Skabuhlungu emva kokuba iingxoxo zemozulu ze-UN e-Copenhagen ngo-2009 ziwile, uJames Lovelock, uthixo wendalo esingqongileyo yanamhlanje, wabuzwa ngu. Guardian intatheli uLeo Hickman yintoni ekufuneka yenziwe ngokujonga ukusilela. Lovelock ukhuphe umnxeba koko kunokuchazwa kuphela njengozwilakhe bemozulu.
Ekhaba uluvo lokuba isisombululo sokutshintsha kwemozulu sinokuphunyezwa kwidemokhrasi yale mihla, uLovelock wakhwaza esithi eyona nto yayifuneka โlihlabathi elinegunyaโ apho kukho โiqaqobana labantu abanegunya obathembileyo abaliqhubayo.โ
โYeyiphi enye indlela yedemokhrasi? Akukho nanye. Kodwa kwanezona demokrasi zibalaseleyo ziyavuma ukuba xa kusondela imfazwe enkulu, idemokhrasi kufuneka imiswe okwexeshana. Ndinoluvo lokuba utshintsho lwemozulu lunokuba ngumcimbi onzima njengemfazwe. Kusenokuba yimfuneko ukumisa idemokhrasi okwethutyana. โ
Eli khwelo lohlobo lobuzwilakhe olunobubele lwesayensi luye lwenziwa kuluhlu lweengxaki esijongana nazo kwihlabathi liphela, ukusuka kwilahleko yeentlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo ukuya ekuchaseni amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane.
Ukuchasana namayeza okubulala iintsholongwane kuye kwaba yingozi kwimpilo yoluntu kwihlabathi liphela, kwaye isenzo sikarhulumente sithe gqolo kwaye singonelanga, kangangokuba isibini sezazinzulu ezikhokelayo ezingenamonde kule meko ziye zabiza iqumrhu elitsha elilawulayo lehlabathi ukuba lilawule le ngxaki. Bafuna umbutho wamazwe ngamazwe ofana nalawo ngoku anikwe umsebenzi wokukhangela iimpendulo zeentlobo zethu kutshintsho lwemozulu - ngokusisiseko i-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), kodwa kwiibhugi kunye neziyobisi kunye ne-oomph yesigqeba esingaphezulu.
Ngenxa yobukhulu bengozi - "iapocalyptic"Imeko, ngokuka-Sally Davies, igosa eliyintloko lezonyango e-UK, kukuba kwisithuba seminyaka engamashumi amabini siya kuphelelwa ngokupheleleyo ngamachiza asebenzayo ngokuchasene nosulelo oluqhelekileyo - kunokubonakala kuyinto engenamsebenzi, kwaye ingenamsebenzi, umthambo wokuzikhathaza ngenxa yedemokhrasi ehambelanayo. shukuma.
Nangona kunjalo, xa kuqwalaselwa ukuba kukangaphi olu hlobo lwesindululo sobuchwepheshe iyimpendulo emiselweyo kuyo nayiphi na ingxaki entsha yezenzululwazi yokungenisa elizweni, iidemokhrasi kufuneka ziqwalasele ukuba ezinye iindlela ziyafuneka na.
"SUkuza kuthi ga ngoku, impendulo yamazwe aphesheya ibibuthathaka, โubhale uJeremy Farrar, umlawuli weWellcome Trust, elona ncedo likhulu lophando lwezonyango e-UK, kunye noMark Woolhouse, unjingalwazi weDyunivesithi yase-Edinburgh yesifo esosulelayo, kwi-epidemiology. tubthumping amagqabantshintshi ipapashwe kwijenali yenzululwazi indalo ngoMeyi kwaye thaca kwinkomfa yeendaba kwiRoyal Society (enika isiphakamiso i-imrimatur ye-august body science).
Amagqabantshintshi ajolise kuMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi ngokukodwa, owathi ngo-Epreli wakhupha ingxelo yawo yokuqala ukulandela umkhondo wokunganyangeki kwee-antimicrobial kwihlabathi jikelele, ukufumana โamanqanaba awothusayoโ okuxhathisa iintsholongwane. "Esi soyikiso sinzima asisafanisi ikamva, senzeka ngoku kuyo yonke imimandla yehlabathi kwaye sinokuchaphazela nabani na, nakweyiphi na iminyaka, nakweliphi na ilizwe," ababhali balumkisa.
Ngaphandle kokukhawuleziswa kwalo mngcipheko wendalo yonke, iqumrhu le-UN liphendule ngokubiza nje ukubekwa kweliso olungcono. โI-WHO iphose ithuba lokubonelela ngobunkokeli kwinto efuneka ngokukhawuleza ukwenza umahluko,โ babhale ababhali, bevuma ukuba uhlolo lubalulekile, kodwa alwanelanga kwaphela.
Isoyikiso esikhulayo kwizinto ezibizwa ngokuba zii "superbugs" ziyafana nezo zibangelwa kukutshintsha kwemozulu - "yinkqubo yendalo eyenziwa mandundu yimisebenzi yabantu kwaye izenzo zelizwe elinye zinokuba nefuthe kwihlabathi," ngokutsho kwengxelo efanayo imibutho yababhali ababini.
Ayingabo kuphela abaphandi okanye oogqirha abaye benza uthelekiso phakathi kokunganyangeki ngamachiza kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Kunyaka ophelileyo, uDavies wachaza le meko njenge eyingozi ngakumbi umngcipheko kunobunqolobi, kunye nesoyikiso esikhulu eluntwini kunokufudumala kwehlabathi, uxelele i-BBC, โUkuba asithathi manyathelo, sinokubuyela sonke kwimo engqongileyo yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba apho usulelo lusibulala ngenxa yemisebenzi yesiqhelo. โ
Iindlela ezininzi zonyango kunye nongenelelo olwaziswa ukusukela ngo-1940s luxhomekeke kwisiseko sokhuseleko lwe-antimicrobial. Ukuzuza kubomi obuphilwa ngabantu ngeli xesha kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, kodwa bekungenakwenzeka ukuba ngaphandle kwamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane. Ngaphambi kokuphuhliswa kwamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane, usulelo lwebhaktheriya lwaluyenye yezona zinto zixhaphakileyo zokufa.
Kufuneka siqhubeke sifumanisa iiklasi ezintsha zamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane kuba ekuhambeni kwexesha, iincukuthu ezichaphazeleka kumachiza ziyapheliswa. Ezo zineenguqu ezizenzekelayo ezibenza baxhathise bayasinda, bavelise kwakhona, kwaye ekugqibeleni bayongamela. Le yindaleko nje.
Kwaye nangona kunjalo malunga namashumi amathathu eminyaka, kukho "ukufumanisa ukungabikho.โ Akukho didi lutsha lwamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane luye lwaphuhliswa ukususela ekusetyenzisweni kwe-lipopeptides ngo-1987. imigaqo yokusebenza. Okukhona zisetyenziswa kancinci, kokukhona zisebenza ngakumbi.
Njengoko ezi nkampani zivuma ngokulula, iyenzeka Akukho ngxaki ukuze batyale imali eqikelelwa kwi-870 yezigidi zeerandi ichiza ngalinye elivunywe ngabalawuli kwimveliso abantu abayisebenzisa kuphela amaxesha ambalwa ebomini babo, xa kuthelekiswa nokutyala imali efanayo kuphuhliso lwamachiza anengeniso ephezulu ekufuneka izigulana ziwathathe yonke imihla. ubomi babo bonke.
Abanye oorhulumente baqalisile ukukuqonda ngokuyinxenye oku kusilela kweemarike. IKhomishini yaseYurophu ibekele bucala i-600 yezigidi zee-euro ngenkqubo โyamayeza aqalayoโ ngokuthandekayo ogama โAmayeza amatsha 4 Iincukuthu ezingalunganga.โ Kodwa umlinganiselo wotyalo-mali owabelwe oorhulumente kwesi sisombululo uhlala ungonelanga.
