Inyaniso yoHlelo lweNqaku loHlelo: Ugqogqo lwasemsebenzini ngabantu abaphethe imipu yokuNgenelela kunye nokuNyanzeliswa kweCustoms (ICE) olukhokelele ekubanjweni kwabantu abaninzi kwaye ngamanye amaxesha amakhulu abasebenzi baye bayeka phantsi kolawulo luka-Obama. Kodwa "ugqogqo oluthe cwaka," okanye uphicotho lweerekhodi zeenkampani ngabameli bomdibaniso, oluthathe indawo yabo lukhokelele ekugxothweni kwamawakawaka abasebenzi abangabhalwanga. Abalawuli bayayikhusela le misebenzi โethambileyo nethambileyo,โ kodwa umphumo uyafana: abasebenzi abaze kunceda iintsapho zabo baphelelwe ngumsebenzi.
Kwesi sincoko, uDavid Bacon kunye noBill Ong Hing baxoxa ukuba uhlaselo lwe-ICE-inokuba ngabo baseBush okanye abakwa-Obama-kufuneka bayeke. Isiseko sezi zohlwayo zabasebenzi-kufuneka sitshitshiswe, kwaye uhlaziyo lokwenyani olwamkela amalungelo abo bonke abasebenzi kufuneka lwenziwe.
UDavid Bacon nguMhleli oDityaniswayo kwiNkonzo yeNdaba yasePacific. UBill Ong Hing nguNjingalwazi woMthetho kwiYunivesithi yaseSan Francisco.
intshayelelo
U-Ana Contreras wayeya kuba ngumdlali okhuphisana neqela lesizwe le-tai kwon do ubuntshatsheli ngo-2009. Wayeneminyaka elishumi elinesine ubudala. Kangangeminyaka emithandathu wayesiya kuqhelisela endaweni yamatheko omhla wokuzalwa, encama ubuhlobo obuphilwa lulutsha oluninzi. Kwandula ke ngo-Oktobha 2009, kwabakho intlekele. Umama wakhe uDolores waphelelwa ngumsebenzi. Imali yeeklasi yayiphelile, kwaye kungekhona nje. UDolores Contreras uthi: โNdandimthengela iimpahla kanye kuphela ngonyaka, xa isheke yam yokubuyiselwa kwerhafu yayifika. Uyaqhubeka:
Ngoku ufuna izihlangu, kwaye kwafuneka ndimxelele ukuba asinamali. Ndamisa intambo kunye ne-intanethi ayifunayo esikolweni. Xa isivumelwano seselfowuni sam siphelile kwinyanga ezayo, ndiya kuyiyeka nam loo nto. Zange ndibenayo imali eyaneleyo yemoto, kwaye ngoku siye sahamba iinyanga ezintathu singalihlawulanga ityala lombane.
UDolores Contreras wabelana ngentlungu yakhe nezinye iintsapho ezilikhulu elinesibhozo. Bonke baphulukana nemisebenzi yabo xa umqeshi wabo, iAmerican Apparel, wabagxotha ngenxa yokungabi nalungelo lokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe. Kangangeenyanga wayephethe ileta evela kwiSebe Lokhuseleko Lwelizwe (DHS), awayeyinikwe ligqwetha lenkampani. Ithi amaxwebhu awayewanike ngethuba eqeshwa ayengekho ntle, kwaye ngaphandle kwesigunyaziso somsebenzi, ubomi bakhe bomsebenzi babuphelile.
Kakade ke, kwakungekapheli nyani. UContreras kwakusafuneka aqhubeke esebenza ukuba yena nentombi yakhe babeza kutya baze bahlawule irenti. Ngoko endaweni yomsebenzi owawungawahlawuli kangako amatyala akhe, kwanyanzeleka ukuba afune omnye owawungenakuyenza loo nto.
UContreras ngumsebenzi womatshini wokuthunga onobuchule. Weza eUnited States kwiminyaka elishumi elinesithathu ngaphambili, emva kokusebenza iminyaka emininzi kwimizi-mveliso yempahla yaseTehuacan, ePuebla, eMexico. Apho, iinkampani ezifana noLevis zenza iipere ezininzi zeejini ezenziwe ngamatye kangangokuba amarhe athi amanzi edolophu ajike aluhlaza. ELos Angeles, uContreras wayenethemba lokufumana imali yokuthumela ekhaya kunyango lukadadewabo lweveki nganye, kunye nokuhlawula iindleko zokuphila nezesikolo zabanye abantakwabo abane. Kangangeminyaka emihlanu wayesuka evenkileni eye kwenye. Njengenkoliso yabasebenzi bempahla yokunxiba, wayengafumani ntlawulo ngokusebenza ixesha elongezelelekileyo, umvuzo wakhe wawudla ngokuba mifutshane, yaye maxa wambi umqeshi wakhe wayenyamalala ngobusuku, efumana umvuzo weeveki.
Ekugqibeleni uContreras wafumana umsebenzi kwi-American Apparel, edume ngempahla yayo enomtsalane, eyenziwe eLos Angeles endaweni yaphesheya kweelwandle. Kwakusafuneka asebenze njengedemon. Iqela lakhe labathungi abanamava abalishumi likhuphe iihempe ezingamashumi amathathu anesibini ngeyure. Emva kokwahlula ireyithi yeqhekeza ngokulinganayo phakathi kwabo, wayebuya ekhaya ne-$400 kangangeveki yeentsuku ezine, emva kwerhafu. Uhlawule uKhuseleko lwezeNtlalo naye, nangona engenakuze abone nesenti kwizibonelelo kuba iminikelo yakhe yafakwa kwinani eliyiliweyo.
Ngoku uContreras usebenza kwakhona kwi-sweatshop ngesiqingatha semali awayeyifumene ngaphambili. Ngeli xesha, i-American Apparel yathatha amanyathelo okubuyisela abo bagxothiweyo. UContreras uthi uninzi lwabafazi abadala abanamaxwebhu, abangakwaziyo ukusebenza ngokukhawuleza. โMhlawumbi bathunga ishumi elinesibini ngosuku ngosuku,โ utshilo. "Abasebenzi abanamaphepha kuphela ngaba badala." Abasebenzi abancinci, abakhawulezayo abanawo amaphepha, okanye ukuba banawo, bafumana imisebenzi ehlawula ngcono besenza into elula. โUMongameli Obama unoxanduva lokusibeka kule meko,โ utyhola enomsindo. "Oku kubi ngaphezu kogqogqo lokufudukela kwamanye amazwe. Bafuna ukusigcina singasebenzi konke konke."
Contreras ilungile. Iwebhusayithi ye-White House ithi, "uMongameli Obama uya kususa inkuthazo yokungena kweli lizwe ngokungekho mthethweni ngokuthintela abaqeshi ukuba baqeshe abasebenzi abangabhalwanga kunye nokunyanzelisa umthetho." NgoJuni ka-2009, uxelele amalungu eCongress ukuba urhulumente uya "kujongela phantsi abaqeshi abasebenzisa abasebenzi abangekho mthethweni ukuze baqhube phantsi imivuzo-kwaye amaxesha amaninzi babaphatha kakubi abo basebenzi."
Umthetho u-Obama unyanzelisa uMthetho we-1986 we-Immigration Reform and Control Act, ofuna abaqeshi bagcine iirekhodi zesimo sokufudukela kwabasebenzi, kwaye ubathintele "ukuqesha ngokwazi" abo bangenawo amaxwebhu asemthethweni, okanye "ugunyaziso lomsebenzi." Enyanisweni, umthetho wakwenza kwaba lulwaphulo-mthetho ukuba abantu basemzini abangenazo iimpepha-mvume basebenze. Eli lungiselelo, izohlwayo zabaqeshi, sisiseko esisemthethweni sazo zonke iindawo zokusebenzela zokufudukela kwamanye amazwe kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwenkulungwane yekota kwaye ngoku kuphicotho-zincwadi luka-Obama lweerekhodi zengqesho. Isiphelo siyafana: abasebenzi baphulukana nemisebenzi yabo. Izohlwayo zenza ngathi zohlwaya abaqeshi, kodwa eneneni, ziyabohlwaya abasebenzi.
I. ISicwangciso soNyanzeliso saNgaphakathi sika-Obama
Ugqogqo lwaseMsebenzini lokuFudukela nokuNyanzeliswa kweSisitho (ICE) ngamagosa aphethe imipu akhokelela ekubanjweni kwabantu abaninzi kwaye ngamanye amaxesha amakhulu abasebenzi ababexhaphakile phantsi kolawulo lukaGeorge W. Bush lubonakala ngathi luphelile phantsi kolawulo luka-Obama. Ukubanjwa kwenkitha ethandabuzekayo ngokusemthethweni kuyaqhubeka ukwenzeka kwiindawo ezihlala abantu phantsi kwesizathu sokunikezela ngezigunyaziso kubaphambukeli bolwaphulo-mthetho. Nangona kunjalo, uhlaselo oluphazamisayo, oluphezulu kwindawo yokusebenza lubonakala luthobile. Xa ugqogqo lukaBush lwe-ICE lwenzeka eWashington State ngoFebruwari ka-2009 kamsinya nje emva kokuba uJanet Napolitano ethathe intambo njengoNobhala weSebe lezoKhuseleko lweLizwe (DHS), wabonakalisa ukumangala waza wayalela ukuba kuphandwe. Ezi ntlobo zogqogqo zazingekho kwisicwangciso sakhe seqhinga athe wasiqaphela; endaweni yoko unyanzeliso kulawulo lwakhe luya kujolisa kubaqeshi abaqesha abasebenzi abangamaxwebhu, hayi kubasebenzi ngokwabo.
