Kwincwadi ngenxa yokuphuma oku kuwa, isazi sentlalo-bhayoloji uRobert Trivers uye wanikela ngomsebenzi ongakumbi kwinto ayibiza ngokuba "ukuzikhohlisa kwinkonzo yobuqhetseba" apho uyichaze njengokuzikhohlisa komntu ukuze abe ngcono. balahlekise abanye. Oko kukuthi, eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokukhohlisa abanye kukukholelwa kuqala okanye ukubufaka ngaphakathi ubuqhetseba,
Inkohliso (ukulahlekisa abanye) yinkalo enzulu kakhulu yobomi. Kwenzeka kuwo onke amanqanaba kwaye, kubonakala ngathi, nangayiphi na indlela enokwenzeka. Ithanda ukuzifihla ekubonweni kwaye ngokwendalo yayo kunzima ukuyibona nokufunda. Ukuzikhohlisa kubi nangakumbi, kuzifihla ngokunzulu kwiingqondo zethu ezingazi nto. […] Xa ndisithi inkohliso yenzeka kuwo onke amanqanaba obomi ndithetha ukuba iintsholongwane ziyayenza, iibhaktheriya ziyayenza, ngokunjalo nezityalo, ngokunjalo nezinambuzane ezitya izityalo, kunye noluhlu olubanzi lwezinye izilwanyana. Ikho kuyo yonke indawo. Nditsho Ngaphakathi inkohliso yethu ye-genomes inokukhula njengoko izakhi zofuzo zokuzingca zisebenzisa ubuchule bemolekyuli obukhohlisayo ukuvelisa ngokugqithisileyo ngeendleko zegenome enkulu (Burt and Trivers 2006). Okanye xa ukuzingca kukayise kungqubana nomntu ongumama ochaseneyo (Haig 2002). Ubuqhophololo bosulela bonke ubudlelwane obusisiseko ebomini, i-parasite kunye ne-host, i-predator kunye nexhoba, isityalo nesilwanyana, inkunzi nemazi, ummelwane kunye nommelwane, umzali kunye nenzala (kuquka umama nomntwana) kunye nobudlelwane bento ephilayo kuyo.
Iintsholongwane kunye neebhaktheriya zikhohlisa ngokusebenzayo ukuze zingene kumamkeli wazo, ngokulinganisa amalungu omzimba umzekelo. Okanye, njengakwi-HIV ngokutshintsha iiproteni zedyasi rhoqo ukuze kwenze ukhuselo oluhlala luhleli luphantse lungenzeki. Amarhamncwa azuza ngokungabonakali kumaxhoba awo okanye afane nezinto ezinomtsalane kuwo ngoxa amaxhoba ezuza ngokungabonakali kumarhamncwa awo okanye alinganise izinto eziyingozi kuwo, umzekelo, iintlobo ezinetyhefu okanye ixhoba lawo. […]Kusoloko kundonwabisa ukuva izazi ngezoqoqosho zisithi iindleko zokugqithisela kwenkohliso kuqoqosho lwethu (okuthiwa kukukhuthuzwa kolwaphulo-mthetho "olumhlophe) ngokwemvelo ziya kujongwa "ngamandla entengiso". Amandla afanayo asinyanzela ukuba songeze iyunithi enye kwixabiso ngalinye esilibonayo ukuze sazi ixabiso lokwenene? Kutheni le nto iintlobo zoluntu kufuneka zikhuseleke kumgaqo oqhelekileyo wokuba apho ukhetho lunamandla, inkohliso inokuveliswa ekhupha iindleko ezinkulu ze-net kwisizukulwana ngasinye.
"Iimpembelelo ezinzulu zentlalo" zokukhohlisa "ezineziphumo ezibi" kubantu, kunye nobudlelwane bentlalontle, endifuna ukugxila kuyo kwesi sincoko. Imiphumo emibi inokuvela ekungaphumeleli kwethu ukuqonda ukuba siyazikhohlisa ngemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente okanye amaziko abucala kunye nefuthe lentlalontle yesakhiwo sawo (oko kukuthi, ubukhosi, ukuchasa idemokhrasi, njl. njl.), ukusilela ukuqonda ukuba thina benza into embi, kwaye okubi ngakumbi, ukusilela ukwenza ukubanqanda. Xa sithetha nathi (sic) malunga nezenzo zethu okanye "zeentshaba" zethu siyazikhohlisa ukuze sibeke isiseko sezenzo zethu ezicwangcisiweyo zobundlobongela okanye ukubhukuqa. Iimfazwe zase-Iraq nase-Afghanistan ziimeko ezithile. Sithetha "ngobubi" kunye "nenkululeko," kodwa kunqabile ukuba sithethe ngenkuthazo yethu yezopolitiko nezoqoqosho. Sizikhohlisela ekucingeni ukuba singabantu abanobubele abazama nje ukunika inkululeko, inkululeko kunye nedemokhrasi emhlabeni. Ubukhulu becala, asikuboni oku njengokukhohlisa. Siyibona njengevangeli yenyaniso. UThixo sikelela iMelika! Mayikhale iNkululeko!
Ngamanye amaxesha sinokubona ukuzikhohlisa kwabanye. Unozakuzaku waseMelika uJoseph Grew wathetha oku malunga nogonyamelo lwaseJapan,
Ndiyathandabuza ukuba omnye waseJapan kwikhulu ukholelwa ngokwenene ukuba wophule iSivumelwano seKellogg, iSivumelwano saMandla aliThoba, kunye noMnqophiso woMbutho. Ngokuthelekisa amadoda ambalwa acingayo ayakwazi ukujamelana nezibakala ngokuphandle, yaye omnye umJapan wathi kum: “Ewe, sizaphule zonke ezi zixhobo; siye salwa imfazwe ephandle; iingxoxo ‘zokuzikhusela’ nethi ‘ ukuzimisela kweManchuria' kukubola; kodwa besiyidinga iManchuria, yiloo nto ke." Kodwa amadoda anjalo aliqaqobana. Uninzi lwabantu baseJapan bayakwazi ukuzikhohlisa ngokumangalisayo.
Kunokuthethwa okufanayo ngeemfazwe nomsebenzi wethu. Kuyathandabuzeka ukuba umntu waseMelika kwikhulu ukholelwa ngokwenene ukuba sophule umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Kwaye ngelixa kukho abambalwa abaphikisayo kunye neempukane phakathi kwethu, uninzi lwabantu baseMelika bayakwazi ukuzikhohlisa ngokwenene.
Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo uTrivers wayenengxoxo edlamkileyo kunye noNoam Chomsky, isibawu esinomfanekiso waseMelika, ngesihloko esifanayo,
RT: Yingqondo yokukhohlisa kunye nokuzikhohlisa. Xa uqala ukuthetha ngamaqela, kukho izifaniso ezinomdla kakhulu. Iingcali zengqondo ziye zabonisa ukuba abantu benza olu tshintsho lwentetho xa bekwimeko yethu / bona, kwiqela lakho-nxamnye nenye imeko.
NC: Amaqela amiselwe nje ukwenza umfuniselo, uthetha?
RT: inokuba njalo. Ungakwenza oko ngokulinga, okanye unokuthetha ngabo kunye neqela labo xa uthelekisa nomntu ongelolungu leqela labo.
Kodwa unezi ntlobo zilandelayo zezinto zomlomo ezenziwa ngabantu, ngokucacileyo bengazi. Ukuba ulilungu leqela lam kwaye wenza into elungileyo, ndenza ingxelo ngokubanzi: "UNowam Chomsky ngumntu ogqwesileyo." Ngoku ukuba wenza into embi, ndinika ingxelo ethile, "UNowam Chomsky unyathele kwizwane yam."
Kodwa iguqulwe kanye ukuba awulolungu leqela lam. Ukuba awulolungu leqela lam kwaye wenza into entle ndithi, "UNowam Chomsky undinike izalathiso eziya eMIT." Kodwa ukuba uthe wanyathela ezinzwaneni zam ndithi, "Ungumntu onomsindo," okanye "Ungumntu ongacingeliyo."
Ngoko ke sizenza ngokubanzi ngokufanelekileyo kuthi, ngokukodwa okungalunganga kwaye sikubuyisele umva xa sithetha ngabanye abantu.
NC: Ivakala njengepropaganda eqhelekileyo. Abantu abangamaSilamsi bangamaFascist. Ama-Irish onke ngamatshijolo.
RT: Ewe, kanye. Yenza ngokubanzi uphawu olubi kwenye.
Kamva, kwisahluko esikhankanywe ngasentla, iTrivers ixoxa ngendlela "ukuzikhohlisa okunyanzeliswayo" okuchaphazela ngayo ubudlelwane bentlalo. Uthi “omnye [umzekelo] oneempembelelo ezinzulu zentlalo” kuxa sijonga into ebizwa ngokuba kukuthanda okucacileyo okanye okufihlakeleyo. "Okucacileyo kucela abantu ukuba bachaze izinto abazikhethayo ngokuthe ngqo, umz. kubantu ababizwa ngokuba 'bamnyama' ngaphezu 'abamhlophe' (ukusebenzisa ulwimi oluthotyiweyo lwase-United States) apho umdlali weqonga engomnye okanye omnye. Umlinganiselo ocacileyo ungaphezulu Icela abantu ukuba bacofe iqhosha lasekunene kumnyama or izivuseleli "ezilungileyo" (umz. amagama akhuthazayo) kwaye zishiywe zibe mhlophe or ezimbi-kwaye ke ukuguqula yonke into, emnyama okanye embi, emhlophe okanye elungileyo."
Kwizifundo ezenziweyo, amanqaku e-Trivers, sifunde ukuba bekukho "umkhwa ocacileyo" wokuba "abantsundu-ngokomndilili-[bakhethe] abamhlophe kunomnyama" beshiya "iindlebe zokuzikhohlisa-ukuzixabisa ngaphantsi kunokuba wenzayo. abanye-kwaye kunokuza nemiphumo emibi."
Ndiye ndanikwa ilungelo lokufunda esi sahluko emva kokuba ndinxibelelane noTrivers. Ndimxelele indlela mna nenkosikazi yam esiye saqaphela ngayo izehlo ezithile malunga nokusweleka kukaMichael Jackson. Ukuvota kubonise iminyaka ngoku ukuba kukho ukwahlukana ngokobuhlanga phakathi kwabantsundu nabamhlophe kwityala / ubumsulwa bezityholo ezibekwe uJackson. Umfazi wam wandixelela indlela awayesibukele ngayo isikhumbuzo kumabonwakude kwindawo yokutyela emsebenzini wakhe nokuba waphawula ukuba abantu abantsundu babezamkela ngakumbi izinto ezazisenzeka ngoxa abamhlophe babengasamkeli. Into endifuna ukuyiqonda kukuba ingaba uhlobo oluthile lokhetho lweqela lulele emva kwalo mahluko kwizimo zengqondo ngenxa yokuba akunakwenzeka ukuba ukwahlukana kubangelwa ukuhlukana kokufikelela kulwazi; kutheni abantsundu, njengeqela, betyekele ngakumbi ekumjongeni njengomntu omsulwa ngoxa abamhlophe betyekele ngakumbi ekumjongeni njengonetyala; kutheni ubuhlanga budlala umcimbi kwaphela; kwaye ingakanani indima, ukuba ikhona, "i-priming" edlale indima kwesi siganeko?
Naku ukukrokra kwam. Ilifa lembali kunye nenkcubeko yocalucalulo e-United States, okanye ngakumbi, ubungangamsha abamhlophe / ilungelo elimhlophe, liye ladlala indima ekukhulisweni kwabamhlophe ukuba bathambekele ngakumbi ekwamkeleni izityholo ezimbi ezibhekiswe kwabantsundu, ngelixa eli lifa linye liye labeka phambili abantu abamnyama. ukuzikhusela ngakumbi. Oko kukuthi, indibaniselwano yokukhethwa kweqela kunye nokunyuswa kobuhlanga kunokuba ngunobangela.
Kwaye oku akunto ingaqhelekanga okanye into engalindelekanga ngokwayo. Sonke sichonga ngamaqela. Ukuba ndibekwe egumbini nolunye ulutsha, amadoda amhlophe anezimvo ezifanayo ngokwembono nangenkcubeko andinokothuka xa ndizibona ndihlala ndisamkelekile, kanti xa ndibekwe egumbini nabanye andizifani nabo. bendizibona ukuba ndizigcinele.
Ngoko “ukuzikhohlisa” kunokungena phi? Kwabamhlophe nabantsundu ndikhe ndathetha nabo malunga ne-MJ phenomena akukho nanye i-claim race ingumba ekuqulunqweni koluvo lwabo. Kubonakala ngathi ukuphepha ukudlala "ikhadi lomdyarho" omabini amacala azikhohlise ngendlela "ugqatso", okanye ukhetho lweqela, ludlale indima ekuqulunqeni uluvo lwawo. Isiphelo sikukuba ngokuzikhohlisa ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi bakhohlisa abanye.
Ndingaphazama ngale nto, kodwa kukukrokra kwam oko. Kwinqanaba lokuqonda ndiyakholelwa abo bandixelela ukuba abasebenzisi ubuhlanga ukujonga ubutyala okanye ubumsulwa bakhe. Kodwa ungaze ube ngaphantsi, iyantlukwano enkulu phakathi kwamaqela ekhoyo kunye nokuzikhohlisa ngokungazi kubonakala kuyimpendulo. Kuqhelekile ukukhethwa kwendalo - enye yeengcinezelo ezininzi kwi-evolution yezinto eziphilayo - ukuguqula iimpawu ezifumana ukusetyenziswa okungacetywanga. Ukukwazi ukukhohlisa kusenokuba kujoliswe ekukhuseleni ukuphila kohlobo oluthile, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo siye safumana ezinye iindlela ezingafanelekanga zokuzisebenzisa.
Uninzi lwale nto lukhumbuza umsebenzi u-Ed Herman noNoam Chomsky abayenzile kumajelo eendaba, i-propaganda kunye "nokuveliswa kwemvume." Kulo lonke uluntu, nokuba malunga nobudlelwane besini, imfazwe yeklasi, ubuhlanga, imiba yezopolitiko okanye yezopolitiko, kukho imizekelo eyaneleyo yamaqela "aqatshelwe" ukuzixabisa ngaphantsi kunabanye, kwaye oku, ngokwenene, "kuza nemiphumo emibi. ." Ngaphantsi kweemeko ezithile abafazi baye bamkela isimo sokungalingani, kwaye phantsi kweemeko zezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho ezikhoyo, abantu ngokubanzi kunye / okanye abasebenzi baye bamkela ngokubanzi isimo sokuthobela kunye nesibukeli - kwaye akusiyo ingxabano engaqhelekanga ukuva ukuba umntu oqhelekileyo akanako ukulawula. ngokwabo kwaye ke ngoko sifuna inkokeli eyomeleleyo ukusenzela oko.
Ngoko ke, sinokuzoyisa njani ezi “ziqhathayo zokuzikhohlisa”? Yintoni esinokuyenza okanye sinokusebenza njani ekujongeni phantsi ezi ntlobo "zokuzikhohlisa" ezithintela ubudlelwane bentlalo kunye nokunceda ukuphilisa amanxeba amadala kwaye siqhubele phambili? U-Trivers waphawula ukuba,
Amaxesha enguqu adla ngokubonakala esenzeka embalini xa abantu abaninzi betshintsha indlela abaziqonda ngayo izinto—ngokuphathelele iziqu zabo nemeko yabo.
Ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960 sabona utshintsho olukhulu kwiingqiqo zobuhlanga, ezesondo nezenkcubeko, oluye lwanceda ukukhokelela kutshintsho olunzulu olusaqhubeka nanamhlanje (okt ukunyuka kwe-anarchism, intshukumo yokusingqongileyo, intshukumo yobulungisa yehlabathi ngokubanzi).
Olu vavanyo lukwabonisa kakhulu ithiyori yezentlalo ekhululayo, i-Complimentary Holism, ebekwe phambili kwiminyaka yoo-1980 nguNoam Chomsky, uMichael Albert, uLeslie Cagan, uRobin Hahnel, uMel King, uLydia Sargent, kunye noHolly Sklar kule ncwadi. Ithiyori yokukhulula.
Ithiyori kukuba uluntu lwenziwe ngamacandelo amane - uqoqosho, ipolitiki, ukuzalana, uluntu - kwaye kukho amakhonkco amabini: iziko loluntu apho sifumana izinto ezifana neminqweno yethu, izakhono, kunye nokuqonda, kwaye ke kukho imida yamaziko ethi. sichaza imida yesakhiwo, kunye neendima esizidlalayo.
Zonke ezi zigaba kunye nothungelwano zimbini ziyancomana ngeendlela ezigqibeleleyo ezichaza uluntu lwethu lufana nemizimba yethu eyahlukeneyo, izicubu, amalungu kunye namathambo ayancomana ngendlela epheleleyo echaza imizimba yethu. Akukho mkhakha uthile uphambili kunezinye kwaye unceda ekuchazeni uluntu - uninzi lwama-Marxists aluchanekanga ukuchaza umsebenzi kunye nomgangatho njengomba obalulekileyo uluntu olujongene nawo njengoko uninzi lwamaFeminists aluchanekanga ukuchaza isini njengomba ophambili. Ngapha koko, inqanaba ngalinye lopha phantse ngokungenamthungo kwamanye kangangokuba kube nzima ukuwahlula, kwaye kusenokuba njalo kumaziko ethu oluntu kunye nemida yamaziko.
Umzekelo, thatha inkqubo yemarike njengomda weziko. Iziko ngokwalo liziko elingenademokhrasi kwaye lichasene nentlalontle elixabanisa abantu kunye kunye nemida yokuthatha inxaxheba kunye nokunikezela rhoqo amandla angaphezulu kunye nempembelelo kwabo basebenzisa awona mandla okuxoxisana (okudla ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngeendlela ezingekho mthethweni). Amaziko ethu oluntu "axhaswa" leli ziko kwaye sizifaka ngaphakathi kwezinye zeziphumo zentlalo ezibandakanya. Njengabathengi sifuna ukurhwebesha abanye ngokuthenga olona mgangatho uphezulu ngexabiso eliphantsi kangangoko sinakho, nokuba oko kubandakanya umsebenzi ombi kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo eTshayina. Njengabathengisi siya kunqumla iikona kwaye sithengise kangangoko sinakho, nokuba ezo “zimbombo” zibandakanya ukwaphulwa kwemithetho kumzi-mveliso wamandongomane eGeorgia kwaye kukhokelela kumakhulu abantu abagulayo ngenxa yokungcoliseka kokutya. Kodwa imarike inemida. Ubukhoboka be-Chattel akukho mthethweni njengomda weziko, sinawo umvuzo omncinci, kwaye kukho imithetho yokhuseleko ngenxa yokuba kubekho utshintsho oluguquguqukayo kwiingqondo zamaziko oluntu oluntu.
Ukusebenzisa i-Complimentary Holism kunye nokuzikhohlisa kwiNkonzo yeNkohliso njengeethiyori eziluncedo kunokunceda ukuguqula "iziphumo ezibi" eziye zahamba kunye neendlela zangoku zobudlelwane boluntu kwaye zisikhokelela kuluntu oluhambelanayo, olukhanyiselweyo kunye nobulungisa. Ukuba nolwazi lwemida yamaziko ethu, amaziko ethu oluntu, indlela amacandelo amane obomi bentlalo ehambelana ngayo, kunye nendlela esityekele ngayo kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokukhetha iqela (uhlanga, ubuzwe, isini, ubuhlobo, njl njl) okanye ukusetyenziswa. yenkohliso, enokuba neziphumo ezilungileyo okanye ezimbi, zinokukhulula kodwa kuya kufuna intatho-nxaxheba esebenzayo kunye nokuzihlola kwicala lethu ukuze siqonde amandla ethu apheleleyo njengabantu kunye noluntu.
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