Yiyo loo nto imfuno kaFarrar kunye neWoolhouse yokusekwa kombutho wehlabathi, wenzululwazi ojongene nomngeni. Umbutho omtsha ophakathi koorhulumente uyakubakho kubungqina obubambekayo bokunganyangeki kweziyobisi kunye nokukhuthaza ukuphunyezwa komgaqo-nkqubo. Ukusebenzisana noorhulumente belizwe kunye nee-arhente zamazwe ngamazwe ezijongene nokuphumeza izindululo zayo, kuya kumisela iithagethi ezingqongqo zokuphelisa ukulahleka kwamandla amachiza kunye nokukhawulezisa ukuphuhliswa konyango olutsha.
Iqela lePhaneli yoRhulumente kwi-Antimicrobial Resistance iya kwamkeleka ukuba ivumela ulungelelwaniso olukhulu lokwabelana ngolwazi, ukucupha, kunye nohlalutyo.
Kodwa eli qumrhu licebisa umgaqo-nkqubo wenzululwazi laliza kuxela kubani? Loluphi ulwakhiwo olubambekayo oluya kwenza isigqibo ngento emayenziwe luze luphumeze ezo ngcebiso?
Nangona iingxaki ezahlukeneyo, umntu kufuneka acinge ukuba njengomgaqo-nkqubo wemozulu, kuya kufuna ikopi yewele le-IPCC, inkomfa yamaqela eNgqungquthela ye-UN Framework on Climate Change (UNFCCC). I-IPCC yasekwa ngo-1988 yi-UN Environment Programme kunye noMbutho weHlabathi weMeteorological. Kwiminyaka emine emva koko, i-IPCC yadlala indima ephambili ekudalweni kobudlelwane bayo bozakuzo, i-UNFCCC, isithuba seminyaka emine yorhwebo lwamahashe phakathi koorhulumente olwathi lwawa ngo-2009 e-Copenhagen neluhambe kancinci kwaphela ukusukela ngoko.
Thina njengezidalwa siphinde sajongana nomba onzima, onefuthe lezopolitiko nezoqoqosho kwihlabathi liphela, kwaye ngaphandle kombutho wedemokhrasi kwihlabathi jikelele ukuwulungisa. Kwaye ekuphela kwendlela onokuthi ucinge ngayo yinkqubo yokwenza izigqibo zetekhnoloji kunye nezozakuzo.
Ukunganyangeki kweziyobisi kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu ayizizo kuphela izihloko ezifana nesi. Njengoko i-IPCC ngokwayo ibhengeza ngokuzingca, ubudlelwane phakathi kwayo kunye ne-UNFCCC buye baba ngumzekelo wentsebenziswano phakathi kwesayensi kunye nabenzi bezigqibo, kwaye uluhlu lwemizamo luye lwanyuswa kwiminyaka ukususela ekusekweni kwabo ukwakha uvavanyo olufanayo kunye neenkqubo zomgaqo-nkqubo kwamanye amazwe. imiba.
Ngo-2012, phantsi kwenkqubo ye-UN Environmental Programme (UNEP), i-Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) yasekwa, kodwa ngentsebenziswano namaqela atyikitye iindibano ezininzi ze-UN, kuquka ezo zibandakanya iyantlukwano yebhayoloji, iintlobo zezilwanyana ezisengozini, ezifudukayo. iintlobo, imithombo yemfuza yezityalo, nemigxobhozo: โIPCC yeentlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo.โ Kwaye kungoku nje kusekwa umbutho ofanayo ukuze kudityaniswe iingcaphephe namagosa kwiqumrhu elincedisayo lenkomfa yamaqela eNkomfa yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo Yokulwa neMbalela kunye noTyalo lweNtlango: โIPCC yeentlango nezitya zothuli.โ
Kwabanye, nkqu i-IPCC/UNFCCC inepolitiki egqithisileyo (funda: yedemokhrasi). U-Johan Rockstrom, intloko yeZiko le-Stockholm Resilience Centre, kunye no-Will Steffen, umlawuli we-Australian National University ye-Climate Change Institute ngamacandelo amabini ahamba phambili kwimozulu yehlabathi, kwaye baziwa kakhulu ngophuhliso lwabo kunye nabanye abaphandi abangamashumi amabini anesithandathu boMhlaba- ingcamango yenkqubo "yemida yeplanethi," isakhelo sokuqonda "indawo yokusebenza ekhuselekileyo yoluntu" - kungekhona nje ngokuhambelana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, kodwa i-acidification yolwandle, ungcoliseko, ukuchithwa kwe-ozone, kunye nabanye.