Ungenzi mpazamo, nangona ukugxothwa okunxulumene nokusebenza kwendawo yokusebenza kusenokuba kwehlile phantsi kwendlela ka-Obama ngokwahlukileyo naleyo yayiphantsi kukaGeorge W. Bush, amanani okwenyani okugxothwa awehli. Ngokutsho kweWashington Post, ulawulo luka-Obama lugxotha amanani erekhodi abaphambukeli abangabhalwanga, kunye ne-ICE ilindele ukususa abantu abamalunga nama-400,000 ngo-2010. Iyonke iphantse ibe lishumi ekhulwini ngaphezu kolawulo lukaBush luka-2008 kunye namashumi amabini anesihlanu epesenti ngaphezu kokuba bagxothelwe kwilizwe labo. Ngo-2007. Ngokwe-ICE, ukwanda kube sisiphumo sokugxothwa kwabo bantu bachotshelwe olunye ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokwandisa ugqogqo kwiintolongo kunye neentolongo zabaphambukeli abagxothwayo abasele beseluvalelweni. "Ngokungafaniyo nohlaselo lwangaphambili lwendawo yokusebenza olukhokelela ekubanjweni nasekugxothweni, 'ukuhlaselwa okuthe cwaka,' okanye ukuphicothwa kweerekhodi zeenkampani ngabathunywa be-federal, ngokuqhelekileyo kubangela ukudutyulwa." "Ngabasebenzi abangama-765 abangabhalwanga phantsi abaye babanjelwa emisebenzini yabo ngo-2010 ekuqaleni kwehlobo, xa kuthelekiswa nama-5,100 ngo-2008, ngokutsho kwamanani eSebe lezoKhuseleko lweLizwe."
Nangona kunjalo, njengoko sibona kwingxaki yosapho lwe-Contreras, ulawulo luka-Obama lujolise kubaqashi-kunabasebenzi-iqhinga liwela ngokuthe ngqo emagxeni abasebenzi. Ugqogqo lokufudukela kwamanye amazwe kwiifektri neefama luthatyathelwโ indawo yinkqubo yonyanzeliso ezolileyo: ukuthumela ii-arhente zomdibaniso ukuba zihlole iingxelo zeenkampani kubasebenzi abasuka kwamanye amazwe abangenamaphepha. "Nangona ukutshayela kwexesha elidlulileyo kukhokelela ekugxothweni kwabasebenzi abanjalo, 'ugqogqo oluthe cwaka,' njengoko abaqeshi belubiza ngokuba luphicotho-zincwadi, ludla ngokukhokelela ekugxothweni kwabasebenzi, nangona kwiimeko ezininzi bengagxothwa." Ingcamango yeyokuba ukuba abasebenzi abanakusebenza, baya kuzigxotha, bazishiye bodwa. Nangona kunjalo, abahambi kuba kufuneka basebenze. Baye baphelelwe lithemba kwaye bathathe imisebenzi ngemivuzo ephantsi. Ngenxa yokwanda komlinganiselo wonyanzeliso, oku kunokukhokelela ekuthotyweni komgangatho womvuzo ophakathi kwizigidi zabasebenzi, nto leyo eneneni, yinkxaso yabaqeshi. Kwisithuba seenyanga ezilishumi elinesibini, i-ICE yenze uphicotho lweefayile zabasebenzi kwiinkampani ezingaphezu kwama-2900. "I-arhente ihlawulise ingxelo ye-3 yezigidi zeedola kwizohlwayo zoluntu [kwiinyanga ezintandathu zokuqala zika-2010] kumashishini aqeshe abaphambukeli abangagunyaziswanga, ngokwamanani asemthethweni." Amawaka abasebenzi agxothwa.
Abaqeshi bathi uphicotho lufikelela kwiinkampani ezininzi kunojikelezo lwendawo yokusebenza yolawulo lukaBush. Uphicotho-zincwadi lunyanzela amashishini ukuba agxothe wonke umsebenzi okrokrelekayo ongabhalwanga kuluhlu lwemivuzo-hayi nje abo bebesemsebenzini ngexesha logqogqo-kwaye kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuqesha abanye abasebenzi abangagunyaziswanga njengokutshintsha. Uphicotho-zincwadi luyasebenza ekugxothweni kwabasebenzi abangagunyaziswanga ngokuqinisekileyo.
Qwalasela eminye imizekelo. Uphicotho-zincwadi lweeFama zeGebbers kwidolophu enegadi yeziqhamo yaseBrewster, eWashington luvelise iziphumo ezifanayo nezo zenzeka kwi-American Apparel. Abahloli bokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe bahlola iirekhodi zeeFama zeGebbers kwaye bafumana ubungqina bokuba malunga ne-550 yabasebenzi bayo, uninzi lwabaphambukeli abavela eMexico, babengenawo amaxwebhu afanelekileyo. Ngoko, abo basebenzi bagxothwa. Amagosa e-ICE acinezele enye yeenkampani ezinkulu zenkonzo yokwakha yaseSan Francisco, i-ABM, ukuba igxothe amakhulu abasebenzi bayo kwintwasahlobo edlulileyo. Ii-arhente ze-ICE zixelele i-ABM ukuba ziye zaphawula iirekhodi zabasebenzi babo basebenzi. Kwiiveki ezingaphambili, ii-arhente zahlunga iirekhodi zoKhuseleko lweNtlalo, kwaye iifom zokufudukela kwi-I-9 bonke abasebenzi kufuneka bazalise xa befaka izicelo zemisebenzi. Emva koko baxelele u-ABM ukuba inkampani kufuneka igxothe abasebenzi abangama-475 abatyholwa ngokungabinamalungelo asemthethweni okufudukela kwelinye ilizwe. Izenzo ezifanayo ze-ICE zibangele ukudutyulwa kwe-1200 ABM janitors eMinneapolis, kunye ne-100 janitors e-Seattle ekwindla ka-2009.
Ukugxininisa umxholo kaMongameli Obama wokugxila kubaqeshi abasebenzisa abasebenzi abangabhalwanga ukuba "baqhube phantsi imivuzo" kunye "nokuphatha kakubi" abasebenzi, i-ICE inkosi uJohn Morton ithi i-arhente ijonge ngokukodwa" 'abaqeshi ababi' abenza ukuxhaphazwa kwabasebenzi kunye nokuphulwa kokufudukela kwamanye amazwe. Kodwa i-American Apparel, i-ABM, kunye neeFama zeGebbers azibonakali zihambelana nale profayile.
Ngelixa i-American Apparel iyinkampani enkulu eyenza amakhulu ezigidi zeedola ngonyaka, abasebenzi abagxothiweyo "babengabasebenzi bexesha elide behlawulwa umvuzo ofanelekileyo." "Inkampani inebhongo ngeelebhile zabo 'zeMade in America'" kwaye yayinodumo lokuhlawula ngaphezu kweevenkile ezininzi zempahla. Phambi kophicotho-zincwadi, i-CEO yayo, u-Dov Charney, ungene ezitalatweni kwaye wema igxalaba kunye nabasebenzi beqhankqalaza befuna ukuba kubhaliswe ngokusemthethweni abasebenzi โababanjwe ngamaxhoba yinkqubo yethu yokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe eyaphukileyo.โ
Ngokufanayo, iiFama zeGebbers zazinegama eliqhelekileyo "lokwenza okulungileyo ngabasebenzi babo." "Yakha izindlu kunye namabala ebhola ekhatywayo kubasebenzi bayo kwaye, ngokungafaniyo nabanye abalimi abaninzi, ibonelela ngomsebenzi ozinzileyo wonyaka wonke." "Emva kokudubula, iiFama zaseGebbers zabhengeza amakhulu emisebenzi kubasebenzi begadi yeziqhamo. Kodwa babembalwa abathathayo kurhulumente." Ekugqibeleni, umqeshi wafaka isicelo kwinkqubo yabasebenzi abandwendweli belizwe ukuba bangenise malunga ne-1200 labasebenzi bethutyana abasemthethweni โ uninzi lwabo luvela eMexico. "Abasebenzi beendwendwe, abanokuhlala ukuya kuthi ga kwiinyanga ezintandathu, baquka malunga nama-300 asuka eJamaica." Oku yayikukuphunyezwa kwesicwangciso saseChertoff, "vula umnyango wangaphambili kwaye uvale umnyango ongasemva." Ingqiqo engachazwanga yophicotho-zincwadi ityhilwe-inyanzela abaqeshi ukuba basebenzise iinkqubo zabasebenzi beendwendwe.
Ngokumalunga ne-ABM, inkonzo yokwakha ibiyinkampani yomanyano amashumi eminyaka, kwaye uninzi lwabasebenzi bebekho iminyaka. Ngokutsho kuka-Olga Miranda, uMongameli weNkonzo yaBasebenzi beNgingqi 87: "Baye basebenza kwizakhiwo edolophini iminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu, engamashumi amabini, abanye neminyaka engamashumi amabini anesixhenxe. Bakhe amakhaya. Baye balungiselela iintsapho zabo. Baye bathumela abantwana babo ekholejini.
Isicwangciso sophicotho-zincwadi kunye nomlilo saqalwa kwangethuba kulawulo luka-Obama. Umzekelo, ngoMeyi 2009, abasebenzi abangama-254 kwiiFama zaseOverhill eLos Angeles bagxothwa phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo. Inkampani, enabasebenzi abangaphezu kwama-800, yaphicothwa yiNkonzo yeNgeniso yangaphakathi ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka. Ngokutsho kukaJohn Grant, uMlawuli weCandelo lePackinghouse kwi-Local 770 ye-United Food and Commercial Workers, emele abasebenzi bemveliso kwisityalo sokutya, "bafumene ukungafani kwiinombolo zoKhuseleko lweNtlalo yabasebenzi abaninzi. Ukugqithiswa emva koko bathumela ileta. . . kubantu abangama-254-bonke bengamalungu ombutho wethu-banikeze iintsuku ezingamashumi amathathu ukuba baxolelanise amanani abo."
Nge-2 kaMeyi, inkampani yamisa imigca yemveliso kwaye yathumela wonke umntu ekhaya, isithi, akuyi kubakho msebenzi de "basibize ukuba sibuye." Kubantu abangama-254 abafowunayo abazange bafike. Ngokutsho kwesithethi se-Overhill Farms, "inkampani yayifunwa ngumthetho we-federal ukuba inqumle aba basebenzi ngenxa yokuba babeneenombolo ezingasebenziyo zoKhuseleko lweNtlalo. Ukwenza ngenye indlela bekuya kubabhentsisa bobabini abasebenzi kunye nenkampani kutshutshiso lolwaphulo-mthetho kunye noluntu."
