UCoolidge wayenyanisile. Kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa zokufa kwakhe, i-New Deal yayiza kuqalisa ukuzonwabisa kwindalo yezopolitiko yaseMelika. Ukusukela kuloo mzuzu ukuya kuthi ga kweli, iSivumelwano esitsha sisebenze njengoziro wengcinga yezopolitiko yelizwe. Lilitye leRosetta lokuqonda lonke uphuhliso lwezopolitiko oluhlala luhleli kule minyaka ingamashumi asixhenxe anesihlanu edlulileyo.
UHarry Truman's Isivumelwano esilungileyo kunye noLyndon Johnson's Great Society zathathwa njengeenkcazo malunga nento eyenziwe yiNew Deal. Neoliberalism kunye neNew Conservatism zayilwa ukulungisa umonakalo. Namhlanje, i-Green New Deal iphawula i-horizon ekude yentelekelelo yenkululeko yasekhohlo. Kwabo bachaswayo, iDibaniso eNtsha eluhlaza, njengaleyo yasekuqaleni, sisigqubuthelo sobusoshiyali.
Omabini amacala oku kwahlula achukunyiswe sisigqebelo. Ngesinye isihlandlo, ngeminyaka yoo-1960s, elo xesha iNhlohlo eNtsha yathatha iSivumelwano eNtsha njengendlela yokusebenzelana. Sikude ke ngoku. Isiqingatha senkulungwane yokupheliswa kolawulo, ukucinywa kwemibutho yabasebenzi, ukucuthwa kwenethi yokhuseleko loluntu, kunye nokuthengiswa kwamashishini abucala kwasebenza imimangaliso. Ke ukuze ngoku nezona ntlobo zisisiseko ze-odolo yeSivumelwano eNtsha zibonakala ngathi zishiywe lixesha njengombono, ukuba ayinakwenzeka.
Okwangoku, abo babhalisela kwi-theory kwi-laissez-faire economics kunye ne-free market-liberalism yekhulu leshumi elinesithoba-kubomi bokwenyani baxhomekeke kuzo zonke iindlela zenkxaso karhulumente kwishishini labucala eliphayona yiNew Deal.
Phantse inkulungwane idlulile, kwaye iNdibaniselwano eNtsha iyaqhubeka nokusebenza njengenkuthazo yeKhohlo kwaye njenge kulungile yeLungelo. Omabini amacala abelana ngentsomi: ukuba iSivumelwano Esitsha sasichasene nongxowankulu. Ngelixa ungquzulwano lusenzeka kumabala edabi amaninzi, imfazwe ngokwayo imalunga naloo nto. Yaye intsomi, njengazo zonke iintsomi ezihlala ihleli, inenyaniso yayo.
IMelika inyamezele iimfazwe zamakhaya ezimbini. Eyokuqala yayimalunga nokusebenza kwamakhoboka kwaye kwaliwa kwaza kwagqitywa igazi. Eyesibini yayimalunga nemivuzo yaza yaphela ngokulalanisa. ISivumelwano Esitsha saba sisiphumo sesiqingatha senkulungwane yangaphambili xa, ngokutsho kukaMongameli uWoodrow Wilson, โUmbuzo omi ngaphambili kubo bonke abanye phakathi kolu hlaselo olukhulu lwangoku ngumbandela wabasebenzi.โ Kungekudala emva kweMfazwe Yamakhaya, eli lizwe laphantse laqhekeka kwakhona yimfazwe yamakhaya entsha, imfazwe yabaninzi nxamnye nabambalwa, abo bangenamali nxamnye nabangenamali, abaxhaphazi nxamnye nabaxhatshaziweyo. Abaninzi babenoloyiko lokuba eli lizwe lisiba โziintlanga ezimbini,โ ukuba โingxwabangxwaba engenakulungisekaโ entsha kufuneka iphele kulawulo lwentando yesininzi lobukapitali okanye kumanyano lwezizwe ngezizwe.
Ukujonga ngasemva, iNdlela eNtsha inokubonwa njengokukhatywa okuphilayo kwesi siprofeto soyikekayo-okanye, kuxhomekeke kwicala obukulo, oko kungcamla kwangaphambili kwenkululeko. Phantsi kwezona meko zilingayo, iSivumelwano Esitsha sasebenza ngokulalanisa okuyimbali. Yintoni kwiXesha Eliqhelekileyo eyayijongelwa phantsi njenge "ubukhoboka bomvuzo" buya kuba yinto yonke. Ubungxowankulu kunye nedemokhrasi bungahlala kunye ukuba ubukhapitali busebenza phantsi kweliso.
Kodwa kwabo babelapho ekudalweni, xa i-capitalism yaseMelika yayijongene namava okufa, akukho mntu wayenokubona isiphumo. Yonke iminqweno enokutsha echasene nongxowankulu eyayiqokelelwe ukusuka kwiGold Age ukuya kwi-Great Depression yayisaphila kwaye ilungile. Ewe, baya kuqhubeka nokubonelela ngamandla amaninzi okwenza iNtshatshelo eNtsha yenzeke. Noko ke, ngelo xesha, ngubani owayesazi apho asenokuphelela khona?
Ngaphezu koko, nokuba sele kucacile ukuba ubungxowankulu buya kusinda, akukho mntu unokuqikelela ngokuzithemba ukuba ungakanani na umbindi wolawulo lwelizwe lemarike ekhululekileyo anokungena - ngakumbi ukuba iimeko zembali zitshintshile, nto leyo ebenokuthi ngokuqinisekileyo ingene kuyo. Oko kungaziwayo kuya kuqhubeka ukuvuselela uKhohlo kwaye ukoyike uKunene.
Idemokhrasi yongxowankulu yaba yimpumelelo ehlala ihleli yesiVumelwano esitsha. Iye yaguquka ukusukela ngoko phakathi kwezimvo zedemokhrasi yentlalontle kwelinye icala, kunye ne-free market absolutism kwelinye. Kodwa ubungxowankulu buhleli kwisihlalo somqhubi. Ukuqokelelwa kwenkunzi yabucala yimeko ekhoyo ngaphambili, i-axiomatic inikwe, inyanzelisa zonke iinguqu kuqoqosho nentlalo.
Ngeso sizathu, iSivumelwano eSitsha siyasilela kulahlekiso oluthuthuzelayo lwasekhohlo lokuba idemokhrasi yentlalontle inokulala kwenye indawo engaphaya kweSivumelwano esitsha esivuselelweyo. Ngeso sizathu, idemokhrasi yongxowankulu yeSivumelwano eNtsha nayo ayisosisongelo esikhoyo iLungelo lifuna ukuba yiyo. Kwaye ngenxa yeso sizathu ngokunjalo, i-New Deal njengembali yokulalanisa isoloko ingumsebenzi oqhubekayo, ongazinzanga, utsalwe kuqala ngale ndlela kwaye ngaloo ndlela, ingxaki kaMtyholi ebeka phantsi koxinzelelo zombini iinkampu ze-entente yentlalontle.
Kuphela xa kujongwa emva apho iSivumelwano eSitsha sibonakala sisiso esingenakuthintelwa, ukuba asimiselwanga kwangaphambili, isisombululo senkcaso ekrakra yelizwe. Ukuba kukho imingeni engundoqo kwi-capitalism inkundla yonke yasasazwa kuluntu lwaseMelika ngelo xesha, imfihlakalo ihleli: kwenzeka ntoni kubo? Zaye zatshintshwa njani - ukuba zatshintshwa kwaye azizange zisuswe - ukuze zibe yinxalenye yeziseko zezopolitiko nenkcubeko ye-capitalism ehlaziyiweyo? Ingaba le alchemy yembali icebisa ntoni malunga nokuchaswa okukhoyo kunye nexesha elizayo kubungxowankulu obuhlaziyiweyo benkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye eMelika?
Apho kwiNdalo
Ngaphandle kweMfazwe yombango, ukuDodobala okukhulu kwakuyeyona nto ibuhlungu kwimbali yase-United States. Kwinkcubeko yaseMelika ehlala ngokuqhelekileyo kwigumbi elingenafestile lesiganeko sangoku, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezoqoqosho kwiminyaka ye-1930 kunye neNtshatshelo entsha eyazama ukuyilungisa ihleli kuze kube namhlanje igxininiswe ngokunzulu kwi-psyche yesizwe. Ukuwohloka okukhulu koqoqosho lwamva nje kubizwa ngokuba luthelekiso olungalibalekiyo koko kwehlela isizwe kwiminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe anesihlanu ngaphambili.
