"OneTwoThree: F-" - iiBeatles
โYintoni loo magama?โ โ Ilizwe uJoe kunye neeNtlanzi
โKwabakho ilizwi liphuma phezu kolwandleโฆโ -Percy Bysshe Shelley
Njengoko imilinganiselo epheleleyo yobukhosi yomgaqo-nkqubo wolawulo lwangoku icaca ngakumbi, incediswa ngokubhengezwa komgaqo-nkqubo omtsha "wokhuseleko lwesizwe" obiza ngokucacileyo i-impiriyalizim entsha esekwe kulawulo lomkhosi, inkcaso kwimfazwe ecwangcisiweyo yase-Iraq iyanda kwihlabathi lonke. (ngaphandle kweNkongolo, apho ubunkokheli beDemokhrasi buthe baphinda bathengisa, bengawuhoyanga umyalezo ogqithisayo othunyelwe luhlanganiso olukhulu lweeveki zamva nje).
Kumxholo we-Iraq, iye yamkeleka, kwaye ihloniphekile, ukuthi i-emperor inxibe ngokufanelekileyo ukubamba amandla. Noko ke, ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, bambalwa abakulungeleyo ukugxeka imfazwe yase-Afghanistan. Ngapha koko, abanye abazisithethi sombutho ochasene nemfazwe basandul' ukucebisa ukuba "ekhohlo," oko kukuthi intshukumo yoxolo, umbutho wobulungisa wehlabathi, kunye noninzi lwamatsha ntliziyo asezantsi anenkqubela kwilizwe, basazilimazile ngokuchasa loo mfazwe. Ibali elisemthethweni lihlala lelokuba, nokuba yintoni na eye yalandela, imfazwe yase-Afghanistan iseyeyona mpumelelo iqaqambileyo โkwimfazwe yobunqolobi.โ
Kunyaka omnye kamva (uqhushumbo lwaqala ngo-Okthobha 7, 2001), uninzi lweziphumo sele lukhona, kwaye lixesha lokuba kujongwe ngeliso elibukhali ezinye zezo โmpumeleloโ.
Imfazwe yandisa isoyikiso sobugrogrisi. Kwikwindla yokugqibela, abo โbabechasene nemfazwe kwangaphambi kwexeshaโ baqikelela ukuba iya kuba njalo. Ngelo xesha, bambalwa kakhulu abavumayo; Emva kokuwa ngequbuliso kweTaliban kunye namabali malunga nama-Afghan amkela iibhombu zabo ngeengalo ezivulekileyo, phantse akukho mntu wenzayo. Ngoku kutshanje, ingxabano ifumene inkxaso kwikota eyahlukileyo: i-FBI kunye neCIA. NgokukaJuni 16 New York Times, "Uphando olucwangcisiweyo lwesoyikiso se-Qaeda ngoku oluqhubekayo kwi-FBI kunye ne-CIA lugqibe kwelokuba imfazwe yase-Afghanistan ayiphumelelanga ukunciphisa isoyikiso e-United States ... ngokusasaza abahlaseli kummandla obanzi wejografi.โ
Ngaphaya koko, abasebenzi be-al-Qaeda abakwinqanaba eliphakathi basebenzise eli thuba ukomeleza unxibelelwano namanye amaqela amaSilamsi kulo mmandla, ngaloo ndlela besandisa ichibi apho abanqolobi bexesha elizayo baya kutsalwa kulo. Imfazwe yabavumela ukuba bazobe amanye amaqela amaSilamsi, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku agxile kwimibuzo yezopolitiko yasekhaya, kwihlabathi lothungelwano lwabanqolobi abazibophelele kuhlaselo lwase-United States. Ngokutsho kwelinye igosa elicatshulwe, "i-Al Qaeda engundoqo yayiliqela elincinci, nangona amawaka abantu ayehamba kwiinkampu zabo. Into esiyibonayo ngoku yijihad yamazwe aphesheya eya kuba namandla kwiminyaka emininzi ezayo. โ
Kwaye, ewe, imfazwe ayizange ibangele ukubanjwa kuka-Osama bin Laden okanye abanye abaphezulu kwinethiwekhi ye-al-Qaeda, ababenokuthi bakhutshelwe ngaphandle ukuba i-United States yanikezela ubungqina kwi-Taliban - ngokweengxelo Umshicileli waseBritane (iDaily Telegraph, ngo-Okthobha 4, 2001), isivumelwano sokukhuphela imali senziwe, kodwa sapheliswa ngomzuzu wokugqibela nguzwilakhe wasePakistan uPervez Musharraf, ekucingelwa ukuba ngokomyalelo we-White House, owayengafuni. ilahlekelwe yi-casus belli yayo. Ngoko, kubonakala ngathi, imfazwe yaphelisa elona thuba lihle lokubambisa ezo nkokeli zikumgangatho ophezulu.