Rockstrom kunye noSteffen nditsala umnxeba "usompempe wehlabathi" ozimeleyo koorhulumente abanyuliweyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba uluntu aludluli le mida: "Ekugqibeleni, kuya kufuneka ukuba kubekho iziko (okanye amaziko) asebenza, anegunya, ngaphezu kwenqanaba lamazwe ngamanye ukuqinisekisa ukuba imida yeplanethi ihlonitshwa. Enyanisweni, iziko elinjalo, elisebenza egameni loluntu luphela. "
Bacebisa ukuyilwa kwe-Earth Atmospheric Trust, โeya kuphatha i-atmosphere njenge-asethi yomhlaba wonke elawulwa njenge-trust ukuze kuxhamle isizukulwana sangoku nesizayo.โ Kodwa zaziza kunyulwa njani iirhuluneli zegunya elinjalo? Unyulwe ngabantu bomhlaba, okanye unyulwe ngabachwephesha?
Ukucaca: inkxalabo ayikho phezu kwe-aggregation yamazwe ngamazwe yobuchule kwisihloko esithile. Ngubani onokuchasa ukudityaniswa okuyimfuneko ngolo hlobo kolwazi nobukrelekrele? Endaweni yoko, ixhala lelokuba asikhange sigocagoce ngokufanelekileyo le modeli ye-IPCC/UNFCCC okanye sijijisane ngokwaneleyo nendlela ubuchwephesha obanyaniswa ngayo nolawulo lwehlabathi oluchasene nedemokhrasi kunye nokurhoxa kwayo kwizithethe zokuphendula koluntu, ukuthatha inxaxheba, kunye nokwenziwa kwezigqibo ezidumileyo.
Ayingabo bonke ababuza imibuzo malunga ne-IPCC kunye nokusilela kwedemokhrasi ye-UNFCCC ngabakhanyeli bemozulu. Ngokwenene, ngabo kanye abo baxhalabileyo malunga nokunyuka kokufudumala kwehlabathi kwe-anthropogenic abafanele ukuba bakhathazeke kakhulu malunga nokuthambekela kokuhamba kwee-elites ukususa ukuthathwa kwezigqibo kulawulo lwentando yesininzi ngokuthe ngqo kunye nommandla wokhuphiswano lwezopolitiko.
Kwizifundo zeHarvard zesayensi kunye netekhnoloji uSheila Jasanoff, kukho a inani kwimibuzo efanelekileyo: yintoni umda wokucanda phakathi kwamaziko enzululwazi kunye nezopolitiko? Oorhulumente bayakha njani into abayibiza ngokuba โyisizathu sikawonke-wonkeโ - ezo ndlela zobungqina kunye neengxoxo ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza izigqibo zikarhulumente kubemi? Ngaba ezi zakhiwo zitsha zisebenza ngokwezopolitiko kwinkonzo yomdla jikelele, okanye zibonelela ngokhuseleko olungavunywanga kumaqela athile anomdla kuwo ungqubanayo noluntu lonke?
Ephikisa lo mbono, isazi ngentlalo yabantu saseJamani uSilke Beck kunye noogxa bakhezibuze kwiphepha lamva nje elimalunga nezakhiwo ze-IPCC kunye ne-IPBES esithe saphonononga ubuncinane โuluhlu olupheleleyo lweendlela ezizezinye zoyilo lweziko ngokuchasene nokuphumeza imodeli yobuchule obufanayo.โ
UBeck, ophando lwakhe lujolise kwiindlela ezintsha zolawulo lwemekobume nenzululwazi, uthi: โUkuza kuthi ga ngoku, akukho ngxoxo yakhe yakha yabakho ngolwalamano lwe-IPCC nomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke kunye โnoluntuโ lwehlabathi lonke okanye malunga nezibophelelo zayo ezimiselweyo ngokuphathelele umgaqo-nkqubo we-IPCC. ukuba noxanduva, ukumelwa kwezopolitiko, kunye nokuba semthethweni. "
Kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo, kukho iintetho phakathi kwabachaphazelekayo malunga nekamva le-IPCC, kodwa abathathi-nxaxheba kwezi ntlanganiso ezivaliweyo zibotshelelwe kwizivumelwano ezingqongqo eziyimfihlo, kwaye intatheli kunye nabaphandi baye bavalelwa ngaphandle.
Ngendlela efanayo, imiba emikhulu yesihloko sowiso-mthetho esifana nomgaqo-mali, urhwebo, ipropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda, ushishino lokuloba, kunye nenkxaso yezolimo eyayifudula kuxoxwa ngayo ngokuphandle kumagumbi edemokhrasi ngoku iyayilwa, ihlonyelwe, kwaye yamkelwe kumabala angemva.
Yiloo nto isazi ngezentlalo uColin Crouch iifowuni "i-post democracy": ngelixa ukhuphiswano lonyulo luqhubeka, ukuthathwa kwezigqibo akwenzeki kumaqumrhu owiso-mthetho, kodwa kwiingxoxo ezivaliweyo, ezisekelwe kwizivumelwano phakathi kweenkokeli zikarhulumente okanye oonozakuzaku, abacetyiswe ziingcali.
Kwimeko yeManyano yaseYurophu, esona sithuba solawulo lwetekhnoloji ephakamileyo ehlabathini, singongeza kuludwe lwezihloko ezingaphandle kwengxoxo yedemokhrasi: umgaqo-nkqubo wemali (oko kukuthi, zonke izigqibo zenkcitho) kunye nolawulo lwemarike yabasebenzi, ezo ndawo zingundoqo zomgaqo-nkqubo , ngaphandle kokhuselo kunye nobupolisa, mhlawumbi ukuchaza uninzi ukuba yintoni na ukuba ngurhulumente.
Ukusukela ekufikeni kwengxaki ye-Eurozone, amaziko aseYurophu athintele ngempumelelo izigqibo zezoqoqosho kubavoti kwaye ayitshintshela kwijunta yeengcali zeKhomishini yaseYurophu, iBhunga labaPhathiswa, iBhanki Ephakathi yaseYurophu, iNkundla yoBulungisa yaseYurophu, okanye nokuba i-ad hoc azikhethele amaqela abadlali abaphambili kwimosaic yeziko laseYurophu.
Intlekele ye-Eurozone yayinzima kangangokuba i-EU yayingasenayo ixesha "lemidlalo yezopolitiko" okanye "ipolitiki," njengoko umongameli wekhomishini ephumayo uJosรฉ Manuel Barroso kunye nomongameli webhunga uHerman Van Rompuy bagxininisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Ngamanye amazwi, babengasenalo ixesha ledemokhrasi.
Yimvakalelo eqhelekileyo phakathi kwe-elites. Inkosi yekomishini engenayo kunye nowayesakuba yintloko ye-Eurogroup yezizwe esebenzisa imali enye, umLuxembourger uJean-Claude Juncker, edume watsho kwiminyaka embalwa eyadlulayo: โUmgaqo-mali ngumba onzima. Oku kufuneka sikuxoxe ngasese, kwi-Eurogroup, "uxelele intlanganiso malunga nolawulo lwezoqoqosho oluququzelelwe yi-European Movement, engaqondi ukuba intlanganiso ivulelekile kwiintatheli. โNdikulungele ukuthukwa njengonedemokhrasi enganelanga, kodwa ndifuna ukuzimisela. Ndimele iingxoxo eziyimfihlo, ezimnyama.
Timodeli ye-IPCC/UNFCCC, i-EU, kunye neziseko ezifanayo zasemva kwedemokhrasi nazo zisebenza ngokwesiseko semvisiswano phakathi โkwabachaphazelekayo,โ endaweni yokulawula isininzi ngesigunyaziso esidumileyo sedemokhrasi. Ngamanye amazwi, ukwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo kuye kwadityaniswa nehlabathi, kodwa idemokhrasi ayizange.
Imvumelwano ibeka imida yokhetho lomgaqo-nkqubo olufumanekayo kwabo baxolelekayo kubo bonke abachaphazelekayo, okunokubakho ngaphandle kokhetho lomgaqo-nkqubo olunokusombulula ingxaki enikiweyo ukuba lubeka emngciphekweni umdla walowo uchaphazelekayo. Ukuba nokwenzeka kokurhoxisa okanye kwanokuphelisa umntu ochaphazelekayo kuthintelwa lolu hlobo lokuthatha izigqibo. Ifestile yomgaqo-nkqubo ke ngoko isokekile kakhulu, kwaye utshintsho olukhulayo luyathandwa ngaphezu kwe-dynamism kunye nokusungula. Ukonqena okunjalo komgaqo-nkqubo akunqweneleki xa kuziwa kwizisongelo ezikhoyo.
Ingxoxo yedemokhrasi, ngoko, ayingomgaqo nje omnye. I-UNFCCC emva kwedemokhrasi, isakhiwo esisekelwe kwimvumelwano sesinye sezizathu zokuba uthethathethwano lwemozulu lunqunyanyiswe ngonaphakade.
Kwaye kuya kuba njalo ngemodeli yolawulo ethelekisekayo yoxhathiso kumachiza. UFarrar noWoolhouse bacacisa ukuba icebo elinjalo liyimfuneko kuba โihlabathi lenzululwazi nelezoshishino lifuna inkuthazo nemekobume ebhetele yokulawula ukuze kuphuhliswe amayeza amatsha neendlela zokuyilungisa.โ
Iinkampani zoxubo-mayeza ke ngoko zijongwa njengabachaphazelekayo ukuba bamkelwe etafileni, abaqhubi abafuna ukukhuthazwa ukuba batshintshe iindlela zabo kunokoyisa umqobo ongundoqo wokwakhiwa. Inkuthazo enjalo ibandakanya iikhredithi zerhafu okanye izibonelelo zophuhliso oluphambili lwamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane, "iivawutsha zophononongo oluphambili" ezikhawulezisa uphononongo lolawulo lwenye imveliso ekhethwe yinkampani, izibophelelo zokuthenga kwangaphambili, kunye nokwandiswa kobomi belungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza.
Umbono wokuzibophezela kwangaphambili kweemarike - ngokwenene, xa urhulumente eqinisekisa imarike yeyeza eliphuhliswe ngempumelelo - likhuthazwa yiBhanki yehlabathi kunye ne-free-market-tank yokucinga njengeBrookings Institution njengesisombululo sigcwalisa isithuba esishiywe kukungaphumeleli kweemarike ngelixa. ukushiya inzuzo yenkunzi ingenamkelo.
Esona sisombululo sisisiseko kunye nesona sibizi kakhulu inokuba kukuhlalisana kwecandelo loxubo mayeza, ukuvumela ukuhanjiswa kwengeniso ngokwedemokhrasi evela kunyango olunenzuzo ukuxhasa iR&D kwiindawo ezingenangeniso. Phambi koshishino lwabucala kumazwe aseNtshona, le modeli yenkxaso-mali enqamlezileyo yayivumela iinkonzo zeposi, zikaloliwe, zebhasi, nezonxibelelwano ukuba zibonelelwe kwimimandla ekude, njengoko ingeniso evela kumaziko asezidolophini ilungelelanisa izinto kumdla wenkonzo yehlabathi jikelele.
Kodwa imodeli elula ngolo hlobo ayiphumi nje etafileni kuba ayinanyani ngokwezopolitiko. Ayiphumi etafileni ngenxa yokuba ulwakhiwo lwezigqibo ezisekelwe kwimvumelwano phakathi koorhulumente namaqela achaphazelekayo aluvumeli izisombululo ezinjalo nokuba ziphakanyiswe.
Kwiphepha elicacisayo lamva nje malunga nokuthandwa okukhulayo kwezinye iikota kwinto ayibiza ngokuba ngugunyaziwe wendalo esingqongileyo, isayensi kunye nophando lomgaqo-nkqubo wetekhnoloji uAndy Stirling. ubhala ukuba โidemokhrasi ibonwa ngakumbi โnjengokusilela,โ โubunewunewu,โ okanye โkwanalutshaba lwendalo.โ . . . Ngoko ke, ulwazi ngokwalo luya lugxininiswa ngakumbi kukuzixakekisa kwakudala kwegunya elikhoyo kunye neentetho zolawulo. Kubonakala ngathi ayikho enye indlela ngaphandle kokuthotyelwa - okanye ukukhanyela ngokungekho ngqiqweni kunye nentshabalalo ekhoyo. โ
Ngokuchasene noko, i-Stirling ithi, umzabalazo wentando yesininzi yindlela eyintloko apho ukuzinza kufakwe kwindawo yokuqala - kwaye kufuneka sijonge i-antibiotics njengomthombo oxabisekileyo wokwaluswa ngokucophelela kwaye ugcinwe. "[C]amandla agxininisiweyo kunye nobuxoki bolawulo ziingxaki ezininzi kunezisombululo ... phakathi kwemiqobo emikhulu kwi [inguqu eqhubekayo yentlalontle], ziingcamango zenguqu yobuchwepheshe."
Iingcinga ezimbalwa zokulinga ukugxininisa le ngongoma: okokuqala, ingcali yezoqoqosho yaseFransi uThomas Piketty kutshanje wenze isindululo sokuhluthwa kwerhafu yobutyebi behlabathi njengesisombululo kumkhwa wendalo wobukapitali wokungalingani okumandla. Ifanele ibe yehlabathi jikelele, utsho ngokufanelekileyo, ukuze kuthintelwe ukhuphiswano phakathi kwamazwe ukunikezela ngezona ntlawulo zerhafu ziphantsi.
Kodwa khawufane ucinge ukuba lo mgaqo-nkqubo uthatyathwe nzulu ukuze uphunyezwe. Irhafu enjalo inokumiselwa njani naliphi na iqumrhu ngaphandle korhulumente onyuliweyo, wehlabathi lonke nonegunya elinamandla lokwenjenjalo? Imodeli esekwe kwi-UNFCCC okanye kwi-EU iza kuphelela emoyeni kwiminyaka okanye kumashumi eminyaka engxoxo engenaziqhamo, okona kukhokelela kuguqulelo olunamanzi kakhulu apho bonke abachaphazelekayo banokuvumelana nalo-njengomzamo ombi, wokuseka ukwazisa. Irhafu yeTobin kuyo yonke iYurophu.
Uvavanyo lwengcinga yesibini: Ukuba sithe safumanisa ngomso ukuba i-asteroid enkulu ekufutshane-noMhlaba yayikwikhondo leplanethi kwaye yayingenxa yokutshabalalisa impucuko yabantu kwiminyaka emihlanu, eya kuba yindlela oyithandayo yokuphuhlisa inkqubo yokhuselo lweplanethi kunye nokunyuka kwempucuko. uthumo lokuyiphambukisa?
Urhulumente wehlabathi, onyulwe ngokwedemokhrasi onokuthi kwiiveki nje ezimbalwa akhethe esona sicwangciso silungileyo emva kokufumana iingcebiso kwiingcali aze athumele ngokukhawuleza izixhobo apho iinzame ziya kusebenza kakuhle kwaye zinokuphumelela?
Okanye uthotho lweengxoxo zamaqela achaphazelekayo engxoxo uninzi lwaloo minyaka mihlanu ukuba ngubani oza kuthwala ubuninzi beendleko (Ukuba uqhelene nengxoxo โyemali yemozuluโ, zama โi-asteroid financeโ); leliphi ilizwe elinokufumana imisebenzi emininzi kwiprojekthi; zeziphi iinkampani eziza kuphumelela iikhontrakthi; indlela yokwabelana ngedatha, iteknoloji, kunye neendlela ezingcono; kwaye sesiphi isixeko esiza kubamba unobhala weprojekthi?
Akwiminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu eyadlulayo, umbutho wezobulungisa wehlabathi waphakamisa ukugxekwa kolu hlobo lokwenziwa kwezigqibo ezongezelelekileyo kwidemokhrasi, kugxininise ekuzalweni kwayo kumaziko ehlabathi afana neWTO, iBhanki yeHlabathi, i-IMF, kunye ne-G8, kunye โnamalungelo abatyali-zimali. โ izahluko kunye namagatya osombululo lweengxabano zotyalo-mali kwizivumelwano zorhwebo ezivumela umthetho nemimiselo evunyiweyo ngokwedemokhrasi ukuba ichithwe ngamacango avaliweyo, iinkundla zorhwebo ezingakhethwanga.