II. Imvelaphi ngeZohlwayo zabaqeshi
Indlela ethambileyo, ethambileyo yonyanzeliso lwezohlwayo zabaqeshi ephunyezwe lulawulo luka-Obama inokubonakala inobuntu ngaphezulu kumphezulu. Ngapha koko, uphicotho-zincwadi kunye nokudubula kwenziwa ngaphandle kwemipu, i-handcuffs, okanye ukuvalelwa. Nangona kunjalo, umphumo-ukulahlekelwa ngumsebenzi-akuyomfuneko ukuba kuthambe okanye kuthambe ngakumbi kumawaka abasebenzi abagxothiweyo abebesebenza ukuze baxhase iintsapho zabo.
Izohlwayo zabaqeshi zezexesha lamva nje kwimithetho yesizwe yokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe. Kwimeko yonxunguphalo ngenxa yenani labasebenzi abangamaxwebhu asemthethweni (ubukhulu becala abangabaseMexico) eUnited States ngeminyaka yee-1970 nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1980, kuqikelelwa ukuba bafikelela kwizigidi ezisithoba abantu abangenamaxwebhu abahlala kweli lizwe ukuze babonise ukuba iinzame zokuqinisekisa ukuba abantu bafudukela kwamanye amazwe azizange zisebenze. Abaqulunqi bemigaqo-nkqubo bacebise ukujongana nale meko ukusuka kwinqanaba elitsha-ngokohlwaya abaqeshi ababeqeshe abasebenzi abangabhalwanga phantsi, oko kwabizwa ngokuba "zizohlwayo zabaqeshi." โNgo-1986, izohlwayo zabaqeshi zaba yinxalenye yemithetho yesizwe yokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe. umda." "Inkolelo yokuba into ethile kufuneka yenziwe malunga namanani amaninzi abasebenzi abangabhalwanga abangene eUnited States bevela eMexico kwiminyaka yee-1970 yomelezwa ngumkhukula wabaseMbindi baseMelika abaqala ukufika ekuqaleni kwee-1980." Ngelixa isiphithiphithi sezopolitiko semfazwe yamakhaya e-El Salvador, eGuatemala, naseNicaragua yagxotha abantu abaninzi baseMbindi baseMelika kwilizwe labo, bona, kunye nabaseMexico abaqhubeka nokufika, babebizwa ngokuba "ngabafuduki bezoqoqosho" ngabalawuli beReagan, iMmigration kunye ne Naturalization. Inkonzo, kunye neenkundla.
Ingcamango yezohlwayo zabaqeshi yayingeyonto intsha.
Ngowe-1952โxa imithetho yokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe yahlengahlengiswayo ukuze kuthintelwe abavukeli namaKomanisiโkwaxoxwa ngelungiselelo elikwalela ukungeniswa kwelizwe ngabom, ukuthuthwa, okanye ukugcinwa kwabaphambukeli abangenamaphepha; esinye isilungiso esicetywayo sibeka izohlwayo zolwaphulo-mthetho ekuqeshweni kwabaphambukeli abangabhalwanga ukuba umqeshi "wayenezizathu ezivakalayo zokukholelwa ukuba umsebenzi wayengekho ngokusemthethweni eUnited States."
Isilungiso ayisoyiswanga nje ngokuvakalayo, kodwa olu lwimi lulandelayo longezwa kumthetho wokugqibela: "ngokweenjongo zeli candelo, ingqesho (kubandakanywa nesiqhelo nesehlo sesiqhelo sengqesho) ayisayi kuthathwa njengokubandakanya i-harboring." Okwangoku, besingekasokuze sibohlwaye abaqeshi base-US abanokuthi baxhamle kumsebenzi wabasebenzi abafumana imivuzo ephantsi, nabangabhalwanga phantsi. "Ukuqala ngo-1971, izindululo zomthetho ezinezohlwayo zabaqeshi njengento ephambili zaphinda zavela kwaye zachazwa njengesixhobo esifunekayo ukusombulula ingxaki yangaphandle engabhalwanga." Ukucombulula โingxakiโ yabantu abangabhalwanga ngokusisiseko kwakuthetha ukubanyanzelela ukuba balishiye ilizwe ngokubavimba amandla okusebenza, baze ke ngoko batye, bahlawule irenti, okanye bazixhase bona neentsapho zabo. Ekupheleni kolawulo lweCarter kwi-1980, iKhomishoni eKhethekileyo ye-Immigration kunye ne-Refugee Policy ibonise ukuvunyelwa ngokusemthethweni kwabantu abasele belapha njengebhalansi efunekayo kwizohlwayo, mhlawumbi, ziya kudimaza abantu abaninzi abangabhalwanga ukuba beze kwixesha elizayo.
Kwisithuba seminyaka engamashumi amathathu yokwaliwa kohlwayo lwabaqeshi ngo-1952, iCongress yayikholelwa ukuba uninzi lwabantu baseMelika babeqinisekile ukuba kukho ingxaki yokufudukela kwabantu baseMexico abangabhalwanga phantsi-ngokukodwa kwaye kukho into ekufuneka yenziwe. Ngo-1986 izohlwayo zabaqeshi zamiselwa njengeyona nto iphambili yohlaziyo. Ngevoti engenanto yamalungu amane kuphela eNdlu yabaMeli, izibonelelo zomthetho (okanye uxolelo) zenziwe yinxalenye yepakethe ukujongana nomba womphambukeli ongabhalwanga.
Nangona ephepheni kwakubonakala ngathi isivumelwano esibandakanya izohlwayo zokuxolelwa kwabaqeshi saye saphunyezwa, akuzange kubekho urhwebo lwezopolitiko; I-IRCA ngeyaye phambili ukuba ukusemthethweni bekuyekwe yiNdlu, kwaye ukuphunyezwa kwayo okusebenzayo kwizandla zeNkonzo yokuFudukela kunye neNtuthuko engafanelekanga ibithandabuza kakhulu.
Ukusebenza kwezohlwayo zabaqeshi ekunciphiseni ukufuduka kwabantu abangenazo iimpepha kuxoxwa ngokushushu. Abo baxhasa ukugcinwa komthetho okwandisiweyo baphawula ukuba bambalwa abaqeshi abaye bahlawuliswa okanye bohlwaywa ukususela ngowe-1986. Noko ke, loo mbono iyasilela ukuphawula ukuba amakhulu amawaka abasebenzi aye agxothwa. Enyanisweni, ukohlwaya abaqeshi, okanye ukugrogrisa ngokwenza oko, kwakusoloko kuyindlela nje yokwenza umsebenzi ube lulwaphulo-mthetho kubasebenzi ngokwabo, baze ngaloo ndlela babanyanzele ukuba balishiye ilizwe, okanye bangezi kwasekuqaleni.
Ukongeza kwizinto ezininzi zentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho ezenza imbali ibangele ukufuduka okungabhalwanga e-United States ukusuka eMexico, ngoku siyazi ukuba i-NAFTA kunye nemiphumo ye-globalization idala uxinzelelo olukhulu lokufuduka kubantu baseMexico. Izinto ezityhalayo zomelele. Njengoko i-consul yaseMexico evela eDouglas, e-Arizona yakha yaphawula, umda "unokwembiwa" kwaye abafuduki basazama ukuwela. Njengoko uRenee Saucedo ebonisa: "Ngoko nje sinezivumelwano zokurhweba ezifana ne-NAFTA ezidala intlupheko kumazwe afana neMexico, abantu baya kuqhubeka beza apha, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zininzi iindonga esizakhayo." Khawucinge ngoIsmael Rojas, owashiya intsapho yakhe eMexico izihlandlo ezininzi kwisithuba seminyaka engamashumi amabini anesihlanu esiya kusebenza eUnited States njengomsebenzi ongabhalwanga. Ngamazwi akhe, "ungalahla abantwana bakho wenze imali yokubagcina, okanye ungahlala nabantwana bakho ubabukele bephila kabuhlungu. Intlupheko isenza sizishiye iintsapho zethu." Ukusebenzisa izohlwayo zabaqeshi ukujongana nemeko yokufuduka kwaseMexico kulo mxholo wentlupheko kunye nehlabathi jikelele kubangela usizi kubasebenzi, kodwa akunciphisi ukufuduka. Ukubamba nokugxothwa kwabasebenzi ngenxa yokusebenza ngaphandle kwesigunyaziso njengendlela yokubatyhafisa ukuba beze apha ukuze bafumane ubomi obungcono akunakusebenza kakuhle xa kujongwa amandla anjalo ezoqoqosho nezentlalo. Kwakhona kufuneka sizibuze ukuba ngaba sinokuthethelela ngokwenene ukohlwaya abasebenzi abakhoyo apha ngenxa yeziphumo zemigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho yase-US.
Enye ingxaki ngezohlwayo zabaqeshi lucalucalulo oluphumelayo. Kudala phambi kovavanyo lwamva nje lweziphumo zocalucalulo zenkqubo ye-E-Verify, ucalucalulo lwaluxhaphakile. Kwingxelo yayo yokugqibela kwiCongress ngezohlwayo zabaqeshi ngowe-1990, iOfisi yoCwangciso-mali kaRhulumente yaqikelela ukuba kubaqeshi abazizigidi ezi-4.6 eUnited States, abangama-346,000 bavuma ukuba basebenzise iimfuno zoqinisekiso lwe-IRCA kuphela kubafaki-zicelo bemisebenzi ababenentetho โyasemziniโ okanye inkangeleko. Abanye abaqeshi be-430,000 baqeshe abafaki-zicelo abazalelwe eUnited States okanye abazange baqeshe abafaki zicelo ngamaxwebhu omsebenzi wexeshana ukuze balumke.