Kwabulawa abantu abaninzi abamsulwa. Iinkxalabo zangaphambili malunga nokwenzakala kwabantu zaye zachithwa phakathi kwamabango okuba ibhombu yase-Afghanistan yayiyeyona ithintelweyo kwaye ichanekile kwimbali, uChristopher Hitchens wade watyhola imikhosi yase-US "ngokuhamba ngeenyawo" ekubambeni kwabo. Ngapha koko, njengakweminye imikhankaso yamva nje yokuqhushumba kwe-US, ukujoliswa okumxinwa kokuqala kwandiswa njengoko ukhuselo lomoya lwatshatyalaliswa. Njengoko ivenkile encinci yeethagethi ezimiselwe kwangaphambili yayiphelile, ilizwe lahlulwa laba "kwiibhokisi zokubulala" apho abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya babeza kuhlasela "iinjongo zamathuba." Umgaqo-nkqubo wokuhlasela ngokurhabaxa emkhosini okanye ekucingelwa ukuba kujoliswe kuwo kwezomkhosi kanye entliziyweni yeendawo ezihlala abantu abaninzi yayiyinxalenye yesizathu sokuba, kuqikelelo olugcinwe yiProjekthi yezoKhuselo ezizezinye, imfazwe yase-Afghanistan yabulala ubuncinci ngokuphindwe kane kwabemi abaninzi ngebhombu nganye. njengoko babulawa kwimfazwe yaseYugoslavia. Nangona ubunzima bokuqikelela abantu abenzakeleyo ngenxa yokuqhunyiswa kwebhombu bukhulu (ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuba urhulumente wase-US, ngokungakhathali ngokwesiqhelo kwimiphumo yeemfazwe zakhe, uyala ukwenza isifundo), lonke uqikelelo olunzima lugqiba ukuba ngaphezu kwe-1000 yafa-izifundo zamva nje Iphephandaba iGuardian, elanikelwa ingxelo ngoMeyi 20, 2002, libonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba abantu abangama-8000 babulawe ziibhombu.
Ezi nkxalabo zakhawuleza zathabathโ indawo kwesoyikiso esinzulu sokuphazamiseka koncedo loluntu. Ngaphezulu kwe-7 yezigidi zabantu base-Afghan babexhomekeke ngokuthe ngqo ekusindeni kuncedo, olwaphazamiseka ngoSeptemba, ngo-Okthobha kunye nenxalenye kaNovemba kuqala ngokugrogriswa kwebhombu emva koko ngokuqhushumba. Ukuwa kweTaliban phakathi kuNovemba kwathetha ukuba iUnited States iyekile ukuqhushumba ibhombu uninzi lwelizwe, ukuze ukuhanjiswa koncedo yimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe kubuyiselwe ngokukhawuleza, kuthintele intlekele. Olo kuphazamiseka lube neziphumo ezibonakalayo, eziye zavavanywa ekugqibeleni: ngokovavanyo olufanayo lwe-Guardian, "Ngama-20,000 abantu base-Afghan banokuphulukana nobomi babo njengesiphumo esingathanga ngqo songenelelo lwase-US. Nabo bakwinani labafi.โ
IUnited States yafakela urhulumente woonopopi, iphosa idemokhrasi ngefestile. โI-loya jirga,โ okanye ibhunga elikhulu, elikhethe urhulumente wethutyana wase-Afghanitan, lalinabantu kwasekuqaleni ngabathunywa abakhethwe yi-United States, uninzi ingabameli beemfazwe zengingqi, ngokufafaza okuncinci kwabaphambukeli base-Afghan (ubukhulu becala bevela e-Afghan. United States) kunye โnoochwepheshaโ ukuyinika imbeko ethile. Abameli abavela kwi-1.5-million-strong Watan Party, abalandela i-PDPA (eyalawula i-Afghanistan kude kube yi-1992), abazange bavunyelwe ukungena kwi-jirga.
Ngokuka-Omar Zakhilwal kunye no-Adeena Niazi, abathunywa kwi-loya jirga, โThina abathunywa salelwa nantoni na ngaphandle kwendima engumfuziselo kwinkqubo yokhetho. Iqela elincinane lezikhulu zoMbindi woMbindi wagqiba yonke into ngaphandle kweminyango evaliweyo.โ Kuba owayesakuba yinkosi uZahir Shah, oyena mgqatswa udumileyo kumongameli wethutyana, wayengazifanelanga izilangazelelo zase-US, โiloya jirga yahlehliswa phantse iintsuku ezimbini ngelixa lo kumkani wayesakuba wayexhobile ukuba alahle nayiphi na indima ebalulekileyo kurhulumente,โ ba watsho. Ngelo xesha, uninzi lwabathunywa, lusazi ukuba abaphathi bemfazwe abaxhaswa yi-US babambe onke amandla omkhosi kwaye besoyikela ubomi babo, bathe cwaka.
Mhlawumbi inqaku eliphakamileyo lalisisibhengezo esikhawulezileyo ngumthunywa okhethekileyo wase-US uZalmay Khalilzad (owayengumcebisi no-Unocal) ukuba uZahir Shah wayehla-into yokuba ukumkani wangaphambili we-octogenarian wayengenakukwazi ukuzithetha ngokwakhe. Emva koko, ukuqinisekiswa kwe-United States ekhethiweyo (mhlawumbi ngo-Oktobha okanye ngoNovemba 2001) umviwa uHamid Karzai (owayengumcebisi kunye ne-Unocal) wayekhawuleza kwaye uqinisekile. Kwaye nawaphi na amathandabuzo awayezingile ngenkululeko yokwenza izinto kaKarzai bekufanele ukuba apheliswe ziindaba zokuba uMkhosi oKhethekileyo wase-US wawusebenza njengomlindi wakhe.
Urhulumente wase-US ubonakalise inkxalabo encinci ngamalungelo abasetyhini e-Afghanistan. Ngenxa yokungakhathali kolawulo lukaBush kumalungelo abantu basetyhini kwilizwe liphela elaziwayo, kuquka neMelika, oku akumangalisi. Kodwa umkhamo woku kungakhathali uyamangalisa. Ngaphandle kokuzinikela okuvakalisiweyo ekwakheni iziseko zemfundo yabasetyhini kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo, bobabini bengahoywanga phantsi kweTaliban, ulawulo lukaBush luye lwaba lukhuni kangangokuba luthintele i-134 yezigidi zeedola kuncedo loluntu lwase-Afghan, echaza iingxaki zoqoqosho lwasekhaya (imali ingaphantsi kweesenti ezingama-50. ngokweMelika). Kuloo nto, i-2.5 yezigidi zeedola yayiyeyeSebe leMicimbi yabaseTyhini. U-Ritu Sharma, umongameli weqela elixhasayo i-Women's Edge, uchaze ukuba i-2.5 yezigidi zeedola, ebekelwe ukwakha amaziko abasetyhini kulo lonke elase-Afghanistan, "njengombuzo wobomi okanye ukufa kwinkonzo kunye nabasetyhini base-Afghan." Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iUnited States inikele nje ngeedola ezili-120,000 kuyo - malunga nesinye kwishumi leendleko zomjukujelwa omnye wokuhamba ngenqanawa.
Urhulumente wase-US akenzanga nto incinci ukudambisa ingxaki enzima yoluntu e-Afghanistan, siyeke ukuphinda akhe ilizwe. Ukuthatha isalathiso esinye, iminikelo yase-US nge-UNICEF ye-Afghanistan ibe ngaphantsi kwesithathu kwi-Japan - nangona yayiyi-United States eyadlala indima enkulu ekudaleni le ngxaki, ngenkxaso yayo yeshumi leminyaka kumaqela ahlukeneyo e-mujahedin ngokunjalo. njengokuba ngephulo lokuqhushumba kwikwindla yokugqibela. Kwinkomfa yaseTokyo malunga nokwakhiwa kwakhona kwe-Afghanistan ngoJanuwari ka-2002, i-4.5 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi yayithenjisiwe, i-300 yezigidi zeedola zayo e-United States - akwanelanga ukujongana neemfuno ze-Afghanistan. Eqhutywa ikakhulu kukunqongophala kwenkxalabo kurhulumente wase-US, amazwe anikezelayo akakhange alandele nezi zithembiso zincinci. Ukungakhathali okulihlazo i-United States ibilungisa isiphithiphithi sayo ukuba namhlanje, njengoko kusondela ubusika, i-6 yezigidi zase-Afghans - inani elikhulu kunangaphambi koSeptemba 11, 2001 - baphinde basemngciphekweni, bexhomekeke kuncedo loluntu ukuze badlulele phambili. iinyanga.
Kulo lonke uvavanyo lobulungisa kunye nepragmatism, imfazwe yase-Afghanistan iyasilela. Okubi kakhulu, yonke le miba, ukusuka kwisoyikiso esonyukayo sobunqolobi ukuya kwinani elikhulu lokufa kwabantu ukuya kuthi ga kulawulo loonopopi olulawulwa yi-US ngenxa yokuba kudlalwa kwakhona kwimfazwe yase-Iraq. Ngapha koko, nangona kuqatshelwe kancinci, ulawulo lwezohlwayo lwenze ukuba i-Iraqis ixhomekeke kwindawo esembindini, ukutya okwasasazwa ngurhulumente ukuze baphile kwaye ii-arhente zoncedo sele zivakalise iinkxalabo zazo malunga nokubakho kwentlekele yobuntu nje ukuba imfazwe iqale.
Thina, kunye nabantu base-Iraqi, sinokwenza ngaphandle kwayo nayiphi na "impumelelo" kwimfazwe yobunqolobi.
Rahul Mahajan ngumgqatswa weQela eliGreen kwiRhuluneli yaseTexas kwaye ulilungu leNgqungquthela yaseNowar. Incwadi yakhe Imfazwe Entsha: Imfazwe yaseMelika kwiTerroris NgoAprili 2002, iMonthly Review Press) iye yachazwa โnjengokunyanzelekileyo ukuba afunde kuye nabani na ofuna ukusingatha imfazwe yobunqolobi.โ Okwangoku ubhala "Imfazwe yaseMelika echasene ne-Iraq" kumaBali aSixhenxe. Umsebenzi wakhe omninzi unokufumaneka apha http://www.rahulmahajan.com Unokufikelelwa [imeyile ikhuselwe]
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