Isixeko siluphawu lwamazwe ngamazwe lokungahoywa kunye nobuhlanga. Kodwa urhulumente wobumbano ayinguye kuphela obekek’ ityala.
Unyaka onesiqingatha emva kokuba iNew Orleans ibe luphawu lwamazwe ngamazwe lokungahoywa kukarhulumente kunye nobuhlanga, isixeko sihlala sisengxakini. Abafundi basenazo iincwadi, ukhathalelo lwempilo alufumaneki kubantu abahluphekayo kunangaphambili, izindlu zoluntu zisavaliwe, kwaye iziseko zisafuna ukulungiswa. Kwileta evulekileyo eya kubaxhasi ngezimali kunye nabangenzi nzuzo kuzwelonke, uluhlu olwahlukeneyo lwaseNew Orleanians lubhengeze, "Ngokwembono yabona bahluphekayo nabangenamandla, kubonakala ngathi umsebenzi wamahlakani esizwe egameni lethu awuzange wenzeke, okanye ukuba kwenzekile. iye yasilela.”
Kwiincoko zamva nje kunye namanani abahlali baseNew Orleans, kubandakanywa abaququzeleli, abaxhasi, ababoneleli bezempilo, abafundisi, amagcisa kunye nabenzi beendaba, ndeva amabali angenakubalwa enkxaso-mali ephambukisiweyo kunye neemfuno ezingafezekanga. Ngelixa abaninzi begxininise ukuba baye bafumana amava amnandi abalulekileyo kunye namahlakani esizwe, bambalwa abafumene nantoni na ekufutshane nenkxaso-mali, izixhobo, okanye abasebenzi ababadingayo ngomsebenzi wabo, kwaye enyanisweni uninzi lusebenza iiyure ezingazinzanga ngelixa behlala kwisixeko esisatshatyalalisiwe.
Uphando luxhasa iingxelo ze-anecdotal. Inqaku likaJanuwari ka-2006 kwi-Chronicle of Philanthropy lathi isixa-mali esinikwe emva kwe-Katrina New Orleans "yayikukunika iitapile ezincinci kwiziseko zaseMelika, ezidibene zineebhiliyoni ezingama-500 zeedola kwii-asethi." Eli nqaku laphinda lathi, “Kanye njengokuba imali encinane egalelwa kuloo mmandla ilusizi, lukhetho oluye lwenziwa ngendawo apho imali ifanele iye khona.” Ngamanye amazwi, incinci kakhulu imali eye yaya kwimibutho ekhokelwa okanye ephendula kubantu baseNew Orleanians. Omnye umthetheleli owaziwayo owazalelwa eNew Orleans wayibiza le nto ngokuthi "yiHalliburtization yecandelo elingenzi nzuzo."
Ingxelo kaFebruwari evela kwiZiko leSiseko leSixeko saseNew York ibonisa ukuba uMbutho Womnqamlezo Obomvu, oye wanyusa mhlawumbi iibhiliyoni ezimbini zeerandi ukuze uncede uKatrina phezu kwazo nje izityholo ezixhaphakileyo zocalucalulo nokuphatha kakubi, “ubekwe njengoyena mntu ubalaseleyo owafumana iminikelo evela kwisiseko nabaxhasi benkampani ukusabela kwiinkanyamba uKatrina noRita,” befumana phantse ama-35 ekhulwini alo lonke uncedo. Ngexesha lokwenziwa kwale ngxelo, enye imali engama-35 ekhulwini yemali eyayibekiwe yayingasetyenziswanga. I-Bush-Clinton Katrina Fund, i-Salvation Army kunye ne-United Way kunye zenza enye ipesenti ze-13. Eminye yasasazwa phakathi kweminye imibutho yoncedo yesizwe.
Iimpendulo zoluntu
Emva kweenyanga eziphantse zibe lishumi elinesihlanu zokuvalwa kwevenkile, ibhloko yamashishini abantsundu eNew Orleans babhiyozele ukuzalwa kwakhona kule veki. Isitrato, kwiBayou Road kwiwadi yesixhenxe yase-New Orleans, luphawu olunethemba kwisixeko apho i-60 pesenti yabemi ihlala igxothiwe kwaye amashishini amaninzi ayavala okanye ahamba. Kutshanje ngo-Agasti, uninzi lwendawo yahlala ivaliwe kwaye ingenanto. Ngoku, phantse yonke ivenkile ivuliwe. Iziko leeNcwadi zoLuntu, indawo ebalulekileyo yokuhlanganisana ebumelwaneni embindini webhloko, liphinde lavulwa kule veki, nangona belingekabinazo iifestile zangaphambili kunye nomgangatho onesidingo esikhulu somsebenzi. “Nyathela ngononophelo,” uVera Warren-Williams, umnini, ulumkise iindwendwe njengoko zingena evenkileni ngexesha lokuvula kwakhona umbhiyozo.