Ukuqeshwa ngokuthe ngqo kunye nokungathanga ngqo kwabasebenzi baseMexico kuye kwaqhubeka nangona kuphunyezwa umthetho wezohlwayo zabaqeshi ngo-1986. Ngo-2001, abaphandi baqhubeka bechonga amaqela alungelelanisiweyo weekontraka zabasebenzi basefama abahamba kwiidolophu needolophu zaseMexico, apho banikezela ngemali mboleko kunye neziqinisekiso zomsebenzi qinisekisa abasebenzi basezifama ukuba bawele umda baye eMelika. Inkqubo ibandakanya uthungelwano olulungelelaniswe kakuhle lweekontraka kunye neearhente zeekontraka ezimele iinkampani ezinkulu zezolimo zase-US. Abazingeli beentloko bahlala bengabantu baseMexico abaqesha kwiidolophu zabo nakwiindawo zokulima apho ukufumana intembeko yezandla zasefama akukho nzima. Enye yeendlela ezithandwa ziikontraka zokutsala abasebenzi kukubanika imali-mboleko yokunceda ukuhlawula amatyala, kunye nesibhambathiso sokufumana umsebenzi kumntu osemantla womda. Iinkampani ezininzi zase-US zixhomekeke kolu nxibelelwano lwabaqeshwa.
Nokuba ukuphononongwa okukhawulezileyo kohlaselo lwe-ICE kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo lubonisa umahluko ocacileyo ekujoliseni kwabasebenzi abangabhalwanga phantsi kubaqeshi ababaqeshileyo. Nabani na ovelana nesikhundla somsebenzi ongabhalwanga kodwa evakalelwa kukuba โumthetho ngumthethoโ umele ababambele kwaloo mgangatho umnye abaqeshi. Oko kuthetha ukufuna ukuba kuthotyelwe imithetho yezabasebenzi kubaqeshi abanganyanisekanga abaxhaphaza abasebenzi abafumana imivuzo ephantsi-namaxwebhu okanye abangabhalwanga. Amaxesha amaninzi, abasebenzi abangabhalwanga phantsi abahlawulwe ngaphantsi komvuzo omiselweyo kwiimeko zokusebenza ezityeshela imigangatho yezempilo nokhuseleko bayakhutshelwa kude, yaye umqeshi akafumani sohlwayo. Kunokuba sigxothe abasebenzi, sifanele sisuse imiqobo ephazamisana nemigudu yabo yokubeka uxinzelelo kubaqeshi ukuba baphucule imivuzo neemeko zokusebenza. Kule nkqubo, imisebenzi inokuthi, eneneni, ibe nomtsalane ngakumbi kubasebenzi bomthonyama-into ethi, ngokumangalisayo, imikhosi echasene nabaphambukeli iyifunayo.
Ngo-2009, uKen Georgetti, umongameli weNkongolo yezaBasebenzi yaseCanada, kunye noJohn Sweeney, umongameli we-AFL-CIO, babhalela uMongameli Obama kunye neNkulumbuso yaseKhanada uHarper, bebakhumbuza ukuba, "ukungaphumeleli kwemigaqo-nkqubo ye-neoliberal yokudala imisebenzi enesidima Uqoqosho lwaseMexico phantsi kwe-NAFTA luye lwathetha ukuba abasebenzi abaninzi abafudusiweyo kunye nabasanda kungena baye banyanzelwa ukuba bakhangele ngokukrakra ukuze bafumane umsebenzi kwenye indawo. ... sixhasa uhlengahlengiso olubandakanyayo, olusebenzayo nolukhawulezayo lwenkqubo yobume, esikholelwa ukuba iya kuba nefuthe lokunyusa umgangatho wabasebenzi kubo bonke abasebenzi."
Ngelixa izohlwayo zabaqeshi zinempembelelo encinci ekufudukeni, zenze abasebenzi basesichengeni ngakumbi kuxinzelelo lomqeshi. Ngenxa yokuba ukusebenza kungekho semthethweni kubo, abasebenzi abangamaxwebhu boyika ukuqhankqalaza ngemivuzo ephantsi kunye neemeko ezimbi. Izohlwayo zabaqeshi ziyabathintela ekufumaneni izibonelelo zokungaphangeli nezokukhubazeka, nangona bezihlawula. Ukuba bayagxothwa ngenxa yokukhalaza okanye ukulungelelanisa kuba nzima ukufumana omnye umsebenzi. Phezu kwayo nje le miqobo, abasebenzi abasuka kwamanye amazwe, kuquka nabo bangabhalwanga phantsi, baye balwela amalungelo abo okusebenza, imibutho yabasebenzi, yaye baphumelela iimeko ezibhetele. Kodwa izohlwayo zabaqeshi zenze ukuba oku kube nzima kwaye kube yingozi ngakumbi.
Ukusebenzisa iinombolo zoKhuseleko lwezeNtlalo ukuqinisekisa ubume bomfuduko kuye kwakhokelela ekugxothweni nasekufakweni kuluhlu olumnyama lwabasebenzi abaninzi bemibutho. Nabemi kunye nabahlali abasisigxina bayayiva le mpembelelo, kuba kwiindawo zethu zokusebenza ezahlukeneyo zase-US abaphambukeli kunye nabasebenzi bokuzalwa basebenza kunye. Ukwenza kube lulwaphulo-mthetho ukuba iqela elinye linyanzelise umthetho okanye lisebenzise amalungelo alo kudale imiqobo kumntu wonke. Ngoku imibutho yabasebenzi inobunzima obukhulu ekukhuseleni amalungelo amalungu ayo okanye ekulungiseleleni amatsha. Ukuxhatshazwa kwabasebenzi abangabhalwanga kuya kuphela ukuba abasebenzi bakhululekile ukufaka izikhalazo kunye nokulungelelanisa.
Ukuphelisa abasebenzi abangabhalwanga ngaphandle kokubonelela ngendlela yokuba abasebenzi babo basetyenziswe eUnited States, kuya kuba neziphumo ezibi kwezoqoqosho. Idatha ityhila iindidi ezininzi zemisebenzi yase-US exhomekeke kubasebenzi abangabhalwanga. Iziphumo zikaGordon Hanson zeBhunga lezoBudlelwane baNgaphandle zixhasa ezi ngxoxo. Uphawula ukuba phakathi kuka-1960 no-2000 inani labahlali base-US abaneminyaka engaphantsi kweshumi elinesibini lokufunda lehle ukusuka kumashumi amahlanu eepesenti ukuya kwishumi elinesibini leepesenti.
I-Arizona imele ukubona iziphumo ezibi zokukhutshelwa ngaphandle okukhulu kwabasebenzi abangabhalwanga. Phambi kokuba kuwiswe ngurhulumente umthetho wakhe othi "Legal Workers Arizona Act" ngo-2007, urhulumente wafumana ukukhula okuxabisa amashumi eminyaka, okonyuswa luqikelelo lweshumi elinesibini ekhulwini labasebenzi abangabhalwanga phantsi. Umthetho omtsha ubangele iintloko ezininzi kunye nokulahlekelwa kwemveliso kubaqeshi base-Arizona abafuna abasebenzi. Kwakhona, asifanele silibale ukuba abaphambukeli bangabathengi ngokunjalo. Ukusetyenziswa kwazo kudala imfuno yempahla kunye neenkonzo ezithile, nto leyo edala imisebenzi.
III. UJoliso lweManyano-Ngengozi okanye ngabom
Umongameli u-Obama uthi ukunyanzeliswa kwezigwebo zomqeshi kujoliswe kubaqeshi "abasebenzisa abasebenzi abangekho mthethweni ukuze baqhube phantsi umvuzo-kwaye amaxesha amaninzi babaphatha kakubi abo basebenzi." Amabango eNgcebiso yokuNyanzeliswa kweNdawo yoMsebenzi ye-ICE "I-ICE . . . iphanda abaqeshi abasebenzisa izigalo, izisongelo okanye ukunyanzeliswa ... ukuze kugcinwe abasebenzi bangaphandle abangagunyaziswanga ukuba baxele umvuzo ophantsi okanye iimeko zokusebenza." Ubani umele azibuze enoba ukugxotha okanye ukugxothwa kwabasebenzi ababanyamezelayo ngenene kuyanceda kusini na ukunyanga iimeko ezinjalo. Kwakhona, qwalasela abasebenzi i-ICE ejolise kuyo phantsi kwendlela ka-Obama. Abasebenzi baseSmithfield babezama ukuququzelela umanyano lokuphucula iimeko. IiFama zaseOverhill zinemanyano. I-American Apparel ihlawula ngcono kuneefektri ezininzi zempahla. Abasebenzi be-ABM e-San Francisco, kunye nabanye abali-1200 abagxothiweyo eMinneapolis, babengamalungu emanyano ababefumana umvuzo ophezulu kunabasebenzi abangengomalungu emanyano-kwaye kwafuneka baqhankqalaze ukuze baphumelele.
I-ABM yenye yeenkampani ezinkulu zenkonzo yokwakha kweli lizwe, kwaye kubonakala ngathi iinkampani ezigcina umanyano zijongiwe zenkqubo yonyanzeliso yokungena yolawulo luka-Obama. Igosa lemanyano ephoxekileyo lichaza ukuba,
Ukhuseleko lwelizwe lulandela abaqeshi abaziimanyano. . . . Balandela abaqeshi abanikezela ngezibonelelo kwaye bahlawula ngaphezulu komndilili. . . . Loluphi uhlobo lokuchacha kwezoqoqosho oluhamba nokugxothwa kwamawaka abasebenzi? Kutheni bengajongi abaqeshi abangayihlawuliyo irhafu, abangayithobeliyo imithetho yokhuseleko okanye yabasebenzi?
I-1200 yagxothwa ii-janitors eMinneapolis yayizeze-SEIU Local 26, ii-janitors ezingama-475 e-San Francisco zazisuka kwi-Local 87, kunye ne-100 ye-janitors esebenzela i-Seattle Building Maintenance yagxothwa ngo-Novemba ka-2009 yayiyeyeNdawo yesi-6.
Kwaye ngaphandle kwengxoxo ka-Obama yokuba unyanzeliso lwezohlwayo luya kubohlwaya abo baqeshi baxhaphaza abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, abaqeshi bavuzwa ngokusebenzisana ne-ICE ngokuthi bagonywe ekutshutshisweni. UJavier Murillo, umongameli we-SEIU Local 26, uthi, "[t] isithembiso esenziwe ngexesha lophicotho-zincwadi kukuba ukuba inkampani isebenzisana kwaye ithobela, abayi kuhlawuliswa. Ngoko olu hlobo lokunyanzeliswa lulimaza abasebenzi kuphela."
