Ukuba unjengam, kukho ezinye izinto ongathanda ukuziphelisa. Uluhlu lwam lubandakanya imfazwe, izixhobo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-fossil, i-plutocracy, umntu wenkampani, i-inshurensi yezempilo, imivuzo yentlupheko, intlupheko, ukungabi namakhaya, ukulima kwefektri, iintolongo, imfazwe yeziyobisi, isigwebo sokufa, amandla enyukliya, i-Senate yase-US, ikholeji yonyulo. , ukugebenga, oomatshini bokuvota be-elektroniki, ukubulala, udlwengulo, ukuxhatshazwa kwabantwana, iFox News, CNN, MSNBC, kunye Washington Post. Ndingaqhubeka. Ndiyabheja ukuba ungacinga nokuba liziko elinye okholelwa ukuba singaphila ngcono ngaphandle kwalo.
Sonke, ke, sinokufunda into okanye ezimbini kumadoda nabafazi abasekupheleni kweminyaka eli-18th kunye ne19 yokuqalath iinkulungwane eNgilani owaphelisa kuqala urhwebo lwamakhoboka waza emva koko wabukhoboka phakathi kubukhosi baseBritani. Ndincoma kakhulu ukubukela ifilimu malunga nabo ebizwa ngokuba "Inkceba emangalisayo." Ukuba uyayithanda, uya kuyithanda incwadi ethi "Ngcwaba amatyathanga."
Uya kufumanisa ukuba le ibiyindlela ezininzi intshukumo yokuqala yamatshantliziyo. Idale iikomiti zamatshantliziyo, ezinezahluko, iincwadana zeendaba, iipowusta, ukhenketho lokuthetha, ukhenketho lweencwadi, izibongozo, ukwala imveliso, iipropu zethiyetha, kunye nobuntatheli obuphandayo - ubuvulindlela kuzo zonke ezi ndlela ziqhelileyo ngoku. Liye lafumana impumelelo enkulu ngaphandle kokuvota, njengoko liqaqobana nje labantu elinokuvota. Oko, kukodwa, kufanele kube sisifundo kwabo bakholelwa ukuba unyulo kuphela kwesixhobo esikhoyo.
Umbutho wokuphelisa wawunamandla. Xa sijonga emva, iinzuzo zayo zibonakala zikhawuleza ngendlela emangalisayo. Ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1700 ihlabathi lalilawulwa bukhoboka. Ubukhoboka babuyinto eqhelekileyo. Ngaphambi kokuphela kweminyaka yee-1800 yayivaliwe phantse kuyo yonke indawo. Nangona kunjalo, abo basebenza ubusuku nemini ngokuchasene nexesha lamaxesha abo ukudala intshukumo yokuphelisa bajongana noloyiso olungapheliyo. Uninzi lwawona matsha ntliziyo asebenza nzima akazange aphile ukuze abone impumelelo yokugqibela. Ukanti baqhubeka besebenza. Nako oko kunokuba sisifundo nakuthi.
Imfazwe phakathi kweNgilani neFransi yamisa inkqubela, kwaye yayinokuyekisa ukubanda. Kodwa imfazwe yaphela, kwaye intshukumo yavuselelwa-inxalenye enkulu kunye nabalinganiswa abatsha, isizukulwana esincinci se-radicals. Ukukhenkcisa konke ukuqhubela phambili kweemfazwe kuye kwaba ngumthetho ukutyhubela iminyaka. Sisifundo esinzima kuthi ukuba sijamelane naso, njengoko samkele ngoku ukuba siphila kwixesha lemfazwe esisigxina. Inyaniso enzima isenokuba yeyokuba kufuneka silibaleke elo xesha ukuba siza kutyhutyha imiba emininzi.
Xa intshukumo yokubhangisa yaqala ukuba seNgilani, yayiyintshukumo yokuziphatha efuna amalungelo - kodwa, ngokungafaniyo neentshukumo ezininzi esizibonileyo - zifuna amalungelo abanye abantu. Abantu baseBrithani babengayifuni inkululeko yabo. Enyanisweni, babekulungele ukuzincama, bebeka esichengeni sokunciphisa ubutyebi babo, nokukwala ukusebenzisa iswekile eyayikhuliswe ngamakhoboka. Le yinyaniso eluncedo kweli xesha sisoloko sixelelwa ukuba abantu banokuzikhathalela kuphela. Ungaze ucinge ngama-Afghans afileyo kunye namaPakistanis, siyacetyiswa, qiniseka ukuba abantu baseMelika bayazazi iindleko zemali yeemfazwe. Mhlawumbi elo cebiso linokubuzwa emva koko.