Iindawo zobumelwane ezifana neZiko leeNcwadi zoLuntu kudala ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeNew Orleans yokulungelelanisa, isebenza njengendawo yokuhlanganisana yabantu kunye neengcinga. Ukuvuselelwa kweBayou Road ngumzekelo nje omnye woluntu olutsala kunye - abahlobo kunye nabantu abangabaziyo abeza kunceda izindlu zamathumbu, ukususa inkunkuma, ukupheka ukutya. Nantoni na yokunceda, njengoko abantu baseNew Orleans bezabalaza kunye ngokuchasene nezinto ezingathandekiyo kwisixeko ebesele sitshatyalalisiwe yintlupheko kunye nokuthengiswa kwezinto zabucala kunye nokungahoywa kwangaphambi kweKatrina.
Nangona iZiko leeNcwadi zoLuntu lisisixhobo esibalulekileyo, iindawo ezifana nezi zifumene inkxaso encinane ngaphandle.
Iziseko, ngokutsho kwenqaku le<em>Chronicle, “zibonakala zixakeke kakhulu ngumba wokuphendula. Iziseko ezininzi zazibuza ukuba zinokuqiniseka njani ukuba izibonelelo eziya kumaqela asekuhlaleni ziya kusetyenziswa kakuhle kwaye, ke ngoko, ziphendule esidlangalaleni. ”
Ngelixa ezo zixhalabileyo, abaninzi eNew Orleans babona umgangatho ophindwe kabini kulo mbono. Umbhali weChronicle uhlabela mgama esithi, “umbuzo wokuphendula awukhange ubonakale uzikhathazi iziseko ezikhulu ezanikela ngesisa kuMbutho woMnqamlezo oBomvu, owawunengxelo ethandabuzekayo yobuchule kwasekuqaleni nowatsalela ukugxekwa ngakumbi emva koku. Katrina ngenxa yokusebenzisa kwayo imali ngendlela engeyiyo, iindleko eziphezulu zolawulo, nokungabikho koncedo kubantu abambalwa.”
Abaninzi bavakalelwa kukuba umyalezo ovela kubaxhasi abakhulu kukuba iNew Orleanians ayikwazi ukuphatha imali ngokufanelekileyo. “Iminyaka engamashumi amabini anesixhenxe siqhuba ishishini, kwaye abasithembi ngemali,” uJennifer Turner weZiko leeNcwadi zoLuntu, ugqabaza, xa ebuzwa ngendlela aziva ngayo ngabaxhasi besizwe. Bacinga ukuba sonke siziziyatha okanye sikhohlakele.
Emva kweKatrina, abantu baseNew Orleans baboniswa kumajelo eendaba "njengabaphangi" kunye nezigebengu ezinobundlobongela, okanye njengabahlwempuzekileyo nabangenalwazi. Ngamanye amazwi, njengayo nayiphi na into ngaphandle kweqabane elithembekileyo ekwakhiweni kwakhona kwesixeko sabo. Nanamhlanje, amabali amaninzi eendaba malunga ne-New Orleans post-Katrina igxile kwiintlawulo ze-FEMA ezisetyenziswe kakubi okanye ezifunyenwe ngobuqhetseba, kunokuba ibali elikhulu lobuqhetseba benkampani.
Abaninzi bavakalelwa kukuba lo mboniso weendaba, kunye nobuhlanga kunye nobuhlanga obubonakaliswe kwiimeko ezininzi, inxalenye yecala lokungafuni kwabaxhasi abakhulu ukuba banike imali ngokuthe ngqo kubantu abachaphazelekayo.
“Bacinga ukuba banika abantu abahluphekayo imali baya kuthenga i-crack kunye nemidiza,” iKomiti yoQuquzelelo yaBantu kunye nomseki weNgxowa-mali yoNcedo lweNkanyamba yaBantu uCurtis Muhammad washwankathela.