Abasebenzi abagxothiweyo kwiiFama zaseOverhill batyhola inkampani ngokuqesha abantu abatsha, abachazwa โnjengexesha elithile,โ abangafumani nzuzo kwikhontrakthi yomanyano. Ngokugxotha abasebenzi abaqhelekileyo ababehlawulwa izibonelelo, inkampani yakwazi ukonga โimali eninzi.โ
Imbali yonyanzeliso lokufudukela kwamanye amazwe emsebenzini izaliswe yimizekelo yabaqeshi abasebenzisa uphicotho-zincwadi kunye nokungangqinelani njengezizathu zokukhupha umkhosi wombutho okanye ukutyhafisa umbutho wabasebenzi. Ukuqhuba komanyano lweminyaka elishumi elinesithandathu kwisityalo sehagu saseSmithfield eNorth Carolina, umzekelo, wabona ugqogqo, kunye nokudutyulwa kwabasebenzi abangamashumi amahlanu ngenxa yeenombolo ezimbi zoKhuseleko lweNtlalo. Iphulo le-ICE lophicotho-zincwadi kunye nokudubula, apho i-SEIU Local 26's Murillo ibiza ngokuthi "umgaqo-nkqubo wokunyanzeliswa kuka-Obama," ujolise kwiseti efanayo yabaqeshi abahlaseli baseBush bahamba emva kweenkampani ze-union okanye abo bane-organising drives. Ukuba kukho nantoni na, i-ICE ibonakala ijonge ukohlwaya abasebenzi abangabhalwanga abafumana imali eninzi, okanye babonakale kakhulu ngokufuna imivuzo ephezulu kunye nokuququzelela imibutho yabasebenzi.
Eli phulo likhulayo lokudutyulwa livusa iingxoxo ezibukhali kwimibutho yabasebenzi, ingakumbi leyo inamalungu amaninzi asuka kwamanye amazwe. Uninzi lwabasebenzi abalungisa ukutya kwiiFama zase-Overhill kunye nabagcini bezindlu ze-ABM bebengamalungu ahlawula intlawulo iminyaka. Balindele ukuba imanyano ibakhusele xa inkampani ibagxotha ngenxa yokungabi nasikhundla. โUmbutho kufuneka uzame ukunqanda abantu ukuba baphulukane nemisebenzi,โ uqhankqalaza u-Erlinda Silerio, umsebenzi weeFama zaseOverhill.
"Kumele izame ukuba inkampani isiqeshe, kwaye ihlawule imbuyekezo ngeli xesha siphumileyo." Kwi-American Apparel, nangona kwakungekho manyano, abanye abasebenzi baye bazama ukwenza enye kwiminyaka edlulileyo. UJose Covarrubias wafumana umsebenzi wokucoca xa umbutho wempahla wawubancedisa ukulungelelanisa. "Ndandikhe ndasebenza ne-International Ladies' Garment Workers kunye neGarment Workers Centre ngaphambili," ukhumbula oko, "kwii-sweatshops apho sasimangalela abaninimzi xa benyamalala bengasihlawulanga. Ndathi ndakufika kwi-American Apparel ndajoyina ngoko nangoko. sixoxe nabasebenzi abangengabo imanyano, sizama ukubaqinisekisa ukuba imanyano iya kusikhusela. "
Indlela ka-Obama iphelela ekukhuthazeni inkqubo yomsebenzi weendwendwe ngokufana nombono walowo wayengaphambi kwakhe. Njengoko sele sibonile, kwiiFama zaseGebbers, ngenene kwakungekho bathabathi phakathi kwabasebenzi bomthonyama, kwaye kwangeniswa abasebenzi abaziindwendwe. Amagqabantshintshi kaMongameli Bush kaNobhala weDHS uMichael Chertoff ngowama-2008 aye adiza: "[T] nantsi [i]cacileyo[ ] . . . isicombululo kwingxaki yomsebenzi ongekho mthethweni, ekukuvula ucango lwangaphambili uze uvale ucango olungasemva . . . . "Ukuvula umnyango wangaphambili" kuvumela abaqeshi ukuba bafune abasebenzi ukuba beze eUnited States, babanike ii-visa ezibophelela amandla abo okuhlala emsebenzini wabo. Kwaye ukunyanzela abasebenzi ukuba bangene kule nkqubo, "ukuvala umnyango ongasemva" kwenza abafuduki abasebenza ngaphandle "kwegunya lomsebenzi." NjengeRhuluneli yase-Arizona, uNobhala we-DHS uJanet Napolitano walixhasa eli lungiselelo, etyikitya umthetho oyilwayo wezohlwayo zomqeshi welizwe, ngelixa exhasa iinkqubo zabasebenzi beendwendwe.
Kwisiphakamiso sayo sokugqibela "sokuvala ucango lwangasemva," ulawulo lukaBush lubhengeze ummiselo ofuna abaqeshi bagxothe nawuphi na umsebenzi onenombolo yoKhuseleko lweNtlalo engahambelani nesiseko sedatha yoLawulo loKhuseleko lweNtlalo. Iileta zoKhuseleko lweNtlalo ezingahambelaniyo okwangoku azifuni ukuba abaqeshi bagxothe abasebenzi abanamanani angahambelaniyo, nangona abaqeshi baye bazisebenzisa ukuphelisa amawaka abantu. UMongameli Bush wayeya kwenza ukupheliswa okunjalo kunyanzelekile.
Imibutho, iACLU, kunye neNational Immigration Law Centre yafumana umyalelo wokumisa ukuphunyezwa kwalo mgaqo ngehlobo lika-2007, bexoxa ukuba kuya kubalimaza abemi kunye nabahlali abasemthethweni abanokuba ngamaxhoba eempazamo zobufundisi. NgoJulayi 2009, ulawulo luka-Obama lwagqiba ekubeni lungakhuphisani lo myalelo. Kodwa ngelixa ulahla umgaqo kaBush, i-DHS yabhengeza ukuba iya kwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-E-Verify database ye-elektroniki, iphikisa ukuba isebenze ngakumbi ekujoliseni abangabhalwanga.
UKhuseleko lweNtlalo, nangona kunjalo, luyaqhubeka nokuthumela iileta ezingahambelaniyo kubaqeshi, kwaye i-database ye-E-Qinisekisa ihlanganiswe, ngokuyinxenye, ngokuhluza iinombolo zoKhuseleko lweNtlalo, ukukhangela ukungafani. Unobhala we-DHS uJanet Napolitano ucele abaqeshi ukuba bahlole ukuqeshwa okutsha usebenzisa i-E-Verify, kwaye wathi abo benza njalo baya kuba nelungelo lokubeka uphawu olukhethekileyo kwiimveliso zabo ezithi "I-E-Verify." Kwaye nangona imimiselo yokugqibela ingazange isebenze, i-DHS ithi ukusilela komqeshi ukulandela ngokufanelekileyo ileta yokungabikho komdlalo kunokuba bubungqina okanye igalelo kulwazi lomqeshi malunga nobume bomqeshwa obungagunyaziswanga.
Abantu abazizigidi ezilishumi elinesibini abangabhalwanga eUnited States, basasazeke kwimizi-mveliso, emasimini, nakwiindawo zokwakha kulo lonke ilizwe, baquka abasebenzi abaninzi. Abaninzi bayawazi amalungelo abo yaye baxhalabele ukuphucula ubomi babo. Amaphulo aququzelela umanyano lwesizwe, afana neJustice for Janitors kunye neHotel Workers Rising, ixhomekeke ekuzimiseni nasekusebenzeni kwaba bafuduki, babhalwe kwaye bengabhalwanga ngokufanayo. Loo nyaniso ekugqibeleni yaqinisekisa i-AFL-CIO ngo-1999 ukuba yale inkxaso yangaphambili yefederation yezohlwayo zabaqeshi kwaye icele ukurhoxiswa. Iimanyano ziye zaqaphela ukuba unyanzeliso lwezohlwayo lubangela ukuba kube nzima kakhulu kubasebenzi ukukhusela amalungelo abo, ukuququzelela imibutho yabasebenzi, kunye nokunyusa imivuzo.
Ukuchasa izohlwayo, nangona kunjalo, kubeka abasebenzi ngokuchasene nolawulo lwangoku, oluncede ukunyula. Amanye amaqela aphembelela iWashington DC agqibe ekubeni axhase umgaqo-nkqubo wolawulo wokunyanzeliswa kwesohlwayo endaweni yoko. Omnye wabo, uReform Immigration for America, uthi, "nayiphi na inkqubo yokuqinisekisa ingqesho kufuneka imisele ukugunyaziswa kwengqesho ngokuchanekileyo nangempumelelo." Ukuqinisekiswa kogunyaziso yinto kanye eyenzekayo kwi-American Apparel kunye ne-ABM, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo ikhokelela ekudubuleni. I-AFL-CIO kunye noTshintsho lokuphumelela umanyano lwabasebenzi kule ntwasahlobo nalo livumelene ngesikhundla esitsha sokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe esixhasa "indlela ekhuselekileyo nesebenzayo yogunyaziso lwabasebenzi ... emisela isigunyaziso sengqesho ngokuchanekileyo ngelixa ibonelela ngokhuseleko oluphezulu kubasebenzi."
UJose Covarrubias, omnye wabasebenzi abagxothiweyo be-American Apparel, ushiywe engenakuzikhusela ngokhuseleko olunjalo. Kunoko, uthi, "sidinga umanyano lwabasebenzi. Kukho abantu abazizigidi ezili-15 kwi-AFL-CIO. Banamandla amaninzi ezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko. Kutheni bengachasanga oku kudubula kwaye basikhusele?" uyabuza. "Sibe negalelo kule ntshukumo iminyaka engama-20, kwaye asihambi. Siza kuhlala kwaye silwele uhlengahlengiso olunobulungisa lokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe."
IV. Ubuhlanga Obuseziko
Nabani na ochasayo ukuchaswa kweprofayili yobuhlanga kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwemithetho yocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga kufuneka akhathazeke malunga nesicwangciso sokunyanzeliswa kwesohlwayo somqeshi ka-Obama. Njengakwimeko yogqogqo lwe-ICE ye-Bush, indlela yophicotho-zincwadi ka-Obama ekhokelele ekugxothweni kwamawakawaka abasebenzi sele bebambene nabasebenzi baseLatino kuphela. Iziphumo zobuhlanga akufuneki zibekelwe bucala ngokulula.