Nangona kunjalo, uAdam Hochschild, umbhali we "Ngcwaba imixokelelwane," ikholelwa ukuba amaBritane aye akwazi ukubuxabisa ububi borhwebo lwamakhoboka ngenxa yamava abo ngokuqhelisela ukunyanzeliswa komkhosi waselwandle. Oko kukuthi, ngenxa yokuba bona ngokwabo babephila ngoloyiko lokuxhwilwa kunye nokwenziwa amakhoboka nguMkhosi Waselwandle waseBritani baze banyanzeleke ukuba bahambe ngeenqanawa zomkhosi waselwandle ehlabathini lonke, yaye ngenxa yokoyika ukuba abo babathandayo badibana nelo shwangusha, bakwazi ukucinga intlupheko yamaAfrika. ehlala esoyika ukuxhwilwa aze athengiselwe ebukhobokeni eWest Indies.
Oku kuqonda kunokusikhokelela phi? Abantu baseMelika bajongana nobundlobongela obungenangqondo obungenangqondo. Ngaba sinokubuxabisa ububi benqwelo-moya ebhudla ilali ize iqhushumbise usapho ngenxa yokuba sisazi ukuba kudederhu lweevenkile okanye isikolo sethu kungekudala sinokuba yindawo yokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi? Abantu baseMelika nabo baye bafundiswa ukuba boyike abanqolobi bamanye amazwe. Ngaba sinokuyixabisa imfuneko yokuyeka ukuxhasa ubunqolobi bangaphandle kwiindawo ezifana ne-Afghanistan nePakistan, ubunqolobi bangaphandle olwenziwa ngumkhosi wase-US?
Sinesinye isixhobo esifumanekayo kuthi. Sinokusebenzisa ividiyo, iaudio, kunye nengxelo yangoko nangoko ngamaxhoba emfazwe okanye obunye ububi. Mhlawumbi, ukuqonda ukuba ukuziphatha kakuhle kunokushukumisela abantu, siya kufumana indlela engcono yokunxibelelana oko kufuneka kupheliswe. Ababhubhisi bokuqala babengenalo obu buchule.
Abolitionists bokuqala basebenzise kakhulu amaphephandaba kunye neencwadi - ngokungafaniyo nezo zaseFransi kunye nezinye iintlanga ezisilelayo ukuphuhlisa intshukumo efanayo yobuninzi - azizange zihlolwe ngokupheleleyo. (Sibuyela kwisidingo sokuphelisa i-corporate media cartel.) Ababhangisi bokuqala baxhamla kuququzelelo olulinganayo lwamaQuaker, apho intlanganiso yayo nayiphi na indoda okanye umfazi wayenokuthetha - nangona babecotha ngokuphawulekayo ukusebenzisa amazwi abakhululekileyo. amakhoboka awayenokuthetha ngobukhoboka kuqala, aza akwenza oko kwaba nemiphumo emihle.
Intshukumo yokuphelisa urhwebo ngamakhoboka yayijoliswe ePalamente. Yayingafuni inkululeko okanye amalungelo kwabantsundu. Wawubeka esichengeni ubomi babaphathi beenqanawa kodwa kungekhona kwizinhanha ezazityale imali kumasimi angaphaya kolwandle. Umbutho wakhuthaza amaLungu ePalamente ukuba aphumelele umthetho ofunekayo - kwaye nangaphantsi, njengoko abolitionists batyhutyha ePalamente umthetho oyilwayo owenzelwe ukonakalisa urhwebo lwekhoboka kodwa ungabhengezwa ngaloo ndlela okanye uqondwe ngabachasi bawo de kuthathwe ivoti.
Lo mbutho waqaliswa ngo-1787 kwaye ngo-1807 waye wavala urhwebo ngamakhoboka. NgoAgasti 1, 1838, onke amakhoboka kubukhosi baseBritani ayekhululekile.
Amakhoboka ngokwawo eva ngale migudu, kambe ke, nokuzabalazela kwawo inkululeko kusenokuba kwenze ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na enye into ukuphumelela olo suku. Imvukelo yaseSaint-Domingue (eHaiti), eJamaica nakwezinye iindawo yaba nempembelelo enkulu ekucingeni kweBritani ngobukhoboka. Enyanisweni, isizukulwana sokuqala sababhubhisi, ngoku abalupheleyo, basilela ukuhambisana neemvakalelo zoluntu. Izindululo zabo zokupheliswa kancinci kancinci kobukhoboka kwafuneka zenze indlela yemfuno yenkululeko ekhawulezileyo ephakanyiswe ngamadoda amancinci kunye namaqela asebenzayo ngoku abasetyhini. Kwaye ekugqibeleni umthetho oyilwayo wohlaziyo kwafuneka ukuba upasiswe ukuba urhulumente ade enze idemokhrasi ethile phambi kokuba kuphendulwe ibango elidumileyo lokupheliswa kobukhoboka.
Imbuyekezo ye-Emancipation
Amatshantliziyo aye adana ngandlelโ ithile xa iPalamente yakhetha ukubuyisela abanini bamakhoboka ngokukhulula amakhoboka abo. Kambe ke, wona amakhoboka akazange abuyekezwe. Babenamaxesha amancinane kodwa anzima ngaphambili.
Kodwa imbuyekezo yabanini bamakhoboka yanikela ngomzekelo onokuthi wanceda iUnited States bhetele kunemfazwe yamakhaya ephalazwa igazi. Ngexesha lemfazwe yemvukelo yaseMelika, amaBritane aqesha amakhoboka ukuba alwe ngakwicala lawo ngokuwathembisa inkululeko. Emva kwemfazwe, abanini bamakhoboka, kuquka uGeorge Washington, bafuna amakhoboka abo abuye. Umphathi waseBritani, uNjengele Sir Guy Carleton, wala. Amawakawaka amakhoboka akhululweyo athuthwa esuka eNew York asiwa eNova Scotia ukuze aphephe ukwenziwa amakhoboka kwakhona. Kodwa uCarleton wathembisa ukubuyisela abanini bamakhoboka, kwaye iWashington yazinza loo nto.
Abolitionists bokuqala baseBrithani, kuquka uThomas Clarkson, baphembelela kakhulu abantu baseMerika njengoWilliam Lloyd Garrison noFrederick Douglas. Kodwa bambalwa abayamkelayo ingcamango yembuyekezo yenkululeko, eyayingaveli kubabhubhisi.
UElihu Burritt wayekhethekile. Ukususela ngo-1856 ukuya ku-1860 wakhuthaza isicwangciso sokuthintela imfazwe yamakhaya yase-US ngembuyekezo yenkululeko, okanye ukuthengwa nokukhululwa kwamakhoboka ngurhulumente, elandela umzekelo owamiselwa ngamaNgesi e-West Indies. UBurritt wayehamba rhoqo, kulo lonke ilizwe, ethetha. Walungiselela indibano enkulu eyaqhutyelwa eCleveland. Wamisa abaxhasi abadumileyo. Uhlele iileta zeendaba. Waziphatha, ngamanye amazwi, njengoClarkson kunye nabaninzi be-activist ukususela ngoko.
Kwaye uBurritt wayenyanisile. IBritani yayikhulule amakhoboka ayo ngaphandle kwemfazwe yamakhaya okanye imvukelo yamakhoboka ngokomlinganiselo owawunokwenzeka. IRashiya yayikhulule ii-serf zayo ngaphandle kwemfazwe. Abanini bamakhoboka e-US South ngokuqinisekileyo bebeya kukhetha imfumba yemali kwiminyaka emihlanu yesihogo, ukufa kwabantu ababathandayo, ukutshiswa nokutshatyalaliswa kwempahla yabo, kunye nenkululeko engahlawulelwayo eyalandelayo, singasathethi ke ngenkulungwane enesiqingatha. yengqumbo ekrakra emva koko. Yaye yayingengabo bodwa abanini bamakhoboka ababekhetha indlela yoxolo; asikuko ukuba babulele baze bafe.
Virginia
Xa owayesakuba likhoboka wafumana ilizwi lakhe eLondon, wabalisa ibali lakhe kweyona ncwadi ithengiswa kakhulu, wazalisa iiholo zengxoxo, waza waba yinkokeli kumbutho wokukhulula bonke abanye, wayeyindoda eyayilikhoboka kwilizwe lakowethu. Virginia. Igama lakhe yayinguOlaudah Equiano. Wayengomnye, ukuba wayengengowokuqala, omnyama ukuthetha esidlangalaleni eBritani. Wenza okuninzi ukuphelisa ukurhweba ngamakhoboka njengaye nabani na, kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwaqhubeka ixesha elide ngaphandle kwakhe.
Andizange ndibone isikhumbuzo okanye isikhumbuzo eVirginia ukuya e-Equiano. Ngokwahlukileyo, ezantsi nje kwesitrato ukusuka kwindlu yam eCharlottesville kukho umthi obizwa ngokuba yiTarleton's Oak. Ecaleni kwayo kukho isikhululo sepetroli esikwaleli gama. Lo mthi awumdalanga, kuba utyalwe endaweni yom-oki omkhulu owalupheleyo endikhumbula ndiwubona. Phantsi kwalo, kucingelwa ukuba, ngexesha lemvukelo, imikhosi yaseBritani yamisa iintente. Bakhokelwa ligosa eliselula eligama linguBanastre Tarleton. Emva kwexesha wazingenisa ePalamente, kwaye kwakungekho mkhuseli ukhohlakeleyo worhwebo ngamakhoboka kunaye. Ama-Afrika ngokwawo, wathi, akazange akuchase nokuba ngamakhoboka. UTarleton uxoke ixesha elide ngaphandle kwehlazo. Inkumbulo yakhe siyayiphawula, hayi ekaEquiano.
Iincwadi zikaDavid Swanson ziquka "Imfazwe Lixoki. " Ubhala iiblogi http://davidswanson.org kwaye http://warisacrime.org kwaye isebenza njengoMququzeleli we-Campaign kwi-intanethi ye-intanethi http://rootsaction.org. Uyabamba Intetho yeRadio yeSizwe. Mlandele kwi-Twitter: @davidcnswanson kwaye FaceBook.
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