Imali kunye nezibonelelo
Kwikona yebar encinci kwiNew Orleans' Central City ebumelwaneni, amatshantliziyo asekuhlaleni kunye nabaququzeleli abavela kwimibutho eyakha iziseko ezisezantsi efana neCritical Resistance, iNew Orleans Worker Justice Coalition kunye neZitrato eziKhuselekileyo/oluNtu olunamandla bahlanganisene ukubhiyozela uloyiso. Emva konyaka wokuququzelela, uqhanqalazo kunye nokuphembelela, iSafe Streets yaphumelela inkxaso-mali yesixeko yokubeka iliso elizimeleyo kwisebe lamapolisa elidume ngobuqhophololo nobundlobongela.
Uloyiso lweZitrato eziKhuselekileyo sisiphumo seminyaka eliqela yomzabalazo wemibutho nabantu abaninzi. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, yinxalenye yomzamo jikelele osekelwe, kwaye okhokelwa, ngabo bachaphazelekayo. Ngelixa kukho inkxaso-mali yemibutho yokwakha isiseko njengaleyo idweliswe ngasentla, ibe yipennies xa kuthelekiswa ngamakhulu ezigidi eziqondiswe kwenye indawo.
Kwingingqi yelizwe ebikade ingaxhaswa ngemali ngokwembali, le miba ayiyonto intsha. “Ndiyoyika kakhulu le ‘foundation complex,’” watsho umququzeleli wamalungelo oluntu uElla Baker ngowe-1963, ebhekisa kutshintsho olwalusenzeka ngoko kulwakhiwo lweentshukumo ezisuka ezantsi.
Kwinqaku kwi-anthology ezayo ye-South End Press malunga ne-New Orleans post-Katrina, amalungu e-INCITE Women of Color Against Violence abhala, "Nangona amakhulu engenzi nzuzo, ii-NGOs, amasebe ocwangciso lwedolophu yaseyunivesithi, kunye neziseko zifikile kwisixeko, ziye zahamba. akazange anikele ngqalelo ingako kwintlangano eyayikhokelwa ngabantu bebala eyayikho ngaphambi kukaKatrina neyayitsala nzima ngoku kunanini na ngaphambili.”
Libethelela olu hlahlelo, inqaku le-Chronicle of Philanthropy likhalaza “ngokungabikho kwenkxalabo nokungakhathalelwa kwexesha elide ukuba iziseko ezisebenza kuzwelonke nakwingingqi yeGulf Coast zibonakalise kubahlali abahluphekayo nabambalwa abahlala eGulf Coast, nanjengoko abanye abenzi bezibonelelo bezidla ngokuzingca. iimbasa kwiinkqubo zesizwe zokuchasa ubuhlwempu nobuhlanga.”
Ababhali be-INCITE bathi uququzelelo oluyimpumelelo luzinze eluntwini kwaye luthatha ixesha elide ukuvelisa iziqhamo. Abaxhasi bemali abaqhelekileyo abayixabisi le nto, kwaye, "ujongo lokuba ngubani kwaye yintoni efumana inkxaso-mali eNew Orleans, ukusuka kwiziseko ukuya kumsebenzi wenkxaso, ityhila izinto eziphambili kwezi ziseko kunye nayo yonke inkqubo engenzi nzuzo. Imibutho emele umsebenzi wayo ngokufezekiswa ngokukhawuleza nangokulinganiswayo ivuzwa yinkqubo. Iziseko azitsalelwanga kubo kuphela kodwa zinyanzelwa ngababoneleli bazo ukuba bazixhase ngemali. ”
Kwabaninzi kwicandelo elingenzi nzuzo kuzwelonke, i-post-Katrina New Orleans ibe lithuba lokuqhubela phambili ngomsebenzi. Ngelixa abahlali bendawo besonganyelwe yintlekele ukuba bafake izicelo zezibonelelo, abantu abambalwa besizwe ababekwe kakuhle kunye nemibutho abazange bathandabuze ukuthatha indawo yabo emgceni. Nangona abanye bengenalo ubudlelwane neNew Orleans, bahlala benobudlelwane bangaphambili kunye neziseko, kunye nezixhobo eziguqulela ukufikelela lula kwinkxaso-mali, njengabasebenzi bophuhliso, abaqulunqi bewebhusayithi, kunye nezixhobo zokwazisa zobungcali.