Njengoko siye saxoxa kwenye indawo, ubuhlanga obuchasene neLatinos benziwe kumaziko ekunyanzelisweni kwemithetho yokufudukela e-US. Kwimeko yangoku kunye nangaphakathi kwe-paradigm emnyama-emhlophe e-United States, ubuhlanga bamaziko buqondwa ukuba bubangelwa yinkqubo yentlalo yoluntu eyayizinzile, kwaye yaxhaswa, ubukhoboka kunye nocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga. Nangona imithetho eyayinyanzelisa le nkqubo yokucandwana kwabantu ngokweendidi ingasekho, umntu unokuphikisa ngelithi isakhiwo sayo esisisiseko sisamile unanamhla. Ngoko namhlanje, ubani usenokuthi ubuhlanga obumiselwe kumaziko bubahlutha iqela elichongiweyo ngokobuhlanga, ngokuqhelekileyo elichazwa njengelingaphantsi kwelo qela libalaseleyo, ukufikelela ngokulinganayo kwimfundo, unyango, umthetho, ezobupolitika, indawo yokuhlala, njalo njalo.
"Ngokuqonda imigaqo-siseko yobuhlanga obusekelwe kwiziko siqala ukubona ukusetyenziswa kwengcamango ngaphaya kwe-paradigm eqhelekileyo emnyama-mhlophe." Ucalucalulo lwamaziko luquka ukucalula amaqela athile abantu ngokusetyenziswa kwemithetho ecalucalulo okanye izenzo.
Izakhiwo kunye namalungiselelo entlalo ayamkeleka, kwaye ayasebenza kwaye alawulwa ngendlela yokuxhasa okanye ukuvuma kwizenzo zobuhlanga. Ubuhlanga bamaziko bunobuqili kwaye bungabonakali, kodwa abukho ngaphantsi kokutshabalalisa ubomi bomntu kunye nesidima somntu kunezenzo zobuhlanga.
Imikhosi yobuhlanga ibandakanyeke kwimithetho yase-US yokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe. Njengoko le mithetho iyathotyelwa, yamkelwa njengento eqhelekileyo, phezu kwayo nje imiphumo yobuhlanga. Sisenokungayithandi imithetho ethile okanye imigaqo-nkqubo yonyanzeliso ngenxa yobungqwabalala okanye ukunyhashwa kwawo isidima somntu okanye amalungelo oluntu, kodwa uninzi lwethu aluluboni ucalucalulo olungokwemvelo ngenxa yokuba asiqapheli esona sikhokelo sobuhlanga. "Ukuqonda ukuguquka kwemithetho yokufudukela e-US kunye nokunyanzeliswa kusinika ukuqonda okungcono [kokwenzekayo kunye] nobuhlanga beziko obulawula loo migaqo-nkqubo."
Ngokufanelekileyo okanye ngokungalunganga, namhlanje into ebizwa ngokuba "yingxaki yokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe ngokungekho mthethweni" iye yafana nolawulo, okanye ukungabikho kwayo, kumda womzantsi-ntshona. Ngaloo ndlela, 'ingxaki' iyafana nokufuduka kwabantu baseMexico, kwaye abafuduki baseMexico baye babonwa ngabantu abaninzi abachasene nabaphambukeli njengotshaba." Abo bachasene nabaphambukeli abazijongi njengabantu abanobuhlanga; bazigqala njengelizwi lomthetho nocwangco.
"Imbali yomda, ukuqeshwa kwabasebenzi kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwemida ichaza indlela ukumiselwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yokufuduka kwe-anti-Mexican eye yadala isakhiwo ukuvumela la mazwi ukuba afune ukungathathi hlangothi ngokobuhlanga kunye nobuhlanga kunye nabantu abaninzi baseMelika bayalamkela elo bango."
Inkqubo yangoku yokunciphisa amanani, nangona ingacalucaluli ngokucacileyo, isebenza ngendlela ethintela kanobom imfuduko evela eMexico nakumazwe afunwa kakhulu yi-visa aseAsia. Izilungiso zowe-1965 zazimele utshintsho olwamkelekileyo, kodwa umthetho omtsha wawungelonyango. UMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy ekuqaleni wayecebise ngechibi elikhulu lee-visa zokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe eziza kwenziwa kwindawo yokuqala, eyokuqala inkonzo ngaphandle kwezabelo zelizwe. Ukuba iphunyeziwe, inkqubo ngokukhawuleza yayiza kuququzelela ukungena kwamanani amaninzi abafuduki baseAsia, kuba inkqubo yokuqala yokuza kuqala iya kunceda amazwe anemfuno enkulu. Emva kokubulawa kukaJFK, umntakwabo, uTed, kunye noMongameli uLyndon Johnson baqhubeka nokukhuthaza umthetho. Nangona kunjalo, umbono wokulingana weJFK awuzange uphile kwinkqubo yezopolitiko. Endaweni yoko, inkqubo ebandakanya i-visa yelizwe ngalinye malunga ne-20,000 ye-visa kwilizwe ngalinye ngaphandle kwe-Western Hemisphere yasekwa kumthetho wokufuduka we-1965, kunye nee-visa ze-200 kuphela ezifumanekayo kwimimandla efana ne-Hong Kong. Umda wamanani eMpuma weHemisphere yee-visa ze-170,000 wasekwa.
Phakathi kowe-1965 nowe-1976, ngoxa ihlabathi liphela lalinandipha ukwandiswa kwemida yamanani kunye nenkqubo eqinisekileyo yokukhetha, iMexico namanye amazwe akwiNtshona yeIkhweyitha ajamelana ngequbuliso nemida yamanani okwesihlandlo sokuqala. La mazwe kwafuneka abelane nge-120,000. Inkqubo yaqala ukuza, inkqubo yokuqala, kunye neMexico ithatha isabelo esikhulu se-120,000, ngaphezu kwe-40,000 ngonyaka ngenxa yeemfuno zayo eziphezulu ze-visa. Abafaki-zicelo kwafuneka bahlangabezane neemfuno ezingqongqo zezatifiketi zabasebenzi, kodwa ukurhoxiswa kwakufumaneka kubafaki-zicelo abathile njengabazali babantwana abangabemi base-US; abaninzi baseMexico abalufaneleyo olo kukhululwa. Njengoko ubani ebenokulindela, xa kujongwa imida emitsha yamanani kodwa imfuneko enkulu yokufumana ii-visa, ngowe-1976 inkqubo yeNtshona yeIkhweyitha yabangela ukusilela okukhulu okumalunga neminyaka emithathu noludwe lwabalindileyo olunamagama aphantse abe ngama-300,000.
Njengoko isakhelo sakhokelela ekukhuleni kokusilela kwee-visa kumazwe aseNtshona kwiHemisphere, izinto zaba mandundu ngo-1977. ICongress yatshintsha inkqubo yeWestern Hemisphere kwakhona, yamisela inkqubo efanayo yokukhetha kunye ne-20,000 visa kwilizwe ngalinye umda wamanani ukuba ihlabathi liphela laqala ukujongana nalo. 1965. Ngaloo ndlela, umlinganiselo wonyaka wokusetyenziswa kwe-visa yaseMexico (ngaphezu kwama-40,000) phantse wacandwa kubini ngobusuku, yaye amawaka asala evaleleke kuluhlu lwabalindileyo lwenkqubo endala.
Inkqubo yanamhlanje yokhetho ayinandawo kwizalamane ezininzi ngenxa yokulinganiselwa kwamanani okanye ngenxa nje yokuba ngabasebenzi abagxothiweyo. Abazifanelanga ii-visa ezikhethekileyo ezibekelwe bucala iingcali kunye nabasebenzi bolawulo lweenkampani zamazwe ngamazwe okanye ezo visa zifuna imali eninzi kutyalo-mali. Ngokufanayo, inkqubo ayinalo slot kuye nabani na ubomi bakhe bulawulwa zizivumelwano zorhwebo kunye nokudityaniswa kwehlabathi okubangela ukulahleka kwemisebenzi kwimimandla enengeniso ephantsi, njengoko amaqumrhu ezizwe ngezizwe, abaxhamli borhwebo olukhululekile, bafudukela kwezinye iindawo apho iindleko zabo zokuvelisa ziphantsi. .
Le nkqubo ikhokelela kukusilela okumandla kwiindidi ezithile zokufudukela kweentsapho-ingakumbi kumaqabane, oonyana abangatshatanga kunye neentombi zabahlali abasemthethweni ngokusemthethweni, kunye nabantakwe ngabemi base-US. Kwamanye amazwe, anjengePhilippines kunye neMexico, amaxesha okulinda kwiindidi ezithile yiminyaka elishumi ukuya kwamashumi amabini! Xa kujongwa ukusilela okumandla kunye nokutsala umdla oqhubekayo kwe-United States (kungekhona nje ngokwamathuba ezoqoqosho, kodwa ngenxa yokuba izalamane sele zilapha ngenxa yemigudu yokugaya abasebenzi okanye uzinzo lwezopolitiko), abaninzi abaza kuba ngabaphambukeli bashiyeka benokhetho oluncinane. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo baphonononga ezinye iindlela zokungena eUnited States ngaphandle kokulinda. Ngokwenza njalo, bawela emihlathini yemithetho yokukhutshwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe ebonelela ngezohlwayo zoluntu kunye nezolwaphulo-mthetho ngokuphambuka kweenkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe.
Esona sohlwayo sisisiseko sokufuduswa kwabantu (ukugxothwa) sisebenza kubantu abawela kumgibe wokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe ngokulandela ithuku lokuhlangana neentsapho okanye ukufuna amathuba ezoqoqosho. Iindidi zabaphambukeli abagxothwayo ziquka aba bantu balandelayo: abo baseUnited States abaphula imithetho yokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe (umzekelo, ukungena ngaphandle kokuhlolwa, ibango lobuxoki lobumi); abo bangengobaphambukeli abathi bahlale ngokugqithisileyo ii-visa zabo okanye basebenze ngaphandle kwemvume; abo baye banceda abanye bangena (ngokuthutyeleziswa) ngaphandle kokuhlolwa; kwaye, abo bangamaqela kwimitshato yobuqhophololo.