Ngokufanayo, umzabalazo namhlanje ngokuchasene nobungqongqo obubekwe yi-EU kulo lonke elaseMazantsi eYurophu - ihlala ikhokelwa ngamagqala eemfazwe zasezitalatweni zeminyaka eliwaka - ikwabandakanya ukugxeka ukususwa okuthe gqolo kwamacandelo amakhulu omgaqo-nkqubo wemali kulawulo lwedemokhrasi.
Kodwa ubukhulu becala, oku kugxekwa kwedemokhrasi yasemva kwedemokhrasi iye yangaphezulu kancinane kunemfuno yokubuyiswa kolongamo lwesizwe. Umanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe luneoliberal kwaye alunademokhrasi; ke ngoko, sicebisa abancinci nabasekhaya. Ukuhlanganiswa kweYurophu yi-austerian kunye ne-technocratic; ke ngoko, sicebisa ukuqhekeka kwe-EU.
Ngokuchasene noko, ukuqondwa ukuba izoyikiso ezikhoyo ezifana nokunganyangeki kweziyobisi kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu kufuneka kujongwe kwinqanaba lehlabathi kudla ngokubangela ukuba abantu abaneenjongo ezintle bamkele ukuyilwa kwemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa emva kwedemokhrasi.
Ukanti kukho inketho yesithathu ewufanelekela ngcono umsebenzi kwaye ikhethwa ngokusuka kwimo ekhoyo: idemokhrasi yokwenene yamazwe ngamazwe, kwinqanaba lelizwekazi kunye nehlabathi jikelele. Oku kuthetha ukulahlwa kothethathethwano lwabachaphazelekayo abachubekileyo kodwa abangenademokhrasi phakathi kwabalawuli, oonozakuzaku, kunye neengcaphephe zabo, kunye nokubuyiswa okwamkelekileyo kwenkcaso eqinileyo, yolawulo lwesininzi, kunye nongquzulwano olumdaka lweengcinga ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkqubo, ezibizwa ngokuba yiStirling โevulekileyo, engalawulekiyo. umzabalazo wezopolitikoโ- wedemokhrasi.
Izisongelo ezikhoyo ayizongxaki zenzululwazi, ezonyango okanye ezendalo kuphela. Zikwayingxaki yezentlalo, yezopolitiko, nezoqoqosho, yiyo loo nto umzabalazo wedemokhrasi usisicombululo esibafaneleyo.
Eyona nto inokuthi ibonakale ngathi ingaphaya kobubanzi besi sincoko. Mhlawumbi iPalamente yeZizwe eziManyeneyo apho kwavela khona inkulumbuso yehlabathi kunye nekhabhinethi, enemizekelo efanayo eYurophu (ithetha ukuchithwa kwekhomishini engakhethwanga kunye nebhunga elinyulwe ngokungangqalanga) nakwamanye amazwekazi. Iicontours ezichanekileyo azikho kum ukuba ndichaze nokuba kunjalo: ukuba ulawulo lwehlabathi luza kuba yidemokhrasi, ngoko ngokwenkcazo kufuneka kulwelwe kwaye kwakhiwe yimibutho yedemokhrasi ephantsi. Ayinakuba yinkuthazo ye-elite okanye ukwakhiwa.
Kodwa kudala sibekela ecaleni umbono wokuba urhulumente wehlabathi yi-utopian-okanye i-dystopian-fantasy. Sele isenzeka, kwaye siyayifuna ngamandla ukujongana nezinga lehlabathi leengxaki esijongene nazo ngoku. Urhulumente wehlabathi ulapha. Kufuneka siyenze ibe yidemokhrasi.
Idemokhrasi ngumntakwethu wokuKhanya kwisayensi. Ayingomqobo ekusombululeni iingxaki ezifana nokumelana namayeza okubulala iintsholongwane kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Kunoko, njengokuba bekusoloko kunjalo, lelona themba loluntu.
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Nikela