Umvuzo welizwe wehliswa ngesiqingatha kwiminyaka emithathu eqala ngokuwa kwemarike yezabelo ngo-1929. Ikota yabasebenzi (malunga nezigidi ezilishumi elinesihlanu zabantu) yayingaphangeli ngo-1933. Ukungaqeshwa kwabantu kuye kwaphindaphindeka kathathu kwakuloo minyaka mithathu inye. Enyanisweni, ukuba asibahoyi abantu abaqeshwe ngandlelโ ithile kwezolimo, abantu abangaqeshwanga bafikelela kuma-37 ekhulwini ngendlela emangalisayo. Kwizixeko ezinemizi-mveliso njengeToledo, eli nani lalingaphezu kwama-80 ekhulwini. Kuma-75 ekhulwini abasebenzi besizwe abaqeshiweyo ngokwenene, isinye kwisithathu sasifumana umsebenzi wesingxungxo kuphela, ngoko eneneni sisiqingatha kuphela sabasebenzi abasebenzayo esikwenza oko ngokusisigxina.
Umvuzo wabasebenzi bexesha elizeleyo e-United States Steel wehla ukusuka kwi-25,000 ngo-1929 ukuya kwi-zero ekuqaleni kuka-1933. zomqhaphu azizange zithengiswe ngowe-449, ngoxa ukutya kwabola emasimini yaye iinkomo zaxhelwa ngezigidi. Amawaka amahlanu eebhanki awazange aphumelele ngexesha uFranklin Roosevelt ethatha isikhundla ngoMatshi ka-74.
Ubonelelo lwemali, enkosi ngokuyinxenye kuqokelelo oluninzi lwabantu abaqhelekileyo abothuswe yingxaki yebhanki, yehle ngesinye esithathwini phakathi kuka-1929 no-1933, yayenza mandundu into eyayisele ikukuhla kwexabiso eliphantsi okuchaphazele yonke into ukusuka kumaxabiso asekhaya ukuya emvuzweni. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, umyinge wama-80 ekhulwini wexabiso lemarike yezabelo ngo-1929 waye watshintsha ngo-1933. iifama kodwa kwaneendawo zokuhlala ezidolophini nasezilalini, zathinjwa. Ekuqaleni kuka-381, amashumi amathathu anesithandathu kumashumi amane ezalathisi ezingundoqo zoqoqosho aye afika kwelona nqanaba liphantsi ababefanele lifike kulo ebudeni beminyaka elishumi elinanye yonxunguphalo yokuDodobala okuKhulu.
Ukuphakuzela nokudandatheka kwakungeyonto intsha; zazisenzeka rhoqo emva kweminyaka engamashumi amabini okanye emva koko, ziqalisa ngowona oqatha ngowe-1837. Kodwa into engazange ibonwe ngaphambili okanye ukuwohloka kwayo kwakukhe kwavelisa imvakalelo eyothusayo yokuba yonke inkqubo yokuvelisa nokusasazwa yayifikelele kwinqanaba lokuwohloka. Ubuhlwempu kudala buphila kunye nentabalala. Ngoku, nangona kunjalo, kwakubonakala ngathi loo migca ingqameneyo idibene-ukuba intabalala, ubutyebi obuninzi obuyityhefu, buvelise ubuhlwempu.
Ngaphezu koko, amaziko ezopolitiko esizwe nawo abonakala echaphazeleka, mhlawumbi ngenxa yeshumi leminyaka lobungxowankulu bobungxowankulu okanye ngenxa yokungasebenzi kunye nokungabi nabuchule kwabo kwiminyaka yokuqala yokuwohloka. Enoba imigaqo yedemokhrasi inokugcinwa phantsi kwemeko yonxunguphalo enjalo yayingabonakalanga. Ngokungaphephekiyo, igunya lenkcubeko yabo bantu kumajelo eendaba, kwezobupolitika, kwiziko lemfundo, ecaweni, yaye ngaphezu kwako konke, kwezoshishino, ababechithe ishumi leminyaka elidluleyo bebhiyozela โixesha elitshaโ lempumelelo esisigxina, ngoku lalikwinqanaba eliphezulu. isaphulelo esinzulu.
Lilonke, oku kwaba ziimpembelelo zengxaki yokwenyani yokuzithemba nokuba semthethweni.
Ekuqaleni, uloyiko lwaluxubene nokudideka. Njengoko iiveki zaba ziinyanga neenyanga zaguquka zaba yiminyaka yokuphoxeka okukrakra nonxunguphalo, uloyiko, ukuziva unetyala, nokukhanyela kwathabathโ indawo kwiimvakalelo ezingakumbi zezihlunu. Umsindo, ukunxanelwa impindezelo, ubudlwengu bobudlelwane babo bagxothiweyo, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha, imvakalelo egqwethekileyo yenkululeko, yakha umjikelo ohlangeneyo wengqondo owagqithisa kakhulu ukuncipha kwemithombo yenkcubeko yendlela yakudala.
Ebhekisela kwamanye amagcisa, ababhali neenkcuba-buchopho, uEdmund Wilson wanikela le ngxelo: โUkuwohloka kwemarike yezabelo zamashishini kwaphantse kwafana nokuqhekeka komhlaba kulungiselelwa iMini yoMgwebo.โ Eso sandi sokukrazula sinokunxilisa. โSekunjalo kubabhali nakumagcisa esizukulwana sam abakhule ngexesha loShishino Amakhulu nababesoloko bebucaphukela ubundlavini babo . . . le minyaka yayingacinezeli kodwa yayikhuthaza. Umntu akazange akwazi ukuzibamba evuyiswa kukuwohloka ngequbuliso nangokungalindelekanga kobu rhwaphilizo bukhulu bubudenge. Isinike inkululeko entsha, kwaye yasinika amandla amatsha okuzifumana sisaqhuba ngelixa iibhanki, ngotshintsho, babebetha.
Kwaba ngathi ilizwe lonke livukile kwisithonga. Ababhali abavela eKhohlo njengoWilson, kodwa nakwaKunene kunye neziko, bathathele ingqalelo. UWilson wayeyinxalenye yeqela lababhali neenkcuba-buchopho, kuquka uJohn Dos Passos, uMalcolm Cowley, uLangston Hughes, noLincoln Steffens, abakhupha umqulu wezithembiso owawugunyazisa umgqatswa weQela lamaKomanisi njengomongameli ngowe-1932 โngokweminqweno yebutho labantu lokwenene kweli lizwe. zonke iindlela zokuxhaphaza zipheliswe; ngenxa yokuvuselelwa kwenkcubeko entsha.โ
Umhleli kwi Baltimore Sun yaqinisekisa ukuba kudidi oluphakathi olukhulu, uthando kunye nokunqulwa kwamadoda amakhulu oshishino kuphelile. UPare Lorentz, owenza ifilimu ibe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yobuhle bexesha loxinzelelo, ubhengeze ukuba "umdlalo omkhulu waseMelika wokuqalisa phantsi ngokuqinisekileyo uphelile."
UJohn Dewey, isithandi sobulumko netshantliziyo lezobupolitika, wabhala โngokuwa kweRomance,โ ukholo oluphelelweyo olwathi ngandlelโ ithile ukungcakaza kwavula amandla omntu nemithombo efihlakeleyo yamaxesha ezoqoqosho. Isazi ngezoqoqosho uVirgil Jordan wathi โinkomo engcwele ifile.โ Loo โmqondiso unamandla wewaka leminyaka lezoqoqosho,โ owathi, ngokutsho kukaJordan, wathabathelโ indawo ukhozi njengophawu oluthandwayo lwesizwe, ngoku ungcatshe ummi onqulayo.
Inkcubeko edumileyoโimiboniso bhanyabhanya, imidlalo yeqonga, imifanekiso eshukumayo, iingoma, iinoveli, ii<em>comic one-liners, abahleli, kwanokupeyinta nemibongoโyaphuphuma kukugculelwa nomsindo ojoliswe kulawulo lwamandulo. Konke oku kongezelele ekuqondweni kokungakufanelekelanga kolawulo kweqela elilawulayo. UWalter Lippman wayigxeka le meko ilusizi yodidi lobunkokeli baseMerika, iklasi efundiswe impumelelo kodwa ingekuko โukusebenzisa amandla,โ ephila imihla ngemihla, ilawula ukuba yayinokuthotyelwa ngendlela engafanelekanga, ithotyelwe kodwa ingenagunya.
Intlupheko yezinto eziphathekayo iyodwa akufuneki ukuba ikhokelele kwintelekelelo yezopolitiko. Ukuba ukuDodobala okuKhulu kwawubeka umhlaba kwaye kwavula amathuba aqatha kwezopolitiko nezentlalo, kwakungenxa yolo nxunguphalo kunye nesi siqiniseko sokuba ukungafihlisi kwelizwe kwakukwayimali yabantu abakumgangatho ophezulu, kuzo zonke iinkolelo nezithethe zalo, iingcamango zalo kunye nengqiqo yokuba lilungelo. . Yonke imixholo yepunch ye-nightclub kunye nekhathuni ekhatywayo, intlekisa nganye yoncwadi kunye nokujongelwa phantsi kombongo, yonke isikhukula se-iconoclastic biographies, ukugxothwa kwe-cinematic, kunye neejeremiads zokuhlela zayiphelisa inkcaso yodidi oludala olulawulayo.
Iqela eliphakamileyo elilawulayo lisenokusinda ekudumeni ngokungakhathali; eneneni, phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo ukuduma ngenkohlakalo engathandekiyo kusenokwandisa imbonakalo yokungakhulelwa kunye nokuphakama kwentlalo. Eyona nto inzima ngakumbi ukujamelana nemozulu kukukholelwa okuxhaphakileyo kokuba ulawulo lwamandulo alungomntu ozingcayo nje kuphela, ngokungenangqondo edibanisa intlalo-ntle yalo noluntu, kodwa usisidenge, ulahlekisiwe, ubuthathaka, nongenangqondo.
Imvukelo yomthonyama yazibonakalisa phambi kokuba uRoosevelt anyulwe, ngaphambi kokuba naliphi na amanyathelo eNtsha eNtsha athathwe. Kwathabatha iindlela ezininzi. Abalimi baye emasimini nasezindleleni bebonakalisa ukuchasโ umthetho. Kuwo wonke lo mmandla, abavukeli badibana ukuze bathintele ukugxothwa kwamanye amafama.
NgokukaMilo Reno, umongameli woMbutho weeHolide zaseFama, oyena nobangela wenkxwaleko enkulu yabalimi belizwe yinkqubo yokulobola engenantliziyo ephuma eWall Street. Kwacelwa ukuba kucocwe izindlu ezininzi ukuze โkwaphulwe amandla eWall Street kunye noosomashishini bamazwe ngamazwe kurhulumente wethu.
Kananjalo iinkxalabo zayo bezingaphelelanga kwibhanti lefama; umbutho weHolide wafuna irhafu yengeniso ephucukileyo kunye nesiqabu kubantu abangaphangeliyo basezidolophini kunye nokuba urhulumente wobumbano aqhube iibhanki. Umbutho, ubulungu bawo busondele kwisigidi, udale isithintelo sokuvala ukuvalwa kweRockies ukuya eAppalachia ebusika ngaphambi kokuba i-FDR ithathe iintambo. Imiboniso kwii-capitols zombuso e-Iowa, eNebraska, naseMinnesota, phakathi kwabanye, ikhokelele ukuba iipalamente zibhengeze i-moratoria okanye ukwandiswa kweentlawulo zezindlu ezidlulileyo. Emazantsi, abaqeshi kunye nabaxhasi bezityalo baye bamanyana kwaye baqhuba oko uphononongo lweSebe lezaBasebenzi lalubiza ngokuba "yimfazwe yamakhaya encinci."
Imisebenzi yefektri, amadabi ezitalatweni zasezidolophini, uqhankqalazo olunobundlobongela eMazantsi, imingcelele yabantu abaninzi abangaphangeliyo, ukuthinjwa kwemigodi kunye nezixhobo zoluntu ngokukhenkceza nokuphelelwa lithemba, ukuhlala kumhlaba ongenamntu nakwizindlu ezingahlali mntu, kunye nokuvalwa okuvaliweyo kunye nokugxothwa kwizixeko ezikhulu. uphawu lokulungela ngokubanzi ukugqitha kumacandelo amagunya kunye nepropathi yabucala ekudala ivakaliswa.
Amagqala eMfazwe Yehlabathi I adibana eWashington efuna urhulumente akhawulezise ukuhlawulwa kwenkamnkam yenkonzo; i-Bonus Army yachithwa ngobundlobongela ngamajoni akhokelwa nguDouglas McArthur kunye noDwight Eisenhower, eyalelwa nguMongameli Hoover. Ukusuka kumanqanaba angaphangeliyo amabhunga angaphangeliyo kwavela oko kamva kwaziwa ngokuba yiLundeen bill (ebizwa ngokuba yiFarmer-Labor Party congressman yaseMinnesota kwaye maxa wambi eyaziwa ngokuba yi โWorkers Billโ), ecebisa i-inshurensi yomdibaniso kubo bonke abangaphangeliyo, equka ukhathalelo lwempilo njenge. kakuhle, kwaye ixhaswa ngemali yirhafu eqhubekayo kwingeniso engaphezu kwe-5,000 yeedola, eyayiza kulawulwa ngamabhunga abasebenzi anyuliweyo.
EDetroit, abaqashi kunye namabhunga angaphangeliyo ayeka konke ukugxothwa ngo-1931. Amanye amabhunga adityaniswa, amanye afumana inkxaso yeUrban League, kwaye amanye afuna iiveki ezilishumi elinesine zeinshorensi yokungaphangeli kwikhefu lokuya kubeleka. Uqhankqalazo lwangaphambi kweDili eNtsha ingakumbi kwibhanti yelaphu eCarolinas loyisiwe, kodwa lwabonisa impembelelo yamaqela amancinci, amakomanisi, amasoshiyali, kunye โnee-wobblies,โ phakathi kwabanye.
Amarhe ezopolitiko anxamnye nongxowankulu asuka kuhlaselo luka-Huey Long kwi-petrochemical kwaye afumana abantu ababalaseleyo eLouisiana ukuya kugqabhuko-dubulo lukanomathotholo lukaTata uCharles Coughlin eMichigan, begxeka umanyano lwebhanki lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ixesha elide licetyiwe ukuba kuhluthwe yonke ingeniso engaphezulu komda, kwindawo ethile phakathi kwe-$600,000 kunye ne-1.8 yezigidi zeerandi, kunye nesibonelelo sezindlu esiqinisekisiweyo samawaka amathathu ukuya kwamahlanu eedola kunye nomhlalaphantsi kumntu wonke ongaphezulu kwamashumi amathandathu.
Ukuphela kwentlupheko ka-Upton Sinclair kumbutho waseKhalifoniya uthembise ngokuthatha indawo yobukhapitali ngento efana nomanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe. Phakathi kwezindululo zayo ezingakumbi: ukuhlalisa isigidi sabantu kumhlaba ongasetyenziswanga; ukusebenza ngeefektri ezingasebenziyo ngeendleko zikawonke-wonke, betshintshisa ngezinto abazivelisayo; ukubonelela abo basweleyo nabangaphezulu kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu ubudala. Ngengxaki yakhe, uSinclair wanyeliswa ngunogada omdala njengesathuthwane, obomvu, ongakholelwayo kubukho bukaThixo, nommeli wothando lwasimahla.
Embindi-ntshona wemibutho yabasebenzi bamafama babezingca. Iinkcuba-buchopho zaseMpuma zaseka amaqela esithathu asakhulayo, kuquka iLeague for Independent Political Action, eyayikhuthaza ukwabiwa kwakhona kwengeniso enkulu. Iqela leSocialist elikhokelwa nguNorman Thomas lahlala lichasene nongxowankulu, nangona impembelelo yalo yayincipha ngokukhawuleza. Ubulungu kwiQela lamaKomanisi, kwelinye icala, baqalisa ukukhula. Kwaye omabini amaqela akhuphe iminxeba yobunini boluntu kwizibonelelo ezisisiseko kunye nokunxibelelana kwetyala.
Konke oku kunye nokunye kwakuqhubeka ngaphambi kokuba i-FDR ithathe isifungo se-ofisi.
Yintoni Emele Yenziwe?
I-Revolution ayizange ibe kwi-ajenda ye-New Deal. Nangona kunjalo, kwimihla yangaphambili, izibhengezo zohlaziyo olumandla zabonakala nakwizangqa ezingaphakathi zolawulo.
Imisebenzi kawonke-wonke, umzekelo, yathabatha ngeendlela ezininzi kwaye yayiluphawu oluphinda-phindayo lweqhinga lolawulo lokubuyisela uqoqosho. Eminye yale mida yotyalo-mali olulawulwa ngurhulumente nolulawulwayo, oko omnye umbhali-mbali wayibiza ngokuba โkukuphinda kuphuculwe urhulumente ngeenjongo zophuhliso loqoqosho,โ enye yayo ijolise ekudaleni โiimarike zexesha elide ngokwakha iziseko zophuhliso kwimimandla engaphuhliswanga,โ njengeTVA. kwi Appalachia.
Kwakukho abantu abangaphakathi kwiSivumelwano esiNtsha njengoRexford Tugwell kunye noHenry Wallace ababone kwangaphambili ukungathinteki komanyano, umanyano lweshishini, abasebenzi, kunye norhulumente oza "kucwangcisa imveliso." UHarold Ickes wathetha โngongquzulwano olungenakulungisekaโ phakathi โkomandla emali namandla ethuku ledemokhrasiโ yaye esoyika โishishini elikhulu kunye nokuza kweMelika yobuFasiโiMerika esebukhobokeni.โ
Abaphathi beentsana bomyalelo omtsha beva ubushushu. Kulawulo olukhulayo lwentlalo-ntle yoluntu, iqela labaqhankqalazi lavuselela inkqubo yogcino lwengeniso. Iza kuhlawulwa ngokurhafisa abona bazizityebi kwaye ilawulwe ngoonontlalontle kunye nabathengi babo abangaphangeliyo, ababedla ngokubandakanyeka kumabhunga abantu abangaphangeliyo, abanye babo ababehlala kwiiofisi zoncedo.
Le ntshukumo iphinde yathatha isiseko somsebenzi wentlalontle kunye nendlela yayo yetekhnoloji egxininise ulawulo, uqeqesho, kunye nongenelelo lokufundisa kubomi "babathengi" babo. Baye baxoxa endaweni yokuba kwakungaphezulu kuphawu lokukhuthaza utshintsho lwentlalo, ukuququzelela imibutho yabasebenzi, kunye nokujoyina amaphulo amakhulu okwakhiwa kwezindlu, ilungelo lokulungelelanisa, kunye nokwabiwa kwakhona kwengeniso enkulu.
Nje ukuba ifakwe e-ofisini, ulawulo lwe-New Deal lahamba laya kumacala ahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye, lizama le naleya. I-Orthodoxy yayisenelizwi, umzekelo, kwinkolelo ye-axiomatic, eyabelana ngayo yi-FDR, kwisidingo sokulinganisela uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Kodwa ukungxamiseka kwalo mzuzu kwanyanzela ezinye iindlela.
Ke, iNational Recovery Administration yazama ukusebenzisana; urhulumente angawabuyisela umva amandla eshishini okuziqeqesha, ukulawula kwiimpembelelo zawo ezizitshabalalisayo zokukhuphisana, ukuvelisa ngokugqithisileyo, ukucutha imivuzo. Ngeli xesha, i-Tennessee Valley Authority yangena kwindawo yocwangciso lukarhulumente kunye nophuhliso lwengingqi. Imithetho emitsha yolawulo elawula iibhanki kunye nemarike yemasheya iya kubeka inkqubo yezemali phantsi kweliso. Imisebenzi kawonke-wonke ibeka abantu emsebenzini, yahlaziya kwaye yandisa iziseko zentengiso yelizwe, kwaye mhlawumbi yabeka phambili impompo yokubuyisela kwimizi-mveliso.
Konke oku kwakuqhubeka iinyanga ezintathu emva koko. Akukho nanye kuyo, nangona kunjalo, eyayilungiselelwe ukuncothula iziseko zongxowankulu eMelika, kodwa endaweni yoko ukuzibuyisela. Ngaphandle kwamanqanaba olawulo, nangona kunjalo, kulapho imisinga ye-radical anti-capitalism yabonakala khona kule minyaka yokwakheka xa iSivumelwano esitsha sasingekaqinisekisi ukubamba kwayo; ayibonakali nje kuphela, kodwa ngamandla okwenene kunye nobukhulu.
I-Shifting Equilibrium
Uqhankqalazo nolungelelwaniso lomanyano lwaluyinto eqhelekileyo ukutyhubela iminyaka elishumi; yaye abazange, babekwe ikheswa, bacele umngeni kwizinto ezisisiseko zemarike. Ngokuchaseneyo noko, imanyano yabasebenzi eqhelekileyo, phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, ithatha indawo yentengiso, abasebenzi bemivuzo, kunye nobudlelwane bekhontrakthi phakathi kwabaphathi/abanini kunye nabasebenzi. Nangona kunjalo, iimeko zazingekho ngokuqhelekileyo, kwaye ukuziphatha kombutho womanyano kwakungaqhelekanga.
Ukuqala, onke amacandelo angundoqo kuqoqosho lwemizi-mveliso ayengenayo imibutho. Lo ibingengomcimbi wethamsanqa kwiiklasi eziqeshwayo, kodwa noko ibisisiphumo semizamo ehlangeneyo ebuyela emva kumashumi eminyaka yokucoca ishishini lobukho babo. Imibutho esakhasayo okanye esele imiselwe ngakumbi yoyisiwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo, yaza yaqhutywa phantsi komhlaba okanye yangabikho ngenxa yeenzame zentsebenziswano yeenkampani, iinkundla, amapolisa, abalindi, kunye nokuhlanganisa imikhosi yabucala nekawonke-wonke.
Xa sijongene naloo mbali yokusilela, ukubiza umnqweno wokuphinda uzame kwakhona kwaba luqhawulo-mtshato olukhulu ngokurhoxa, ukufa, kunye nokuzingcikiva ngenye indlela engokwemvelo kwimeko enjalo. Ukuba ixesha liphawuleka kakhulu ngokuvukela kunye nombutho wezigidi zabantu abasebenzayo, ngoko loo nto yodwa ibonisa ukugqabhuka okukhulu kunye nexesha elidlulileyo.
Ngaphaya kwesenzo sovukelo, olu vukelo lwabasebenzi luphethe neminye imiqondiso yento engaqhelekanga. Uninzi lwento eyathi ekugqibeleni yaba yiNkongolo yeMibutho yezoShishino yayikhokelwa ziimbono zezopolitiko. Kwaye abasebenzi ababakhokelayo babebazi ukuba ngamadoda nabafazi basekhohlo.
Ngaphezu koko, amaziko amatsha abawaqulunqileyo ayenenkqubo yokwakheka kwecawa. Imiqobo egqunyiweyo yezakhono, inkolo, ubuhlanga, isini, kwanobuhlanga, ezithe, ngaphandle nje kwabambalwa kakhulu, zathi zathibaza iinzame zangaphambili zokudala umanyano olubandakanya wonke umntu kunye nemvo ephilayo yomanyano lwentlalo, zoyiswa; hayi ngokupheleleyo, hayi ngokusisigxina, kodwa ngokuzingisa okwaneleyo ukuze uphumelele ngokuchasene nezinto ezingathandekiyo ezinde.
Iimanyano ezisandulโ ukusekwa zazidla ngokuqalisa njengezinto ezihlangeneyo. Oku kwakunjalo ngokukodwa kwimizi-mveliso yentsimbi, yokupakishwa kwenyama, neyomqhaphu, kwaye yayiyinyaniso kwenye indawo kancinane kwimoto, kwirabha, nakwimigodi (apho yayisoloko iyinyani). Oko kwakuthetha ukuba ngabom abakhange bafune inkxaso kuphela kodwa inxaxheba yamaqela oluntu aquka iiklabhu zobuhlanga, imibutho yabaqeshi bendawo, iicawe zendawo, kunye nemibutho yobuzalwana phakathi kwabanye.
Iimanyano zabasebenzi eziqhelekileyo zikholisa ukuhlala kwindlela yazo, ziqhuba imicimbi yazo ngaxa lithile lishenxisiwe eluntwini ngokubanzi, kwaye iinkxalabo zazo ziyivale kubudlelwane bekhontrakthi nobunini. Imibutho ye-CIO, ngeli xesha lokwakha, yayinamandla ngakumbi. Ngokuzibona bazichonge ezabo izilangazelelo kunye nezo zendalo ebanzi yentlalo bezizinziswe kuyo. Kukulo mmandla, phakathi kwezenzo zesithethe zengxoxo ehlangeneyo kunye nomngcipheko, umzamo obukhali ngakumbi wokumela uluntu lonke, apho ukuqonda kodidi. uyazalwa.
Iimpawu zalo moya wokuzama ngakumbi zaphawula elo xesha. Uqhankqalazo lokuhlala phantsi kumashishini erabha kunye nemizi-mveliso yeemoto, kodwa nakweminye imimandla ebanzi yezoqoqosho, belugqithisile. Bathandabuza ukunganyanzelwa kwepropathi yabucala njengoko abasebenzi behlala kwimizi-mveliso kunye nezinye iiasethi zorhwebo. Oku kwavusa isiphithiphithi phakathi kwezopolitiko kunye namashishini aphezulu.
Yaye le mvukelo yayingayi kuba nempumelelo njengoko uninzi lwayo luye lwangqineka lungekho ngaphandle kokuhlanganiswa โkwabangaphandleโ abanovelwano abasuka kwiidolophu nakwimimandla eyingqongileyo. Ngaphezu koko, amaza oqhankqalazo awayegqugqisa ilizwe kangangeminyaka eliqela ayedla ngokuphenjelelwa okanye encediswa โngamaqela aphaphazelayoโ amajoni awayebaleka apha naphaya egameni lesizathu esiqhelekileyo; enye imbonakalo ebonakalayo yengqondo yentlalo-ingqondo yeklasi, ukuba uyathanda-yokuvukela.
Inzondelelo yalo mlinganiselo yayinempembelelo yezopolitiko. Phambi kokuba nawaphi na amanyathelo okuphucula adume kakhulu nge-New Deal (uMthetho weWagner, uMthetho woKhuseleko lweNtlalo, uMthetho weMigangatho yoMsebenzi oLungileyo) wamkelwa, kwaqhambuka uqhankqalazo olubini jikelele. Enye yayiseSan Francisco kwaye ikhokelwa yi-longshoremen's union. Enye yayiseMinneapolis kwaye ikhokelwa yiTeamsters. Omabini ayephethwe ngamasoshiyali enguquko.
Uqhankqalazo jikelele lunqabile kwaye ngokwendalo luyipolitiki. Ngelixa ziqhubeka, iindlela negunya logwayimbo zithathe indawo okanye zikho kunye nezo zikaRhulumente โosemthethweniโ kamasipala. Amandla okuqhuba imicimbi yemihla ngemihla-yonke into ukusuka kucoceko ukuya kwezothutho, ukusuka kwiinkonzo zonyango ukuya kwezobupolisa-i-oscillates phakathi kwamaziko akudala kunye namaziko aqalayo entshukumo yobuninzi, okanye anokuthi afumaneke ngokupheleleyo kwiKomidi ye-General Strike.
Le yimeko engavumelekanga. Ngaphandle koguquko lokwenyani, amandla ekugqibeleni abuyela apho asuka khona. Kodwa isenzo sokutsalela umnxeba nokuqhuba ugwayimbo jikelele sinzulu kakhulu. Isenokungabi nalangazelelo lenguquko, kodwa ivula umnyango kwizinto ezingaziwayo. Ukuba olu qhankqalazo lubini lwenzeka ngonyaka omnye - ngo-1934 - sisilinganisi sokulinganisa ukuba kude kangakanani na kwindlela yokuchasana nongxowankulu umbutho wabasebenzi ohambeyo.
Ngelixa ugwayimbo lokuhlala phantsi kunye noluqhelekileyo yayiyeyona ndlela imangalisayo neyimingeni yezopolitiko yokuvakalisa iimvakalelo zabasebenzi, yonke intshukumo yeCIO, kwasekuqaleni, yayiyisenzo sezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho. Ngandlelโ ithile, oko kwakungenziwa ngokuzithandela. Amashishini amakhulu afana ne-GM, Ford, i-US Steel, i-US Rubber, i-General Electric, phakathi kwabanye, ngokukhawuleza babhenela kumapolisa, abagwebi, kunye namagosa anyuliweyo ukuba aphazamise ukuhlanganisa abasebenzi.
Umbutho omtsha wabasebenzi wakhawuleza wafuna amahlakani awo kwezopolitiko njenge-counterweight. Ngamanye amaxesha oku kwasebenza - umzekelo xa unobhala wezabasebenzi uFrances Perkins wangenelela, nangona enempembelelo encinci, kwingxabano ye-GM-UAW - kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ayizange - ngokomzekelo, xa uMongameli wenqaba ukuthatha icala kukhuphiswano lwegazi phakathi "kwentsimbi encinci. โ iinkampani kunye neKomiti eQuquzelelayo yabaSebenzi beNsimbi esakhulayo.
Ngaphandle kweemeko ezithile ezifana nezo, ngokunzulu ngakumbi, ubukho kunye nokuphila kombutho weentsana wemizi-mveliso wawusekelwe ngokungagungqiyo kumfelandawonye nolawulo lukaRoosevelt. Kwiminyaka yokuqala, olo lwalamano aluzange lube cala-nye njengoko lunokubonakala. Kuyinyani, iminxeba yokuqala yombutho wabasebenzi ukuba ujoyine imanyano kuba umongameli efuna ukuba ujoyine, zombini bezingeyonyani (i-FDR yayiyeyona nkolelo igqwesileyo malunga nemibutho yabasebenzi) kwaye ilusizi. Nangona kunjalo, ikrakra malunga nendlela abasebenzi abaye baphathwa kakubi ngayo okanye bengahoywa ngokupheleleyo yi-National Recovery Administration, iinkokeli zombutho wokuqala wentshukumo zathatha isigqibo sokuziqhubela ngokwazo, zingalindelanga ncedo lubambekayo oluvela eWashington.
Xa amacandelo abalulekileyo oshishino lwaseMelika agqiba ekubeni nawo anele kuNciphiswano eNtsha ekuxinaniseni uqoqosho, ukunganeliseki kwabo kwavula umnyango apho intshukumo entsha yabasebenzi inokungena kwakhona. Ngaloo mzuzu, okwenzekayo ngexesha iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagweba i-NRA ngokungahambisani nomgaqo-siseko ngo-1935, yatshintsha i-chemistry yezopolitiko. Ulawulo lukaRoosevelt lwalufuna amahlakani amatsha. Ukuze bawafumane bekuya kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ingqwalasela engakumbi kwizidubedube zentlalo eziqhambuka kwilizwe lonke. Umbindi womxhuzulane wawuguquguquka, kwaye iNdlela eNtsha yayiza kufuneka itshintshe nayo okanye ukubekwa yedwa kumngcipheko.
Ngokubhekiselele kumbutho omtsha wabasebenzi, oko kwakuthetha ukuba, ubuncinane, inkxaso yoLawulo kumthetho omtsha wabasebenzi, iWagner Act, iFDR engazange ibonise mdla kuwo. Uwiso-mthetho - nowathi xa sijonga ngasemva waqhwalelisa inkululeko yokusebenza yombutho wabasebenzi - emva xa wamkelwayo, wawubhiyozelwa ngokufanelekileyo njengenxalenye entsha yedemokhrasi yoshishino, ekhulula izigidi.
Amanye amacandelo oshishino alungiselelwa, anomdla wokufuna a imowudi vivendi kunye nentshukumo yabasebenzi eya kunceda ukuzinzisa ubudlelwane bezabasebenzi kunye nokuthatha iindleko zabasebenzi ngaphandle kokuzitshabalalisa, ukulingana kokhuphiswano. Amanye amacandelo ezorhwebo, ngokukodwa lawo abethe mbende kushishino olunzima, ayevutha ngumsindo ngenxa yokugxothwa kwiindawo zawo eziqhelekileyo eziphezulu. Bavula iSivumelwano esitsha ngempindezelo.
Ngapha koko, oku kucalulwa kwamacandelo (ayingawo onke) ehlabathi loshishino, wamema uthethathethwano oluthe ngqo lwezopolitiko yiCIO esandula ukuzalwa.
Ukudala i-Labour's Non-Partisan League ngo-1936 ukuxhasa ukunyulwa kwakhona kwe-FDR (kunye ne-New Deal ehambelana nezopolitiko kwilizwe lonke) kunokubonwa njengenyathelo lokuqala elibi eliya kuphelela ekudityanisweni kombutho wabasebenzi kwiDemocratic Party. Ibiyi. Kodwa, ngexesha lokudalwa, yayikwakukugatya oko kwakukade kusenziwa ngaphambili umbutho wabasebenzi ofundisayo ngezopolitiko. Kwaye njengoko umoya wesizwe wawuguquguquka, iNdlela eNtsha yaziva inyanzelekile ukuba ithethe ulwimi oluguqulelwe kwiklasi yezopolitiko - izikweko eziphindaphindayo ezifana "nembali yoshishino" kunye "noorhulumente basebukhosini" - engajoliswanga kuphela kwintshukumo entsha yabasebenzi, kodwa kuzo zonke ezinye eziye zaphola. imvukelo.
Kakhulu, abaThengisi abatsha eWashington banexhala malunga neentshukumo ezikhokelwa nguHuey Long, uBawo uCoughlin, kunye noFrancis Townsend. Long's Share Our Wealth clubs, Coughlin's National Union for Social Justice, and Townsend Clubs rallying behind Dr. Townsend's pension plan together yamkela izigidi zabalandeli.
Xa kujongwa umva bahlala bephathwa njengephiko lasekunene, iindibano zeprotofascist. Oko akuzange kubonakale ngelo xesha. Bobathathu bakhutshiwe iimvakalelo ezichasene nongxowankulu nanjengoko baberhweba ngokunxamnye namaYuda (kwimeko kaCoughlin) kunye nolawulo lwe-demagogic (kwimeko kaLong).
Ngaloo ndlela, babe yinxalenye yempembelelo ebanzi yoluntu ebandakanya i-CIO yokwenza. Yabhekisa umsindo wayo kumaziko aphakamileyo - iibhanki, iinkampani, abaphezulu bezopolitiko - bexesha elidala. Kuyafaneleka ukuqaphela indawo eqhelekileyo ehlala ihlalwa ziinkqubo ezichasene nongxowankulu beKhohlo naKunene. Oku bekuyinyani eYurophu apho amacandelo adityanisiweyo asuka kwicala lasekunene nelobusoshiyali ekhohlo angena ephuma kumbutho kaMussolini wobuFasi kunye neNational Socialists kaHitler. Umoya wezopolitiko wawungumbane kwihlabathi elidala kunye neLitsha.
Xa sijonga emva, ukonyulwa kwakhona kwe-FDR ngo-1936 kubonakala kusisigqibo. Umbutho woManyano owenziwe nguCoughlin, iTownsend, kunye neendlalifa zeLong's Share Our Wealth umbutho, ufumene ngaphantsi kwesigidi seevoti - isi-2 sepesenti yeevoti zizonke kwaye azikho zolonyulo. Kodwa kwakungajongwa ngaloo ndlela ngelo xesha. Uloyiko olukhulu losulele izintlu zabalawuli ukuba imisinga yabantu abaninzi inokubangela isoyikiso esikhulu kwezopolitiko.
Uloyiko lulo olugcine abasebenzi bemizi-mveliso bephantsi kobhontsi babaphathi babo, into eye yabangela ukuba izizukulwana ngezizukulwana zibhuqe amafama kunye nabalimi bezabelo bebashiya kwinceba yabanini-mhlaba, yintoni eyabangela ukuba abo bagxothiweyo babaleke xa bebona amapolisa, yintoni eyenza 'abantu abancinci. ' ukoyikeka nokukhwankqiswa phambi kwamadoda amakhulu, into eyenza ukungalingani okunzulu kwemeko kubonakale kumiselwe kwangaphambili. Ukoyisa olo loyiko, ukunganikezeli kuloyiko, kuko okwenze ukuba iSivumelwano esitsha sibe nokwenzeka.
The Historic Compromise
Ukuba ulwakhiwo lweSivumelwano esitsha savela kwizenzo ezininzi zemvukelo, ezo mvakalelo zibukhali zakhawuleza zaguqulwa zahluthwa ezona ntetho zinobundlavini. Njani ukuphendula loo alchemy yezopolitiko? Ukukroba ngaphakathi kolu qhushululu kutyhila ingqikelelo echaseneyo, ukukhukuliseka kwamaza okulondolozayo okutsala ezi ntshukumo zimke kwingxondorha. Ukubajonga ukude, uthatha umlinganiselo wemeko ebanzi apho bezifakelwe khona, ubhentsisa loo misinga yembali inzulu etyhutyha uluntu lwaseMelika olwathi lwenza mfutshane umda wento enokwenzeka.
Thatha iCIO. IiRadicals - amakomanisi, amasoshiyali, iiTrotskyists, ii-syndicalists, phakathi kwabanye - bakwizikhundla zobunkokeli njengabaququzeleli, amaqhinga, kunye nabaxhasi bepropagand. Kodwa iCIO yayiliqela lemibutho yabasebenzi, ingelilo iqela lezopolitiko. Nangona yangena ngenkani kwiqonga lezopolitiko, ubulungu bayo abuzange bube nengcamango enye okanye iplani yenkqubo.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amaqela emibutho yeCIO amkela inkitha yabantu: amaKatolika aqhelisela unqulo, abanye abathanda inkululeko, abanye bebambelele ngokuqinileyo kwimibandela yentsapho, imfundo nonqulo. Abafuduki abasandula ukuvela kwiifama ezidityanisiweyo ze-Appalachia kunye ne-Great Plains bajike kumaziko emizi-mveliso ambindi-ntshona kwaye bakhukulisa kwiimanyano ezintsha. Basenokuba ngabangaphangeliyo ngokwembono yabo, bade babe namava athile kwimizi-mveliso nakwimibutho yabasebenzi njengabasebenzi basezimayini okanye abasebenza koololiwe. Kodwa kanye njengokuba kusenokwenzeka ukuba ayenamathele kwiimvaba ngeemvaba ezahlukahlukeneyo nakwimizi yamakhaya angakhathaliyo yaye ayehamba nezimo zengqondo ezingokwesithethe ngokuphathelele impahla yabucala, umzi kasolusapho nohlanga.
Abanye abantu be-CIO yayingabaphambukeli besizukulwana sokuqala abasantywiliselwa kwiindawo zabo zobuhlanga kwaye benamathele kwiindlela zabo zokuphila zehlabathi elidala kunye neenkolelo. Abanye babesisizukulwana sesibini, benamava ngakumbi kwaye bavuleleke kubomi banamhlanje basezidolophini. Oko kunokuthetha ukuba batshata ngaphandle kwe-ethno-inkolo yabo, ngokomzekelo, kwaye bavulelekile kwizinto ezingaqhelekanga, kunye neengcamango ezinzulu. Kodwa kunokuthetha ukuba bavuleleke ngakumbi kunabazali babo kumtsalane wenkcubeko yabathengi bale mihla kwaye babumba ulindelo lwabo kwikamva ngokufanelekileyo.
Abantu base-Afrika baseMelika bajoyina i-CIO ngamanani angazange abonwe ngaphambili, ukuba nje ngenxa yokuba iintshukumo zabasebenzi phambi kweCIO zazidla ngokuchasa ubukho babo. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho abo babengamagqala emibutho eyahlukahlukeneyo yenkululeko yabantsundu, enoba kuMzantsi okanye kwizixeko ezisemantla. Ngokwendalo bangene kwiingxoxo ezinengqondo ephangaleleyo ngaphakathi kweCIO kwaye babona unxibelelwano phakathi kwenkululeko yobuhlanga kunye nokuchaswa kongxowankulu.
Kodwa izabelo ezigxothiweyo kunye nabasebenzi basezifama benza isambuku sabasebenzi base-Afrika baseMelika. Ngokufuthi umnqweno wabo wawuthozamile; ukubaleka kusapho lakwaJim Crow ukuze uqiniseke, kodwa enye apho umsebenzi wawuvuza ngokundilisekileyo yayiyimpumelelo eluntwini.
Kunokuthiwa i-CIO ayimelanga i-American industry proletariat, kodwa uninzi lwabasebenzi. Nokuba zithini na iimbono zeenkokheli zeCIO - kwaye bezingezizo zonke iinguqu nangayiphi na indlela - banyanzelwa ukuba banike ingqwalasela efanelekileyo kwisigqibo sokuthambekela kokungakhethi cala kwiindawo zabo ezahlukeneyo zovoto. Kwaye nokuba zithini na izikhundla zabo ezisesikweni malunga ne-capitalism, socialism, kunye ne-revolution, ibutho lemanyano yabasebenzi bephiko lasekhohlo kunye nezangqa ezibanzi zamatsha ntliziyo abukhali ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweSP kunye neCP, bahlala bengoonyana neentombi zoKhanya.
Umzabalazo wokugcina kunye nokwandisa idemokhrasi kunye nokulingana kwi-fascism yayizezo zonke iinjongo ezibonakalayo isishwankathelo sobomi babo. Oku kwakunokubizwa ngokuba โziindawo zezopolitiko,โ indawo ekwabelwana ngayo zizihlwele ezirhangqwe ludonga ngaphaya apho kwakukho umchasi-kapitali ongaziwayo.
Imanyano yabasebenzi kwi-abstract ithatha idinomineyitha enye, imvumelwano eyenziwe ngumnqweno ekwabelwana ngawo wokuthethathethana ngeyona migaqo ingcono yekontraka yokuthengisa amandla abasebenzi. Ithatha ubungxowankulu kwaye ayicingeli nto ngaphaya koko. Kubomi benene, nangona kunjalo, ukwenza umanyano ngenene kunokukhuthaza umbono obanzi wobuthunywa kunye nekamva. Iimeko ekudalwe phantsi kwazo i-CIO, kunye namava okuvula amehlo okwenza umbutho omtsha ogqithise imiqobo enzulu yezakhono, ubuhlanga, inkolo, kunye nobuhlanga, bayishiya iCIO kwindawo ethile phakathi, ngaxeshanye imanyano yabasebenzi kuyo yonke ingqiqo yesiqhelo. kunye nentshukumo yentlalontle eyayilwela iminqweno yabantu abasebenzayo ngokubanzi nokuba bangaphakathi okanye ngaphandle kweziko ngokwalo.
I-Flux, ingoyiki, yeyona nto ibonakalisa kungekuphela nje iCIO kodwa zonke imvukelo i-Great Depression yaqalisa. Isicwangciso somhlalaphantsi sika-Townsend (kwaye esakhe kuphela sesona saziwayo kwezona zicwangciso zokubuyisela ukhuseleko phakathi kwesiphithiphithi sobukhapitali) sasinobuganga, kodwa sasiza kuxhaswa ngerhafu yentengiso ebuyela emva. Icebise ukuba kupheliswe zonke ezinye iindlela zoncedo lwe-Federal njengolucekisayo, olungcoliswe kakhulu bubutata obudityanisiweyo awayethenyanya uGqirha Townsend.
Iqela likaLong's Share Our Wealth clubs (esenokonwabela ubulungu bezigidi ezisixhenxe okanye ezisibhozo) zathembisa ukunika zonke izindlu, imoto, unomathotholo, umvuzo wonyaka oqinisekisiweyo, iveki yokusebenza iiyure ezingamashumi amathathu, unyaka womsebenzi weenyanga ezilishumi elinanye, urhulumente uxhasa amaxabiso ezolimo, ibhonasi yemali yamagqala, njalo njalo, zonke ziyilelwe ukuphumeza ukwabiwa kwakhona kwengeniso enkulu. Namaqela ebengaphelelanga eMzantsi; zanwenwela kuMbindi-ntshona naphakathi kweAtlantiki.
Kodwa lo mbutho awuzange ufune ukucela umngeni kwi-primacy yepropathi yangasese kwaye ngokukhawuleza wafumana i-racist and anti-Semitic rants kaGerald LK Smith, owathatha emva kokubulawa kukaLong. Kwelakhe icala, uCoughlin umqhwabele izandla uRoosevelt ukuba nje umongameli waleqa "abatshintshi bemali." Kodwa kungekudala, uqhushululu lomfundisi lwajolisa kwiSivumelwano Esitsha โsobusoshiyali bezemaliโ kwaye wachaza urhulumente โnjengowaphukileyo waseColossus onqumla kwizibuko laseRhodes, umlenze wakhe wasekhohlo umi kubuKhapitali bamandulo kwaye ugxothwe kudaka olubomvu lobuKomanisi.โ
Ngezona ndlela zabo zisulungekileyo, iintshukumo zeLong, Coughlin, kunye neTownsend zavakalisa inkcubeko erhangqweyo yosolusapho wedolophu encinci kunye nobutyebi bomntu kunye nepropathi, beziva besonganyelwe lushishino lwelizwe lonke, iimarike zelizwe, urhulumente wale mihla, kunye nolawulo olungenabuntu lwequmrhu. Kodwa ukugxeka kwabo ubutyebi obuxineneyo, iWall Street, "amandla emali," kunye nenzuzo yeparasitic yayinomtsalane ngaphaya kwemida "yedolophu yethu" yaseMelika. Uninzi lwabantu abasebenza ngokuzisebenzelayo basePoland, abasebenza ngentsimbi yeSlavic, kunye nomchweli waseJamani baphulaphula ngenyameko kwintlalontle yobuKatolika bukaTata uCoughlin kunye nedemokhrasi yezentlalo kaJohn L. Lewis weCIO. Ngelixa abaphathi bale mibutho bejijisana besuka kude, amalungu eeklabhu zeSharena zoButyebi okanye iManyano yeSizwe yoBulungisa beNtlalo badla ngokuzifumana bekunye namanye amagcisa kwi-AFL egcinayo ngakumbi okanye kunye nabazalwana babo abavukelayo kwiCIO.
Inkcubeko edumileyo yaziphinda ezi ntsonkotha. Iimuvi, unomathotholo, uncwadi, umculo, kunye nobugcisa obubonakalayo budlulise intuthuzelo entsha ngentlalo-ntle yaseMelika. Iinkcubeko zabantu zafunyanwa kwaye zabhiyozelwa (kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zixhaswa ngemali ziiarhente eziNtsha zoDibaniso) kwaye zihlala ziphethe indelelo ecacileyo okanye ecacileyo yelungelo, ukuzenzisa, kunye nabaphezulu nabanamandla. Ukusa kwakubudala โboMntu oQhelekileyo.โ Impembelelo yayo yobuhle iboniswe kwiholo yekonsathi, kwisitudiyo sokudanisa, eqongeni, kwiigalari zobugcisa kunye nezinye iindawo ezingalindelekanga zenkcubeko ephezulu. Ukulingana kwayo ngokwethuku kwakuzicacele.
Ukanti lo โmfo uqhelekileyoโ wahlala eyindoda yosapho loosolusapho. Imilinganiselo yakhe esisiseko yayigugile, iqhelekile. Umsebenzi, ukonga, ukucwangciswa kwesigulana kwikamva, ikhaya njengengcwele ngamanye amaxesha indawo yeemvakalelo. Iihagu ezintathu ezincinci, Inqaku lokuqala likaWalt โโDisney lobude be-smash hit, eyaqala ngo-1933, yayingumbhiyozo wokholo lwakudala, enye yezindlu ezininzi zobugcisa.
Olu hlobo lobomi lusekelwe kusapho lwalufuna ukukhuselwa kwiiyantlukwano ezinobundlobongela kwindawo yentengiso. Ukukhangela ukhuseleko kwaba yinkuthazo enamandla njengomnqweno wokubeka umgangatho wolawulo lwentlalo. Ngaba i-New Deal ingafumana indlela yokuqinisekisa ukulingana kunye ne-modicum yokhuseleko ngelixa inika i-capitalism imbuyekezo kumava asondele kukufa? Ewe, yayinako yaye yenjenjalo.
I-Concordat
Ukunyanzeliswa lutshintsho kwimozulu yezopolitiko ukuya ngasekhohlo, urhulumente kunye noRoosevelt bahlaselwe ngokungapheliyo kulawulo lwakudala. Ekubeni wayephuma kwaloo mibutho yentlalontle, umongameli wayekruqukile njengomngcatshi eklasini yakhe yaye okubi ngakumbi. Eneneni, lo mlindi omdala wakhaba ngawo omane esithi: โLaa ndoda ikwiNdlu eNgcacisoโ yayiphambene, ingumYuda, inxila, igcushuwa, ikomanisi โengcolileyo,โ njalo njalo kwiNiagara ye-bilious distemper eyingozi kakhulu. umlinganiselo wodidi oluhlala elubhacweni.
Ebudeni bengxoxo eshushu ngokuphathelele โumthetho werhafu yobutyebiโ owawucetywa luLawulo, umongameli wazama ukucacisa: โNdilwa nobukomanisi, ubuKomanisi, uBukhosi bukaHuey, uCoughlinism . . . Ndifuna ukusindisa inkqubo yethu, inkqubo yongxowankulu.โ Ababaninzi eWall Street okanye kumagumbi aphezulu ababemamele. Kodwa uRoosevelt wayethetha inyaniso.