Ukusilela kweNkqubo
Iziseko azinakubekwa tyala ngengxaki eqhubekayo eNew Orleans, kwaye abanalo uxanduva olukhethekileyo lokunceda isixeko. Nangona kunjalo, iziseko ezininzi zivakalise umnqweno wokuxhasa ukubuyiswa kweNew Orleans, kwaye inkxaso-mali ifuneka ngamandla emhlabeni. Ngenxa yoku, izenzo zabo zithathelwe ingqalelo ngakumbi kubantu baseNew Orleans.
Iziseko ziyinxalenye yolwakhiwo lwangoku lwe-US nonprofits, inkqubo ethi i-INCITE iyibize ngokuba yi-Nonprofit Industrial Complex, ukugxininisa iindlela ezidibanayo, ezixhomekeke kunye nezimanyanisiweyo apho inkqubo yakhiwa khona. Yinkqubo apho imibutho isoloko ixambulisana ngenkxaso-mali, apho abaququzeleli betyhafiswa ekubeni basebenze kwiindawo abahlala kuzo, nalapho uxanduva lokuphendula kunye nobunkokeli kwabo bachaphazeleka kakhulu bunqabile, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi, izinto eziphambili ngokubaluleka. “kwintshukumo” ikhokelwa ngabo banemali kunokukhokelwa ngabo bachaphazelekayo.
Mhlawumbi esona sifundo sikhulu sikaKatrina kubantu abachaphazelekayo malunga nobulungisa boluntu kukuba izakhiwo zeentshukumo zase-US zikwingxaki enkulu. Njengoko umlawuli womnye umbutho wokwakha wabuza lo mbuzo, “yintoni engalunganga ngolwakhiwo lwe-501c3 lokuba wonke umntu abe nokuhla kukhenketho lweentsuku ezintlanu kodwa kungabikho mntu unokuza ngokwenene enze umsebenzi kangangenyanga? Yintoni engalunganga ngesakhiwo se-501c3 apho wonke umntu sele ephantsi kakhulu kwaye ebotshelelwe kwiiprojekthi kunye neziphumo ezithenjisiweyo zokuba eyona ntlekele inkulu esiyibonayo esi sizwe kumashumi eminyaka yenzeka kwaye akukho mntu unokunqanda oko akwenzayo ukuba ehle aze kunceda? Yintoni engalunganga ngesiseko sehlabathi ukuba kufuneka bavelise iingxelo zodliwano-ndlebe ezicwebezelayo ezingama-207 kwibhodi yabo ukuze badibanise amawaka ambalwa eedola ngendlela yethu?
Enye into ecacileyo kukuba iparadigm yangoku ayisebenzi. Ngaphandle kokuthatha uxanduva loluntu, iiprojekthi ezijolise ekuziseni ubulungisa eluntwini ziba buthathaka kwaye ngamanye amaxesha azinamveliso.
Ukubhala kwincwadi ye-South End Press, amalungu e-INCITE athi isakhiwo sombutho ongenakuphendula sayeka imibutho ukuba iphendule ngokufanelekileyo kwintlekele xa iyenzeka, kwaye intshukumo ephendula ngakumbi kuluntu lwasekuhlaleni yayiza kusebenza ngakumbi. “Ulungelelwaniso loluntu kunye nokuphendula okusekwe kuluntu zizinto esizishiyileyo xa iinkqubo ziye zawa,” bayaxoxa.
Abaququzeleli abaninzi bandixelele ukuba, ekujonganeni neziseko, kulindeleke ukuba baphendule kwiziseko endaweni yazo naziphi na iimfuno ezibambekayo emhlabeni. Umphathi womnye umbutho wathi kum: “Asikuko nje ukuba kufuneka utsibe xa besithi tsiba, kufuneka wenze ngathi ufuna ukutsiba.”
Kwakhona, le miba ayintshanga – ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amane eyadlulayo, uFannie Lou Hamer, inkokeli yamalungelo oluntu kunye nomseki weMississippi Freedom Democratic Party, wakhalaza, “Andiyiboni inkokeli endikhokelela ndawo ukuba iseNew York. kwaye ndilapha ezantsi ndibambe isihogo.”
“Yintoni ephosakeleyo ngentlangano yethu nemibutho yethu,” wandibuza umalathisi womnye umbutho wasekuhlaleni, “ukuba abakwazanga ukusebenzisana baze balungelelanise baze basinike isicwangciso soncedo esilungelelanisiweyo endaweni yokusicela ukuba senze okungakumbi ukuze sibancede. thina? Yintoni ephosakeleyo ngabaxhasi ngezimali abangakwaziyo ukulungelelanisa, ngendlela abasicela ukuba senze ngayo, ukuze behle kube kanye, kunye, kungekhona kwiihambo ezili-15 ezahlukeneyo?
Ukuya phambili
Xa bebuzwa ngezisombululo, abaninzi eNew Orleans bacela amahlakani ukuba azise intlonipho enzulu ngamava abantu abasemhlabeni. Abanye bavakalise imfuno epheleleyo yeentshukumo zokusuka kude ekuthembeleni kwiziseko nakubaxhasi abakhulu.
Abaququzeleli abaliqela babalaselisa imizekelo yamava akhuthazayo. "I-National Immigration Law Centre (NILC) yafika apha ngendlela emiselweyo, ijonge ukuqesha umntu wendawo, kunye nokuxhasa iiprojekthi ezikhoyo zasekhaya," uRosana Cruz, osebenza ne-NILC kunye neNew Orleans Worker Justice Coalition, wachaza. “I-Advancement Project yenza amatyala akhokelwa kwaye exhasa amaphulo aququzelela abantu abaphantsi. I-OXFAM ngumbutho omkhulu wamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa beza baza basebenza ngenkathalo nemibutho emincinci besithi bebenobudlelwane bangaphambili nayo. Kwaye benza izibophelelo zeminyaka emininzi. Abazange bavele bafike balahle imali – okanye okubi ngakumbi, beze bathembise ngemali emva koko banyamalale, njengoko abanye benzile.”
Okumangalisayo kukuba, uninzi lwabantu abasincede ngamaqela aseMazantsi, nabo baphantsi kwezixhobo zokusebenza,” watsho kum umphathi ophetheyo womnye umbutho. "Imibutho efana neProjekthi yaseMzantsi kunye ne-Southerners On New Ground (SONG) ibe ngamahlakani anamandla kunamaqela amaninzi esizwe."
Inqaku le-Chronicle licela iziseko ukuba zidlale indima "ekomelezeni imibutho engenzi ngeniso enceda abantu abarhola imivuzo ephantsi kunye nabantu base-Afrika-baseMelika, kunye nabanye abancinci ... inyathelo lokuqinisekisa, indlela eya kuthetha ukutshintsha indlela iziseko ezininzi ezenza ngayo ishishini. "
"Ndingacela amaqela aququzelelayo kazwelonke ukuba athumele umsebenzi phantsi kweenyanga ezi-6-12," uqalisa umlawuli olawulayo womnye umbutho, "ndinokucebisa zonke iziseko eziqhubekayo kunye nenkululeko kunye nemali kaKatrina ukwenza uhlalutyo lwenkxaso-mali kunye nokukhululwa ngokubambisana. iziphumo kunye nesicwangciso senkxaso-mali ngo-2007 nango-2008.”
Abanye badwelisa iimfuno ezithile abavakalelwa kukuba azifikelelwa. "Sidinga imali yembewu, uqeqesho lobugcisa kunye nophuhliso lobunkokeli," kuchaza uMayaba Liebenthal, umququzeleli osebenzayo kunye nezahluko zaseNew Orleans ze-Critical Resistance kunye ne-INCITE.
Izibonda zikude ngaphaya kweNew Orleans. Lo ngumzabalazo onefuthe lesizwe nehlabathi jikelele. Ukuba abantu baseNew Orleans baxhaswa kumzabalazo wabo, kuya kuba luloyiso ngokuchasene nokwenza inzuzo kunye nokuthengiswa kwabucala. Imibuzo yobuhlanga, iklasi, isini, imfundo, ukhathalelo lwempilo, ukufikelela kokutya, ubupolisa, izindlu, ukuthengiswa kwabantu babucala, impilo yengqondo kunye nokunye okuninzi kuboniswa ngokucacileyo. “Wonke umntu ulapha ngoku, okanye ufikile,” utshilo uCurtis Mohammed, ebhekisa kuthotho lwemibutho kunye nabantu abandwendwele esixekweni. "Ukuba intshukumo iyaqhubeka nokukhula, iNew Orleans iya kubonwa njengendawo yokuguqula." Kodwa, ngaphandle kwako konke ukomelela okuboniswe apha, abantu baseNew Orleans abanakuyenza bodwa.
UJordan Flaherty ngumququzeleli womanyano kunye nomhleli weLeft Turn Magazine.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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