"Ngexesha lobuqhetseba bendalo yonke, ukuthetha inyani sisenzo soguqulo." โUGeorge Orwell
Yintoni malunga neenjingalwazi zangaphambili zenkululeko yomthetho woMgaqo-siseko eyenza ukuba uMthetho wobuNhloli ube nomtsalane?
I-Espionage Act yamiselwa ngo-1917 ngenkxaso emandla eyayivela ngoko uMongameli uWoodrow Wilson, owayesakuba ngunjingalwazi wenkululeko woMthetho woMgaqo-siseko. Ngoku, malunga nekhulu leminyaka emva koko, impempe ye-NSA u-Edward Snowden uye waba ngumntu wesibhozo obekwe ityala phantsi komthetho lulawulo olukhokelwa ngunjingalwazi owayesakuba nenkululeko yomthetho woMgaqo-siseko.
Lo mthetho wanika abasemagunyeni kwiminyaka eyi-100 eyadlulayo igunya lokutshutshisa nawuphi na ummi owayekhuthaza โiingxelo zobuxoki okanye iingxeloโ ezigqalwa njengokonakalisa ukubandakanyeka kwe-US kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi Yokuqala. I-Postmaster General yada yaba negunya lokuvala ukusasazwa kweposi kwamaphephancwadi namaphephandaba awayebonakala eyingozi kwimigudu yemfazwe.
Ngaphantsi koMthetho we-Espionage, iinkokeli ze-Socialist Party ezifana no-Eugene V. Debs, uKate Richards O'Hare kunye namakhulu abanye, kuquka namalungu e-Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), bamangalelwa kwaye abaninzi ekugqibeleni bavalelwa. Ngobungqina abatshutshisi kwakufuneka bathembele kuphela kumagama athethiweyo, njengentetho kaDebs yowe-1918 eCanton, eOhio egxeka imfazwe nentshutshiso yabaphikisayo. Limbalwa kuphela iyelenqe lokutshabalalisa elibandakanya iiarhente zangaphandle zaseJamani ezityholwa phantsi koMthetho.
Izithembiso, Izithembiso
Ngaphandle kokungenela isikhundla ngo-2008 wathembisa ukukhusela iimpempe zomdibaniso ezibhenca ubuqhophololo nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya kurhulumente, uMongameli Obama wenze kanye okwahlukileyo. Abenzi beempempe abazingcaphephe kubuntlola besizwe abaxatyiswa, enkosi kakhulu. Ukanti injalo imeko ejijekileyo yobulungisa phantsi kolu lawulo apho uMkhosi waseMelika uBradley Manning wabucala kunye nomsebenzi wekontraka ye-NSA u-Edward Snowden bajongana namashumi eminyaka entolongweni ngenxa yendima yabo eyothusayo yokubhenca ubuqhetseba nobugebenga bukarhulumente.
Ngokusebenzisa i-Wikileaks, uManning, umzekelo, utyholwa ngokutyhila isiganeko se-2007 e-Iraq apho abasebenzi be-helicopter yase-US Apache babulala abantu be-11 emhlabeni, kuquka ezimbini. Reuters abasebenzi, emva koko wabiza i-airstrike ukutshabalalisa ubungqina bento eyenzekayo ngokwenene. Umkhosi wase-US wabanga ukuba abo basemhlabeni babulawa luhlaselo lomoya. Ngo-Epreli ka-2010 i-Wikileaks yapapasha ividiyo ehleliweyo yesi siganeko, igcwele amazwi abhaliweyo ahlekisayo ngamajoni ase-US njengoko babedubula abantu.
Iziphumo zezopolitiko zokubhenca oku kugqunywa ngunobangela kwisigqibo sikarhulumente wase-Iraq esichasene nokuhlaziya isivumelwano esivumela imikhosi yaseMelika ukuba ingakhuseleki ekutshutshisweni kwasekhaya okanye kumatyala. Ngapha koko, ulawulo luka-Obama lwalufuna ukugcina i-43,000 yemikhosi yokulwa yase-US elizweni ngaphaya komhla wokugqibela wokurhoxiswa kukaDisemba ka-2011. Kodwa ngenxa yokuswela isiqinisekiso sokhuseleko olusemthethweni, i-White House endaweni yoko yabhengeza uloyiso kwaye yakhupha uninzi lwemikhosi. Mhlawumbi uBradley Manning kufuneka anikwe ibhaso leNobel Peace Prize ngenxaxheba yakhe kwesi siphumo?
Ngokunjalo, uMongameli Obama uthi uyayamkela ingxoxo kwi-intanethi eyimfihlo kunye nokuhlolwa kwedatha yabemi babucala. Nangona kunjalo bekungayi kubakho mpikiswano ukuba bekungengenxa yezenzo zika-Edward Snowden. Ngelishwa, i-White House iphendule kwisenzo sika-Snowden sokungathobeli uluntu ngokummangalela ngobuntlola! Kwiveki ephelileyo, uMongameli uzame ukujongela phantsi ukuphoxeka kwakhe ngenxa yebali le-NSA, esithi akazukukhwela iijethi ukuba alandele โumqweqwedisi oneminyaka engama-29 ubudala.โ Kodwa kwiintsuku nje kamva i-United States yayisemva kwesiganeko samazwe ngamazwe esanyanzela uMongameli waseBolivia inqwelomoya kaMorales ukuba ibhabhe isuka eMoscow isiya eOstriya. Erhanelwa ukuba no-Snowden kwinqwelomoya, amaqabane eFransi, e-Itali nase-Spain ayenqabe amalungelo e-airspace kwinkokeli yaseBolivia.
UDaniel Ellsberg uthe izityhilelo zika-Snowden malunga nobungakanani berenki yokucupha i-NSA njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo yokuvuza kwamaxwebhu karhulumente kwimbali. Oko kunokuvakala njenge-hyperbole, kodwa akunjalo. Kwiinkalo ezininzi, uluntu lusekuqaleni kuphela kwenguqulelo yonxibelelwano lwe-elektroniki ethe kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje yasizisela iikhompyutha zobuqu, i-Intanethi, ii-smart phones, iteknoloji yeGPS, ibhanki ye-elektroniki, nezinye izinto ezintsha. Ukuvezwa kuka-Snowden kwelizwe eliyimfihlo lokucupha e-US elikhule ngobuchwephesha libhengeza phambi kwehlabathi liphela ukuba ixesha lobumfihlo liphelile. Ewe kunjalo, iindaba zokuhlola i-NSA azintsha kwaphela, kodwa ukuvezwa kuka-Snowden malunga nobungakanani bento ebiqhubeka sisityhilelo esiyimbali.
EUnited States, urhulumente ngoku uqokelela idatha enkulu yabucala kunye nolwazi kungekuphela nje abantu baseMelika, kodwa nakwilizwe elininzi. Amanye amazwe asebenza ngendlela efanayo. Kwasekhaya, uphando olujolise ngakumbi luqalwa rhoqo ngokuchasene namakhulu amawaka abemi baseMelika. Urhulumente wase-US uthi uthatha umyalelo wenkundla ye-FISA phambi kokuba nayiphi na le meta-data trawling isetyenziselwe ukuphuculwa komsebenzi wobuntlola ebantwini. Qaphela: Akukho ngxelo yenkundla ye-FISA eyimfihlo eyala nokuba sibe sinye phakathi kwamawaka ezicelo zenkundla ye-FISA zokongezwa kocupho lwabantu.
Njengoko unjingalwazi wezomthetho uBill Quigley weYunivesithi yaseLoyola eNew Orleans College of Law wabhala Uluhlu lwezahlulo, โKule minyaka mithathu idlulileyo iyodwa zimalunga nama-5000 izicelo eziye zavunywa zokucupha ngokupheleleyo ngekhompyutha ezigunyaziswe yinkundla eyimfihlo yeFISA. I-FBI igunyazise enye imisebenzi yokucupha i-50,000 kunye neeLeta zoKhuseleko lweSizwe kule minyaka mithathu idlulileyo.
Urhulumente uyavuma ukuba bangaphezulu kwama-300,000 abantu abaye babanjwa iminxeba yabo ngocingo lukarhulumente kunye nolwemanyano kunyaka ophelileyo kuphela. Zingaphezulu kwama-50,000 izicelo zikarhulumente zokufumana ulwazi lwe-intanethi nyaka ngamnye njengoko kuxelwe ngababoneleli be-intanethi.โ
Enkosi ku-Snowden, ngoku siyazi ukuba uMlawuli we-NSA uJames Clapper uxoke ngabom kwiCongress ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka xa wayexelele iisenenja ukuba le arhente โayibahloliโ abantu baseMelika. UClapper kamva wavuma ukuba wayekhangela eyona ndlela โengenanyaniโ yokungawuphenduli umbuzo. Ukususela ngoko uye walungisa loo mpendulo imbi kwimpendulo embi kakhulu. Uthi okwangoku nje โulibeleโ malunga nogunyaziso loMthetho wePatrioti lokutshayela idatha ye-imeyile, ifowuni, kunye neerekhodi ze-intanethi. Nangona kunjalo, ngelixa u-Snowden sele ejolise ekuzingeleni amazwe ngamazwe, ngokucacileyo akukho nto iphazamisayo xa igosa eliphezulu likarhulumente lixoka kwiCongress. Ngaba uMongameli Obama ude wavakalisa ukuphoxeka kubungqina bukaClapper "obungenanyani"?
Intetho Yasimahla, Yenziwe Ulwaphulo-mthetho
Kweli hlabathi liguqukayo, imisebenzi yamapolisa karhulumente ibithe cwaka isebenzisa itekhnoloji eyandayo yokuqhubela phambili kubomi babucala babantu abaqhelekileyo, kunye neenkampani kunye neentshaba zangaphandle kunye namahlakani ngokufanayo. Konke kuya kukhokelela phi, njengoko amandla eteknoloji ekhula? Sele siyibambile impendulo yalo mbuzo. Qwalasela ekupheleni kuka-2011 xa kwisixeko emva kwesixeko uninzi lwabalawuli besixeko seDemokhrasi bahamba ngendlela edityanisiweyo ukuvala uqhanqalazo lwase-Occupy Wall Street phantsi kwezizathu ezifanayo zokuxhalaba ngesiquphe ukhuseleko loluntu kunye nococeko?
Enkosi kumaxwebhu oMthetho weNkululeko yoLwazi akhuselwe yi INtsebenziswano yeNgxowa-mali yoBulungisa boLuntu (PCJF), siyazi ngoku iSebe leMisebenzi yoKhuseleko lweLizwe (DHS) njengenguqulelo yaseMelika yamapolisa afihlakeleyo ezopolitiko. Ngokwenene, ngumbandela womgaqo-nkqubo we-DHS ukubeka esweni uqhanqalazo olunoxolo, olusemthethweni e-United States. Ngoqhanqalazo lwe-Occupy, i-DHS yasebenzisa igunya layo ukwenza okungaphezulu kokubeka iliso, kodwa inxibelelana namapolisa asekuhlaleni, ulawulo lwesixeko, kunye ne-FBI ukuqhekeka kwilizwe lonke kwintshukumo ye-Occupy Wall Street. Ngokwenyani, ukusuka kwimiqondiso yokuqala yobutshantliziyo intshukumo enoxolo yeOccupy yaphathwa njengesoyikiso solwaphulo-mthetho esinokubakho kunye nobunqolobi.
"La maxwebhu acacisa ukuba ukuvalwa kwe-Occupy kwakungasekelwanga kwinkxalabo ekucingelwa ukuba 'impilo kunye nokhuseleko' ekuthotyelweni komthetho kusetyenziswe njengesizathu soluntu, kodwa ukuba izigqibo bezinzulu zezopolitiko kubandakanya ukubeka phambili iimfuno zeshishini ngaphezu koLungiso lokuQala. amalungelo,โ litsho njalo igqwetha uMara Verheyden-Hilliard, uMlawuli oyiNtloko wePCJF kwiwebhusayithi yeqela.
Nakwinkululeko yasePortland, e-Oregon apho ndihlala khona, bekukho iintsuku ngexesha loqhanqalazo lwase-Occupy xa ubunokubona amaqela amapolisa axhobe kakhulu naxhobileyo ePortland ekhwela ezantsi edolophini ngeemoto zomkhosi, ubukho obusoyikisayo ngasekunene kwendibano naxa kungekho ngxwabangxwaba. Flash bang grenade. Pepper spray. Amakhuni. Irhasi yeenyembezi. Ukubanjwa kwabantu abaninzi. Ukubekw' esweni kukarhulumente ngokufihlakeleyo kubemi abaqhelekileyo, abathobela umthetho. Wamkelekile kwixesha elizayo. Okanye hayi.
Kuxhomekeke kuthi.
UMark T. Harris upapasha ibhlog, Ukuhlala kwePlanethi. Ube negalelo ku Utne, Isiphoso, Z, namanye amaphephancwadi. Uyinxalenye yegalelo elibonakalayo kuMbhali oFlelekileyo, uhlelo lwesine, nguSusanna Rich (Allyn & Bacon/Longman, 2003)
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela