, kwimfazwe yabo yanaphakade e-Afghanistan. Ngaphandle kwento eyenzekileyo, abameli abanyuliweyo baseMelika abaluyeki ulwamkelo lwabo lokhuseleko lwePentagon.
Nangona kunjalo ukohlwaywa okwakubonakala kungunaphakade eBosnia kwajika kwaba kokwexeshana, ubuncinci kwabaphezulu bolwaphulo-mthetho. U-Lukić ngoku usentolongweni kunye nesigwebo sobomi, enkosi ukukholelwa kwakhe kwiNkundla yoLwaphulo-mthetho lweZizwe ngezizwe kwindawo eyayisakuba yiYugoslavia ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho olunxamnye noluntu. Iinkokeli eziphambili ngexesha lemfazwe zathunyelwa eHague nazo. USlobodan Milošević, umongameli waseSerbia, wabulawa sisifo sentliziyo ngaphambi kokuba ityala lakhe liqukunjelwe, kodwa uRadovan Karadžić noRatko Mladić, iinkokeli zobupolitika nezomkhosi zamaSerbs aseBosnia, bagwetywa ngokubulala uhlanga.
IMelika ngo-2021 ayikho iSerbia ngo-1995. Umatshini wethu wokungohlwaywa awuthinteki kuxinzelelo oluvela kwiintlanga ezinkulu. Kodwa abachola-choli beendaba, abahlalutyi, kunye nabaphandi abenze umsebenzi onzima wokubhenca ubuxoki bayo - basasebenza. Enye into endiyifundileyo kule minyaka idlulileyo kukuba okukhona aba bantu bebhaqa, kokukhona besebenza nzima. Andizukubheja ngabo.
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Nikela