Izohlwayo ezongezelelekileyo zoluntu, kuquka izohlwayo, zinokumiselwa ngenxa yokukhohlisa okanye ukwenza umgunyathi uxwebhu lokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe, ukusilela ukumka ngokomyalelo wokususwa, ukungena ngaphandle kokuhlolwa, nokungena kumtshato wobuqhophololo.
ICongress iphinde yenze imimiselo yolwaphulo-mthetho ehamba kude ngaphaya kwesohlwayo soluntu sokususa kunye nezohlwayo zemali ezininzi zezi zenzo. Umzekelo, ezi zenzo zilandelayo zenziwa ulwaphulo-mthetho (kuxhomekeke ekuvalelweni kunye/okanye kwisohlwayo semali): ukuxoka ngeenkcukacha zobhaliso malunga nosapho; nakuphi na ukuzisa (ukuthutyeleziswa), ukuthuthwa, okanye ukugcina (ngaphakathi kweUnited States) komntu wasemzini ongabhalwanga phantsi (kuquka amalungu osapho); ukungena ngaphandle kokuhlolwa okanye ngokuchazwa kakubi; ukuphinda kungene umntu wasemzini (ngaphandle kwemvume) othe wasuswa okanye walelwa ukwamkelwa; kwaye, ukwenza ibango lobuxoki lobumi base-US.
Ke ngoko ngenxa yokungonelanga kwee-visa zokungena kwamanye amazwe ukwanelisa amabango okumanyaniswa kosapho, kwaye kungekho ncedo lwabasebenzi abalula, abagxothiweyo, inyathelo lokuya eUnited States ngokuphambuka kulwakhiwo lwangoku lunokukhokelela ngokulula kuluntu kwaye, ngamanye amaxesha, lulwaphulo-mthetho. uxanduva.
Abafuduki abawela kuloo maqela basuka kumazwe anezabelo zeentsapho zokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe ezibhaliswe ngokugqithisileyo okanye uqoqosho lwawo lonakaliswe kukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kunye norhwebo ngokukhululekileyo. Loo mazwe ikakhulu aseAsia naseLatin.
Akuthathi ixesha elide ukuqaphela ukuba ngelixa imithetho yokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokunyanzeliswa iye yavela ngendlela eqhubekayo yokubambisa abantu baseMexico, baseAsia, kunye nabanye abafuduki baseLatini, ubudlelwane baloo mithetho kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo kunye namanye amaziko obuhlanga bugxininisa imingeni yesakhiwo abafuduki. yobuso bombala. Cinga nge-NAFTA kunye neWorld Trade Organisation. Ngokomzekelo, i-NAFTA iye yabeka iMexico kukhuphiswano olunjalo kunye neUnited States ekuveliseni umbona kangangokuba ngoku iMexico ithenga kumazwe angaphandle uninzi lombona wayo uvela eUnited States, yaye abasebenzi basezifama zombona baseMexico baye baphelelwa ngumsebenzi. UMbutho woRhwebo weHlabathi owamkelwe yi-US, othethelela urhwebo olukhululekileyo lwehlabathi, uthanda amazwe avelisa amaxabiso aphantsi afana neTshayina neIndiya, ukuze abavelisi kwilizwe elifana neMexico bangakwazi ukukhuphisana kwaye kufuneka bagxothe abasebenzi. Ngaba akumangalisi ukuba abasebenzi abaninzi baseMexico bajonge eUnited States ukuze bafumane imisebenzi, ngakumbi xa uninzi lwamaqumrhu ezizwe ngezizwe kunye neenkampani ezixhamlayo kurhwebo lwasimahla zikomkhulu apha?
Cinga nangeenkqubo zokuhlaliswa ngokutsha kweembacu njengeziko. "Xa iimbacu zaseMzantsi-mpuma Asia zihlaliswa kwiindawo zikawonkewonke okanye kwiindawo ezihlwempuzekileyo, abantwana babo bazifumana bekwindawo enokukhokelela ekuziphatheni okubi okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho." Abazali abaziimbacu, njengabanye abazali abasuka kwamanye amazwe abasebenzayo, badla ngokusebenza iiyure ezininzi baze abantwana babo bashiywe bengenabani. Kwaye qwalasela ukubandakanyeka kwe-US kwiimfazwe kunye nongquzulwano lwamakhaya phesheya. Iziko lemfazwe ngokwalo livelisa iimbacu. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwe-US kungquzulwano lwasekuhlaleni kumazwe afana neGuatemala kunye ne-El Salvador kwavelisa iimbacu ngeminyaka yoo-1980. Kodwa cinga kwakhona ngokubandakanyeka kwe-US kwiindawo ezifana ne-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia, kwaye ngoku i-Afghanistan ne-Iraq, nayo ivelise abafuduki abangenakuzikhethela bemibala ukuya elunxwemeni lwethu.
Amanye amaziko anobuhlanga asebenzisana nemithetho yokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe kunye nonyanzeliso nawo athi qatha engqondweni: cinga ngenkqubo yobulungisa kulwaphulo-mthetho, iindawo ezihlwempuzekileyo, kunye nezikolo ezisezidolophini. Nokuba sibuyela kwisangqa esipheleleyo ekukhotyokisweni kwamaziko okurhweba ngabantu namhlanje-siqala ukuqonda intsebenziswano elusizi nemithetho yokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe efuna ingqwalasela enkulu. La maziko onke anokukhokelela kwiimeko ezibangela ingxaki phakathi kwenkqubo-sikhokelo yokunyanzeliswa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe.
Ke, ukungeniswa kwabafuduki kunye nolawulo lokunyanzeliswa kunokubonakala bengathathi hlangothi ebusweni babo, kodwa baye bavela ngendlela yobuhlanga, kwaye xa isakhelo sokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe sisebenzisana namanye amaziko afana nenkqubo yobulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho, i-NAFTA, i-globalization, iindawo ezihlwempuzekileyo, kunye nezikolo ezisezikolweni. apho uninzi lwabaphambukeli kunye neembacu ezikuyo, uyaqonda ukuba isakhiwo sivelisa iyantlukwano yeqela lobuhlanga ngokunjalo. I-NAFTA kunye nokudityaniswa kwehlabathi zibonelela ngesizathu esikhulu sokuba abantu abaninzi abafudukayo bemibala bengenakuhlala kumazwe abo okuzalwa ukuba baza kunyamekela iintsapho zabo. Inkqubo yobulungisa kulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nentlupheko zixhaphake kakhulu kuluntu oluhluphekayo lwebala, okukhokelela kumatyala anokugxothwa ukuba abamangalelwa abangobemi base-US.
Ukwakhiwa komgaqo-nkqubo we-immigration wase-US kunye nolawulo lonyanzeliso kubangele isakhelo esenza amaxhoba aseLatini naseAsia. Aba bafuduki bemibala baphela bengumxholo wokuhlaselwa kwe-ICE ngexesha lolawulo lukaBush. Ngabo baquka ukusilela kwee-visa zokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe. Ngabo abazama ukunqumla kumda womzantsi-ntshona oneentshaba. Namhlanje, abasebenzi baseLatino kunye nabaseLatina bangamaxhoba aphambili esicwangciso sophicotho luka-Obama.
Ukuxhatshazwa kwabo kufakwe kumaziko. Ke, nasiphi na isikhalazo malunga nabafuduki-bezemali okanye ezentlalo-sinokuthi sivakaliswe ngokungenabuhlanga, ngokwemigaqo yomthetho ngenxa yokuba iziko ligqume ubuhlanga ngemithetho kunye nokusebenza okudityaniswe ngokwemigaqo engacaluli ngokobuhlanga. Iingcali ezichasene nabaphambukeli zikhuselekile kwizityholo zobuhlanga ngokubhala iithagethi zabo "abaphuli bomthetho" okanye "abangenakulinganiswa." Ukugxothwa, ukuvalelwa, kunye nokukhutshelwa ngaphandle emdeni kunokubhengezwa njengokungathathi hlangothi ngokobuhlanga yi-DHS kuba inkqubo sele ibunjwe ngamashumi eminyaka yolungiso lobuhlanga. Amagosa ngokulula "anyanzelisa imithetho." Ukuxhatshazwa kweLatinos ngemithetho yokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokunyanzeliswa iye yaqheleka, ivumela abantu baseMelika ukuba bamkele izibalo malunga nokungafani (kanye njengokuba bephethe ukungalingani ngokobuhlanga, ngokomzekelo, iinkqubo zobulungisa zemfundo okanye zolwaphulo-mthetho) "njengendlela izinto ezenzeka ngayo." ." Njengelungelo elikhethekileyo labamhlophe, ubuhlanga obuseziko ngokuqhelekileyo abubonwa ngabo bangachaphazelekanga kakubi.
Sifanele sazi ngcono. Amakhadi apakishwe ngokuchasene nabafuduki baseLatini-ingakumbi abantu baseMexico. Umthetho wokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe kunye nemigibe yonyanzeliso isetwa ngokusetyenziswa kwemida yomkhosi kunye nenkqubo ye-visa ye-anachronistic. Akumangalisi ukuba abafuduki baseMexico bangamaxhoba aloo migibe. Ziye zasekwa yintsalela yembali yomda yokufunwa kwabasebenzi njengeNkqubo yeBracero, ukuthotyelwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo ekunyanzeliseni, kunye nomkhosi womda obeke isiseko semithetho yangoku kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yonyanzeliso. Isiphumo sokwenza oko sinokuphunyezwa ngezibonelelo ezibonakala zingenabuhlanga kunye nemisebenzi eneneni eneziphumo ezibi kakhulu zocalucalulo.
isiphelo
Ukufuna igazi elingakumbi, abanye ngasekunene bakhalaza ukuba umqeshi ka-Obama uyohlwayo "uhlaselo oluthe cwaka" indlela ithambile kakhulu, kuba nangona abasebenzi begxothwa, abagxothwa. Bathi โakukho drama, akukho sithukuthezi, akukho entsapho ziqhekekayo, akukho makhamandela.โ Akukho kwenzakala? Qwalasela abagcini bamatye abagxothwayo baseSan Francisco ababejamelene nengxaki enzima. Ngaba bafanele bazinikele kuKhuseleko lweLizwe, abanokuthi babahlawulise ngokunika inombolo embi yoKhuseleko lweNtlalo kumqeshi wabo, bababambele ukuba bagxothwe, baze babathumele entolongweni, njengoko kwenziwa kubasebenzi base-Iowa naseHoward Industries eMississippi? Kubasebenzi abaneentsapho, amakhaya kunye neengcambu ezinzulu kuluntu, akunakwenzeka ukuba umke unyamalale. Njengoko umongameli we-SEIU Local 87, u-Olga Miranda, echaza: "Ndinamalungu amaninzi angoomama abangenamaqabane abazalelwa apha. Ndinelungu elinomntwana onesifo segazi. Yintoni abafanele bayenze? Bashiye abantwana babo apha kwaye buyela eMexico ulinde? Kwaye ulinde ntoni?"
Iinkokeli zeManyano ezifana no-Miranda zibona ukungqubuzana phakathi kweentetho ezisetyenziswa nguMongameli kunye nabanye abapolitiki baseWashington DC kunye nabaxhasi ekugwebeni umthetho wase-Arizona, kunye nezindululo zokufuduka abazenzayo kwiCongress. โKukho ukuphikisana okukhulu apha,โ utshilo. โAwunakuxelela elinye ilizwe ukuba le nto bayenzayo ibenza abantu babe lulwaphulo-mthetho, kwangaxeshanye balandele abaqeshi behlawula umvuzo ongaphezu komvuzo ophilayo nabasebenzi abawulwelayo loo mvuzo.
URenee Saucedo, igqwetha leLa Raza Centro Legal kunye nowayesakuba ngumlawuli weSan Francisco Day Labor Programme, ubaluleke ngakumbi. "La matyala eNkongolo, abekwe njengalawo aya kunceda abanye abantu ukuba bafumane iwonga lomthetho, ngokwenene iya kwenza izinto zibe mbi kakhulu. Siza kubona ukudutyulwa okuninzi okufana nabahlaseli apha, kunye nezohlwayo ezingakumbi kubantu abasebenzayo nabazamayo. ukuze baxhase iintsapho zabo.โ
Nangona kunjalo, nokuba ngaba bakhuthazwa yinzuzo yezoqoqosho okanye i-anti-union animus, ukudubula kwangoku kubonisa imibuzo emikhulu yomgaqo-nkqubo wokunyanzeliswa kokungena. UNativo Lรณpez, umalathisi weHermandad Mexicana Latinoamericanna, umququzeleli wengca nowaququzelela uqhanqalazo ngokuchasene nokudutyulwa kweeFama zaseOverhill nakwi-American Apparel, uyibeka ngolu hlobo:
โAba basebenzi abenzanga nto imbi nje, bachithe iminyaka besenza ubutyebi benkampani. ithi aba basebenzi abanalungelo lokusebenza kwaye ukondla iintsapho zabo akulunganga kwaye kufuneka kutshintshwe.
Nokuba uMongameli u-Obama okanye uNobhala uNapolitano angabanga ntoni malunga nokohlwaya abaqeshi abaxhaphazayo, abaqeshi abasebenzisana nephulo lophicotho-zincwadi babonakala bebaleka izohlwayo. I-ICE yagrogrisa ngokuhlawulisa u-Dov Charney, umnini we-American Apparel, kodwa emva koko yarhoxisa isoyikiso. Ngenxa yoko, ngabasebenzi abagxothiweyo abohlwaywayo, njengoko abaqeshi bebaleka izohlwayo ngenxa yentsebenziswano.
Kwaye ukulungelelaniswa kwabasebenzi abenzakalisayo kukwabandakanyeka kumgaqo-nkqubo ochazwe kwiwebhusayithi ye-White House, "susa inkuthazo yokungena kweli lizwe ngokungekho mthethweni." Esi yayisisizathu sokuqala sezohlwayo zabaqeshi ngo-1986-ukuba abafuduki abanakusebenza, abayi kuza. Ewe, abantu beza, kuba kwangelo xesha iCongress yadlula i-IRCA, yaphinda yaqala ingxoxo ye-NAFTA. Oko kwaqinisekisa ukufuduka kwexesha elizayo. Ekubeni i-NAFTA yaqala ukusebenza ngo-1994, izigidi zabantu baseMexico ziqhutywe yintlupheko ngaphesheya komda. Imibuzo yokwenyani ekufuneka siyibuze yeyokuba yintoni encothula abantu eMexico, kwaye kutheni abaqeshi baseMelika bethembele kakhulu kubasebenzi abarhola imivuzo ephantsi.
Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, akukho mntu kulawulo luka-Obama okanye uBush, okanye kulawulo lukaClinton phambi kwabo, ofuna ukuyeka ukufudukela eUnited States okanye acinge ukuba oku kunokwenziwa ngaphandle kwemiphumo eyintlekele. Kwawona mashishini abajolise kuwo ekunyanzelisweni kwawo axhomekeke kubasebenzi abafudukayo kangangokuba bangawa ngaphandle kwawo. Endaweni yoko, umgaqo-nkqubo wokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe kunye nonyanzeliso luthumela abo bafuduki kwindawo "engekho mthethweni", kwaye ithoba ixabiso lomsebenzi wabo. Ukunyanzeliswa yindlela yokulawula ukuhamba kwabafuduki kunye nokwenza umsebenzi wabo ufumaneke kubaqeshi ngexabiso abafuna ukulihlawula.
Ngo-1998, ulawulo lukaClinton luye lwafaka elona nyathelo likhulu lonyanzeliso lwezohlwayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, apho iiarhente zahluza amagama abasebenzi abangama-24,310 kwizityalo ezingamashumi amane zeNebraska. Emva koko bathumela iileta kubasebenzi abangama-4762, besithi amaxwebhu abo mabi, kwaye abangaphezu kwama-3500 banyanzelwa ukuba bashiye imisebenzi yabo. UMark Reed, owalathisa "i-Operation Vanguard," ubanga ukuba yenzelwe ukunyanzela iCongress kunye namaqela abaqeshi ukuba baxhase umthetho wabasebenzi beendwendwe. โSixhomekeke ekusebenzeni kwamanye amazwe,โ watsho. "Ukuba asisenamfuduko ngokungekho mthethweni, siya kuba nenkxaso yezopolitiko kubasebenzi abazindwendwe."
Uhlaselo olwandisiweyo lwe-ICE, ukunyuka kokunyanzeliswa kwemida, kwaye izohlwayo zabaqeshi azizange zinciphise ukufudukela eUnited States okungabhalwanga. Ukusilela kwezi nzame ziqatha kumele kusifundisa okuthile. Indlela yokunyanzeliswa kuphela ibangele intlekele yabantu, ukwanda kwentlupheko, kunye nokuhlukana kwentsapho, ngelixa abasebenzi abangabhalwanga phantsi baqhubeka behamba beya e-United States. Lo ngumngeni ofuna ukuba siqonde ukuba kutheni abasebenzi besiza apha kwaye sisombulule lo mngeni ngendlela enengqiqo ngakumbi.
Ububi bale meko bubonakala kwabaninzi. Kunjengokuba uTom Barry esitsho: โSimosha iibhiliyoni zeerandi ekhaya kwinto eye yaba yimfazwe ejongene nabaphambukeli. Iindleko zesibambiso zolu lwaphulo-mthetho luchasene nabaphambukeli-kuquka ukunqongophala kwabasebenzi, iintsapho ezahlulahlulwe kukugxothwa, iintolongo ezixineneyo kunye namaziko okuvalelwa; Ukufa emdeni, iinkundla ezizaliswe ngamatyala okufudukela kwelinye ilizwe, kunye noluntu olwahluleleneyo-nalo lukhulu. โ
Kwaye i-New York Times ilila ukuba emva kokuba siphumelele ngeli xesha "I-Great Immigration Panic," "ngolunye usuku, ilizwe liya kuqonda iindleko zokwenyani zemfazwe yokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe ngokungekho mthethweni. Asithethi iidola, nangona ezo zichithwayo. Iindleko zokwenyani kukusazisi sesizwe: ukuzazi ukuba singoobani na kunye nento esiyixabisileyo.Iya kusibetha kanye xa unyanzeliso lwengcinezelo luqhekekile, xa sijonga into eyenziweyo kwaye singasajongi ilizwe elenzileyo. yona."
Lixesha lokuba sibuyele ezingqondweni kwaye siqonde ukuba indlela yokunyanzeliswa kunye nomsebenzi weendwendwe ayiphumelelanga. Ukonyuka konyanzeliso lwezohlwayo zabaqeshi kubangela ubunzima kubakhenkethi bethu abangabantu abafuna kuphela ithuba lokusebenza ukuze bondle iintsapho zabo ngomvuzo wosuku olunyanisekileyo. Ngelixa unyanzeliso lwezohlwayo lwabaqeshi lunyukile, sithandazela ukuwa kwalo.
Ukufuduka okungabhalwanga phantsi kusisiphumo sezinto kunye neziganeko ezingaphaya kolawulo lokoyikisa, imipu, kunye nokulwa. Ixesha lokuba nobulumko lifikile; kufuneka siqale ukuqwalasela iindlela ezingakumbi zokudala ngokuqonda amandla asebenzayo.
Imigaqo-nkqubo yethu yangoku ivelisa abantu abagxothiweyo eMexico, ibenze babe lulwaphulo-mthetho xa befika e-United States, kwaye ibajonga nje njengomthombo womsebenzi ophantsi kubaqeshi. Kufuneka sibone abafuduki njengabantu kuqala kwaye siqulunqe umgaqo-nkqubo wokukhusela amalungelo abo oluntu kunye nabasebenzi, kunye nalawo abanye abantu abasebenzayo kweli lizwe. Ukuphelisa izohlwayo zabaqeshi kubalulekile ekusiqhubeleni kwelo cala.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela