Kudala, kudala, kwiminyaka elishumi ebonakala ikude ngoku, abanqolobi babengengomcimbi kwaye abafuduki babesengozini yokuzikhethela, ngakumbi ePete Wilson's California. Ngo-1994, abantu baseCalifornia bavotela umthetho we-Proposition 187, umlinganiselo wokukhanyela ukhathalelo lwezempilo olusisiseko kunye nokufikelela kwimfundo kubaphambukeli abangabhalwanga phantsi, kwaye yonke inkitha yabaphambukeli babaleka betyhola iintlekele ezahlukeneyo zentlalo nezoqoqosho kubaphambukeli, nto leyo eye yajika yaba yintiyo kwiLatinos, nokuba abafuduki okanye abemi ookhokho babo babetha i-US kwindawo.
Ngo-1998, abaphembeleli abachasene nabaphambukeli banyanzelise iSiera Club ukuba ifake ireferendamu malunga nokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe kwivoti yobulungu yonyaka. Ekubeni babebekwโ ityala ngazo zonke ezinye izono phantsi kwelanga, abaphambukeli ngoku babeza kugxothwa ngenxa yeengxaki zethu zokusingqongileyo. Ngexesha ubulungu beKlabhu buvotele ukwehla, uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba babecaphukile kwaye intshukumo yokusingqongileyo yayingcoliswe emehlweni abantu abaninzi ababebukele. Iminyaka yoo-1990 yabona ukunyuka kwentshukumo yobulungisa bemo yendalo esingqongileyo, eyathi yajongana nocalucalulo lokusingqongileyo - ngubani nje ofumana ityhefu ngokulahla izinto zokulahla kunye nezitshisi, phakathi kwezinye izinto - kodwa intshukumo yemo yendalo esingqongileyo ayisoloko ilungile kwipolitiki yobuhlanga efihla izinto zayo eziphambili. kunye neengqikelelo.
Okwangoku, le yindlela ende kwezopolitiko zamatshantliziyo anxamnye nokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe abazama ukuyithatha ngokuphandle iQela, nabagqatswa abathathu kunyulo lwebhodi kaMatshi befuna ukwenza isininzi kunye namanye amalungu ebhodi athandabuzekayo akhoyo ngoku, kunye neendidi ezahlukeneyo. imibutho yangaphandle - abanye ngokucacileyo ngokobuhlanga kunye nabamhlophe-i-supremacist - ukukhuthaza amalungu abo ukuba ajoyine iKlabhu kwaye avotele ivoti. "Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, i-Sierra Club ingumxholo welinge elinobutshaba lokuthabatha ngamabutho ahlangene ... neentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-right-extremist," yatsho i-Southern Poverty Law Centre kwileta elumkisayo. "Banethemba lokusebenzisa intembeko yeKlabhu njengekhuselo lokuqhubela phambili iimbono zabo ezibaxiweyo."
Aba bathathu nguFrank Morris, uDavid Pimentel kunye noRichard Lamm, bonke abanamakhonkco kumbutho ochasene nokufuduka kweDiversity Alliance for a Sustainable America. Owayesakuba nguRhuluneli waseColorado uLamm naye ulilungu lebhodi lexesha elide le-Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR), efumana inkxaso-mali evela kwi-pro-eugenics kunye "nokuphucula ubuhlanga" Ingxowa-mali yePioneer. U-Lamm, othe wathetha malunga "nomsebenzi wokufa" wabantu abadala, wenze iingxelo ezinjengokuthi, "[T] uqhushululu lweziqhushumbisi zomlilo kulo lonke elaseMzantsi-ntshona, kunye nokungqingwa kweenyanga ezintathu zedolophu yaseSan Diego kwi-1998 zonke zikhokelwa okwesibini- isizukulwana samaHispanics, abantwana babaphambukeli.โ (Omnye uyazibuza ukuba ingaba yena okanye nawuphi na omnye umntu ochasene nokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe uyakhumbula ukuba isizathu sokuba igama leSierra Club lisisiqingatha-siSpanish kungenxa yokuba iCalifornia yayikade ingummandla waseMexico.)
Umbono wendawo ene-homogenous egqitywe ngokuphazamiseka, abangaphandle abatshabalalisayo ngumfanekiso ongcono we-Sierra Club ephantsi kongqingo kune-United States ngokumalunga nokufudukela kwamanye amazwe. Amaqela angaphandle afana noLuhlu lweZilumkiso lweSizwe lukhuthaza amalungu awo ukuba ajoyine iQela ukuze anyanzelise ukuba avume umba owaliwe kwiminyaka emithandathu ngaphambili kwaye ngoko mhlawumbi ukuguqula ngokusisigxina ubuni kunye nomfanekiso; phambili, uninzi lwabagqatswa kwisihlalo kwibhodi yeQela ngamalungu exesha elide asebenzayo, kodwa aba bangaphandle bathathu babonakala bengamalungu ngokukodwa ukuba benze inqanaba le-nonprofit elilingana nokuthathwa kwenkampani enobutshaba. Obo butshaba bugxininiswa yinto yokuba bafake, emva koko behla, isimangalo esichasene neClub kunye nomongameli wayo wangoku, owafuna umyalelo onokuthi uthintele iklabhu, ibhodi, kunye nabanye abagqatswa bebhodi ukuba banike izimvo zabo kwi-ajenda yabo. Umongameli wangoku webhodi uLarry Fahn ubhala ukuba "igqwetha likaLamm, uMorris kunye noPimentel baqeshe inkampani yobudlelwane boluntu (ekwamele iBhunga leMichiza laseMelika) ukuba lichophele ityala labo kumajelo eendaba." Oomongameli beQela abalishumi elinesithathu abadlulileyo baphume ngokuchasene nobhukuqo-mbuso; abalishumi elinanye kubo bakhupha ingxelo equka la magqabaza: โUmnqweno waba bantu bangaphandle kukuthabatha uninzi lwezihlalo ukuze bashukumise ucwangciso lwabo lobuqu, ngaphandle kokujonga iminqweno okanye ulwazi lwamalungu nabaxhasi beSiera Club, noku sebenzisa imali kunye nezinye izixhobo zeKlabhu ukuya kwezo njongoโฆ. Sikholelwa ukuba ingxaki ejongene neKlabhu iyinyani kwaye inokubulala, itshabalalise umbono kaJohn Muir, kunye nomsebenzi kunye negalelo lamakhulu amawaka amatsha-ntliziyo amavolontiya akhe lo mbutho. " (Ngokuqinisekileyo umphambukeli waseScotland u-Muir wayenobuhlanga naye - wathetha izinto ezintle ezimangalisayo malunga nabemi baseMelika-kodwa lelinye ibali, kunye nexesha.)
Uninzi lwabashiyekileyo sele beyibhalile i-Sierra Club eneminyaka eli-112 ubudala, kwaye nangona bendikhe ndacinga ukuba isilogeni sayo kufuneka sibe yi-Earth First's "Akukho kuyekelela ekukhuseleni uMama woMhlaba" ngaphandle kwe-Hayi, ihleli yile nto ibiyiyo. kwiminyaka emininzi kangaka: i-flagship yentshukumo yokusingqongileyo ejongene nayo yonke into ukusuka ekusikeni okucacileyo kunye nokufudumala kwehlabathi ukuya kwiintlobo ezisengozini kunye nongcoliseko lwamanzi. Ukuba ayivunywanga kwaye ayinamandla, kuya kuba njalo kwintshukumo. Yaye kubonakala ngathi injongo yaba bantu bachasene nokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe ayinanto yakwenza nokukhuselwa kwendalo. Emva kokuba onke amakhonkco phakathi kokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe kunye nengxaki yokusingqongileyo angumzobo kakhulu.
Ebudeni beminyaka yee-1990, umda kwakusoloko kuthethwa ngawo ngokungathi yimbonakalo yomhlaba ebambekayo, umahluko omiselwe nguThixo. Nam ndakhula ndinomfanekiso ocacileyo we-Iron Curtain, ekubeni kwakuthethwa ngayo ngokungathi yayiyinto eyondeleleneyo njengoDonga lwaseBerlin. Kodwa uDonga lwaseBerlin lwenziwe ngekhonkrithi, ngelixa i-Iron Curtain yayingenziwanga ngentsimbi, ngaphandle kombono wocingo lwenkanyamba yelizwekazi endandinalo. Njengomda we-US-Mexican, yayiyingcamango yezopolitiko enyanzeliswa zizakhiwo ezahlukeneyo, iteknoloji, kunye nabantu abanemipu. Ngowe-1998, ndachitha iiveki ezimbalwa kumda waseTexas. Apho, umda ngumlambo, iRio Grande, kwaye apho ndiye ndaqonda ukuba kwiingcamango ezininzi ikwayintsomi. Njengoko isihlenga sethu sasidada emazantsi omlambo, iMexico yayisisibhakabhaka esithe nkqo ukuya ngasekunene, iUnited States isibhakabhaka esimnyama ukuya ngasekhohlo, kwaye ukunqumla iintaka ezicula iingoma kunye neenkomo kwakubonakala kungakhathali ngcamango yokuba intlango yaseChihuahuan ngokwenene yayingamazwe amabini. Iityhefu ezivela kwezolimo zaseMelika kunye neJuarez iimaquilladoras ixubene ngokungakhethiyo kumlambo ocothayo nomdaka ngebala, kwananjengokuba izityalo nezilwanyana zadibana zaza zadubula elunxwemeni. Yayingengomda kodwa yayiyindawo yokuphumla. Ayilulo uDonga lwaseBerlin, nokuba awungomginya okanye i-cactus wren.
Imida ayikho kwindalo. Ndafumanisa ukuba okwesibini kumntla weKhanada, apho iBritish Columbia idibana neNorthwest Territories. Ndandihamba ngesihlenga kwakhona, yaye ingcali yeentaka eyayikunye nathi yayivuka ngenjโ ixukuxa ukuze ibone, iqabe, ize ikhulule iintaka eziculayo eyayizibambile kwiminatha yayo yenkungu. Uthandile ukuveza ukuba uninzi lwabo luhlala ebusika kwiindawo ezitshisayo zoMbindi Merika kwaye ke iinzame zolondolozo ziyafuneka ukuze zifikelele kumazwe ngamazwe. Eyona ntlango yaseKhanada yayingeyondawo yodwa; yayibotshelelwe ngokusondeleyo kwiindawo ezishushu.
Imida ayikho kwindalo, kodwa inokwenziwa. ESan Diego naseTijuana kwakamsinya nje emva komlilo ka-Okthobha kunyaka ophelileyo, abahlobo bandibonise indlela indawo enye yebhayoloji eye yaphambuka ngayo ngenxa yeendlela ezahlukeneyo zabantu. Kwicala le-Baja, izixhobo zokucima imililo azizange zibekho ngokwenene; umjikelo womlilo awuzange uphazamiseke kakhulu; kwaye ke imithwalo enkulu yamafutha enokutshisa kakhulu eSan Diego yayingazange iqokelele. Ngaphandle kokuba abantu baseMexico abanamdla kangako wokufudukela kwiindawo ezikude nabanye abantu. Isiphumo asikokuba babengenamililo itshabalalisa ngolo hlobo kodwa babengenazo izindlu ezinkulu kwimiwonyo nakwiincochoyi zeentaba apho abacimi-mlilo bekuya kufuneka babeke ubomi babo esichengeni kwaye urhulumente achithe imali yakhe enciphayo.
Le ayisiyiyo kuphela indawo apho i-ecology igcinwe ngcono emazantsi kumda kunamantla ayo. Khawucinge ngemeko yeSonoran pronghorn ephantse yatshabalala. Bamalunga neshumi eliphindwe kalishumi njengoko abaninzi basinda kwicala leSonora, ngelixa kwicala laseArizona, bavaleleke kakhulu kwiBarry Goldwater Bombing Range - ingeyiyo eyona ndawo isempilweni yesibini sokugqibela sohlobo lwazo e-US ndikhe ndaya apho nam, phakathi kwemiqondiso elumkisa ngesandi esiphilayo kunye nesandi sokuqhushumba kweebhombu.
Ukuthatyathwa kweClub yaseSierra kuya kuphumelela kuphela ukuba abahlaseli baqinisekisa abantu ukuba bakholelwe kwakhona ukuba umda uphawula ulwahlulo oluhambelanayo lwendalo kunye nokuba i-US, okanye ingaba, indawo ehlukeneyo. Ingcinga esemthethweni yeyokuba, abaphambukeli abalunganga kokusingqongileyo, kodwa unokuphinda uhlengahlengise iindlela ezimbalwa. Enye kukubonisa ukuba asifuni ncedo ngokuba mbi kwindalo esingqongileyo. I-US isebenzisa ubutyebi behlabathi ngokungafaniyo nepesenti yayo yabemi behlabathi, kwaye uninzi lwethu lusebenza ixesha elongezelelekileyo ukwenza kancinci ukufudumala kwehlabathi. (Umama wabandakanyeka kwiingxabano ezifanayo kwisihlandlo sokugqibela imbambano yokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe yaphazamisa amanzi eSierra Club waza wadanduluka kum, โKodwa kuthekani ukuba beza apha baze baphile njengathi?โ ekuphela kwempendulo enokuphendulwa kuyo, โKuthekani ukuba sihlala apha kwaye siphile njengathi?โ) Ukuba uyayikhathalela imeko-bume, kukho imiba ebaluleke ngakumbi onokukhetha ukuyithetha ngaphambi kokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe. Ukuba unenkathalo malunga nokuyeka ukufudukela kwelinye ilizwe, kwelinye icala, okusingqongileyo sisithintelo sokulunga okuqhelekileyo, okanye ubuncinci benkululeko, ungazifihla ngasemva.
Abaphambukeli abahlwempuzekileyo abangengabo abamhlophe abona bajolise kubo kweli phulo ngokubanzi bakha kwaye bacoce ezo zindlu zinkulu kwiindawo ezikude kwaye bacheba ingca kwaye bafake amafutha kwiimoto ezihamba ekhephuni, kodwa badla ngokungabi ngabanini, okanye bathathe izigqibo zokuzisusa kuluhlu. uhlobo olusengozini yokuphela, okanye ukubuyisela imali kwinkqubo yokucoca iSuperfund, okanye imigangatho ephantsi yokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo. (Sinyula abantu ukuba benze loo nto, eneneni.) Enyanisweni, ukuba i-sprawl kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo kusisongelo esikhawulezileyo sokukhula kwabemi, ngoko ke abaphambukeli abatsha abahlala ngokonga, ngokuxineneyo, kwaye baxhomekeke kuthutho lukawonke-wonke basisikhalimiso kwisininzi sabemi basezidolophini. i-US.
Umbono wokuba i-US inokutywinwa emhlabeni njengegadi ebiyelweyo kwindawo emdaka ijonge ezinye iinyani ezingathandekiyo, njengendima yelizwe lethu, ngezixhobo ezinje ngokulahlwa kwezolimo kunye neBhanki yeHlabathi, ekwenzeni ezo zizwe zingabikho ndawo. , okanye into yokuba nabo banezitiya zabo kwaye nathi sinawo amatyotyombe ethu. Ngamanye amaxesha kukutshatyalaliswa kweegadi zabo ezibeka endleleni yabafuduki kwindawo yokuqala - ngokuqinisekileyo kunjalo nabalimi baseMexico abachithwa yi-NAFTA. Kodwa ikwayothusa kuba ukwahlula iigadi yindlela intshukumo yolondolozo eyaqala ngayo emva ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini xa yayisondelelene kakhulu neentshukumo zocalucalulo, i-nativist, kunye ne-eugenist. Emva kweepaki zelizwe lokuqala kunye nemimandla yasentlango kwakukho ingcamango yokwahlukaniswa kweendawo - ukuba kwakwanele ukugcina ezona ndawo zintle kunye neendawo ezihlala kuyo, ishumi elinambini okanye ikhulu leekhilomitha ezili-square ngexesha.
Ukwahlula iqhekeza elinye kwakusoloko kuthetha ukuba yonke indawo engqongileyo yayiza kuhluthwa, kwaye ukuya kuthi ga koo-1960 isicwangciso esisisiseko seSierra Club sasisenza kanye loo nto. Balwa iplanti yamandla enyukliya e-Nipomo Dunes yaseCalifornia kodwa bavuma ukuba kulungile ukubeka enye eDiablo Canyon endaweni yoko; Abaphembeleli beklabhu abanjengoDavid Brower baye bazisola ngokukrakra ngokuba baye bakhusela ukhuseleko lwe-Utah's Dinosaur National Monument ekubhujisweni ngokuvumela iGlen Canyon Dam ukuba iye phambili. Ngoku uninzi lweengcali zokusingqongileyo zichasene namadama amakhulu namandla enyukliya, ukuze iingxoxo-mpikiswano zimalunga nomgaqo-nkqubo, hayi nje ijografi.
Emva phaya, uRachel Carson wayesandula ukusiphathela iindaba ezimbi malunga nezibulali-zinambuzane-ukuba azizange zihlale zibekwe kodwa zihamba kwindawo ezihlala kuyo zombini iindawo zasendle nasemizimbeni yethu, kwaye kwaqala kwacaca ukuba awukwazi. t ukukhusela nje iindawo. Kwafuneka ujongane nezenzo; kufuneka uqaphele iinkqubo; Kwakufuneka uqonde ukuba, kwi-aphorism edumileyo kaJohn Muir, "Xa sizama ukukhetha nantoni na yodwa, siyifumana ifakwe kuyo yonke enye into kwindalo iphela." Xa wayesithi, ewe, wayengacingi ukuba i-detritus yeplastiki igalelwa ziintaka zolwandle kumbindi woLwandlekazi lwePasifiki okanye iibhere ezimhlophe ezikude ngaphaya kwelizwe elihambele phambili kwezoshishino ziba yi-hermaphroditic ukusuka kungcoliseko lwekhemikhali, kodwa singakwazi.
Ziya zisanda izinto eziphantsi kwengqwalasela yendalo esingqongileyo kule mihla, ukusuka kwinto esiyityayo ukuya apho iphele khona imichiza yethu. Ukufudukela kwelinye ilizwe, ngaphandle kokuba kuyinxalenye yengxoxo enkulu malunga nosetyenziso, amanani okuzalwa, amalungelo okuzala, ezolimo, umgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho wamazwe ngamazwe kunye norhwebo, ukusasazeka, kunye neminye imiba emininzi, ayiyonye yazo. Endaweni yoko kubonakala ngathi indalo esingqongileyo sisigqubuthelo sokulunga apho amatshantliziyo achasene nokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe azama ukuzisonga. Kodwa kubhetele bajongwe beze.
Nabani na ofuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga nendlela yokuvota kolunyulo lweKlabhu yaseSierra, Cofa apha.
Isizukulwana sesibini saseMelika, uRebecca Solnit ngumbhali weencwadi ezininzi, kubandakanywa iNational Book Critics Circle ephumelele ibhaso. Umlambo weShadows: Eadweard Muybridge kunye neTechnological Wild West kwaye Amaphupha amabi: Uhambo lokuya kwiiMfazwe zoMhlaba zaseMelika eNtshona, ejongene nentshukumo yokusingqongileyo yokucima abantu bomthonyama baseMelika kumbono waseMelika wendalo.
Copyright C2004 Rebecca Solnit
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