Yonke into yomthetho we-New Deal ehambelana nokunyuka okuphezulu kohlaziyo-uMthetho weWagner, ipenshoni yoKhuseleko lweNtlalo, i-inshurensi yokungaqeshwa, kunye nentlalontle, uLawulo lweProjekthi yeMisebenzi, iMisebenzi yoLuntu, uMthetho weMigangatho yoMsebenzi oLungileyo, iTVA, iRural Electrification Administration. igama kuphela elaziwa kakhulu - eneneni yayisisiphumo sesiphithiphithi esidumileyo. Nangona kunjalo bonke basebenzele ukwalathisa loo mandla kumajelo ahambelana ne-capitalism ekhaliphileyo, esabela kulawulo lukarhulumente kunye nokucupha.
Idemokhrasi yemizi-mveliso ibiyinjongo enzima kwisizukulwana sabantu abaneenguqu, abahlaziyi, oochwephesha, kunye nezangqa ezithile zolawulo lwezenzululwazi. Intsingiselo yalo yayixhomekeke ekubeni ngubani owayesenza isibhengezo. Kusenokuthetha ukuthathwa koshishino ngamabhunga omsebenzi; okanye ubunini nolawulo lukarhulumente ngamasoshiyali okanye ngamakomanisi; okanye ulawulo oluhlangeneyo ngabanini nabasebenzi namagunya oluntu; okanye ngokulula ngakumbi iiyuniyoni zemizi-mveliso ezimele bonke abasebenzi kwiplanti okanye kushishino; okanye imibutho yezobuchwephesha ithethe ngokungqongqo kwabo banesakhono esithile. Phantsi koncedo lwesiVumelwano eSitsha, idemokhrasi yezoshishino iza kuncedisana nolunye uhlaziyo apho urhulumente wayeza kusebenzisa uhlobo loluleko kwimarike apho onke amalinge osomashishini azama ukwenza amapolisa ngokwawo aye asilela ukuyenza.
UMthetho kaWagner wanceda ekumiseleni uhlobo lwedemokhrasi yezoshishino eyathi yazikhwebula kulo naluphi na uhlaselo oluthe ngqo kuqoqosho lwezopolitiko. Yagunyazisa uthethathethwano oludityanelweyo, yabeka uxanduva kubo bobabini abaphathi kunye nemibutho yabasebenzi, yaze yasebenza ukuseka uxolo kwivenkile.
Iinkokeli zemanyano zabasebenzi zazifanele ukuba zigcine amalungu azo, zibethelela ukuzibophelela ngendlela elungeleleneyo kwimiqathango yesivumelwano. Ukulawulwa kobomi kumgangatho wevenkile kwahlala kubaphathi. Abavukeli ababecinga ngenye indlela bakhawuleza balawula. Ukunyeliswa kakhulu (kungekhona ngaphandle kwesizathu) ulawulo lwemibutho yabasebenzi, emva koko, isiqhamo sentshukumo enkulu, iziko, elidalwe apho kwakungekho nto, intsalela eqiniswa ngokuthe ngcembe yomlilo. iminqweno.
Lo mthetho wabonwa, nangamanye amacandelo oshishino, njengenxalenye yesicwangciso sokubuyisela uqoqosho. Kuya kuthatha iindleko zabasebenzi kukhuphiswano olubulalayo olwenze ukuba ushishino lube yingozi kangako. Kwaye inokuthi inyuse amanqanaba emivuzo kwaye ngaloo ndlela yandise amandla okutya okuthe yawa ngenxa yoxinzelelo. Amanye amaqumrhu ade akhetha iimanyano zemizi-mveliso kunezobugcisa (ukuba bekufuneka bakhethe ububi obuncinci) njengoko ukufikelela kwezo manyano kuya kunceda ukulungelelanisa nokulungelelanisa iimeko kwindawo yonke yokusebenza.
Ngokumisela umgangatho womvuzo kunye nesilingi kangangeeyure (kunye nangokusebenza ngokungekho mthethweni kwabantwana), uMthetho weMigangatho yoMsebenzi oLungileyo wawufuna iinjongo ezifanayo. Nangona kunjalo, lo mthetho usayilwayo ugqithise ezolimo kunye nabasebenzi basekhaya kukhuseleko lwabo ngenxa yobunzima bezopolitiko boMzantsi oqinileyo. Kwaye amanqanaba omvuzo wokuqala womthetho ayephantsi ngokulusizi.
Ngaphandle kwezo kunye nezinye iintsilelo ezinkulu, i-FLSA iphinde yaqinisekisa indima yorhulumente wobumbano kubupolisa kwimarike ngokwemidla yentengiso. Abasebenzi abashiyekileyo bawubone umthetho njengenxalenye yesicwangciso-qhinga esibalaseleyo esichasene noMzantsi oqinileyo. Ibiya kuthi, ngaxeshanye, ithintele umtsalane wommandla njengendawo yokhuseleko lweevenkile ezibalekayo ezichasene nomanyano ezisuka eMantla kwaye zaphule amandla omnini-mhlaba-mercantile elite ebesoloko ephazamisa uhlaziyo kwinqanaba lomdibaniso. Akukho nanye kwezi yayiza kuphumelela; intsalela yaba kukuzibophelela okuthobekileyo okucacileyo kweSivumelwano esitsha sokuphakamisa imigangatho yabasebenzi.
Ukwabiwa ngokutsha kwengeniso ibiyenye yeenjongo zolu tshintsho kumthetho wabasebenzi. Akukho mntu wayedinga ukukhunjuzwa ukuba ilizwe lingene kuDado lokudodobala kokungalinganiyo kulwahlulo lobutyebi kunye nengeniso (oluya kuphunyezwa kwakhona kula maxesha ethu). Iipolitiki zokwabiwa ngokutsha zisenokususela ekuthinjweni ukuya kwiindlela ezininzi okanye ezingaphantsi kwezihlunu zokurhafisa ubutyebi obuqokelelweyo (kobushishini nobuqu). Kwakhona, i-New Deal yaziva uxinzelelo.
Kodwa uMthetho weRhafu yoButyebi wachithwa ngewaka lokuthotywa kunye nokukhululwa. Ekudlalweni yayingeyompembelelo esekhoyo yoshishino lwelizwe kunye nezityebi ngokubanzi. Ukongeza, ukholo olungenabudala lwaseMelika ekunyukeni kwezorhwebo luthintele nakuphi na ukuthintela ukuqokelela.
Enzulwini yoxinzelelo olukhulu, umthengisi waseNew Jersey ophume emsebenzini wayila etafileni yakhe ekhitshini umdlalo webhodi awawubiza ngokuba yiMonopoly, apho iinjongo yayizizokuba zizityebi ngokumangalisayo kwaye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu kwaye kabuhlungu, ukuphumelela umdlalo. ngokuqhuba abachasi bakho kwi-bankruptcy - ukuba yindoda yokugqibela emile, ngoko kuthetha. Iphupha laseMelika lahlala, nangona inyani eyothusayo yokuba inyuke ngomsi.
Ingaphatheki njengoko inokuba njalo, njengokuphoxeka njengobomi bokwenyani, loo ntsomi yokunyuka ukuya phezulu, kweMelika njengempucuko yeshishini engenakuthelekiswa naphi na, inyamezele. Ukucinga ngokutsha kuqoqosho lwesizwe kwezopolitiko kuya kusoloko kusichasa loo mqobo womoya.
Njengemithetho yezabasebenzi kunye nomthetho werhafu yobutyebi, zonke ezinye iinguqulelo zeSivumelwano Esitsha ezazibolekwe ngaphambili, iindlela ezibukhali ngakumbi zokukhuthala okuchasene nongxowankulu, zawadambisa, zawajika amatye esiseko sobungxowankulu obutsha.
Ngokomzekelo, ukungaqeshwa kwabantu abaninzi kubeka izigidi engxakini. Zonke iintsapho zazisengozini, kuquka kungekuphela nje โumondli wesonkaโ kodwa iqabane, abantwana nabakhulileyo. Iziphakamiso ziye zavela kwangethuba ukuze kusekwe โinkqubo yokugcinwa kwengeniso ebanzi eza kuhlawulwa ngerhafu eqhubekayo ize ilawulwe ngabasebenzi.โ Kwakhona, i-New Deal yeva ubushushu. Kodwa uMthetho woKhuseleko lwezeNtlalo waphinda wachaza loo minqweno.
Endaweni yoko yomeleza iingcamango zemveli malunga nekhaya loosolusapho, ipenshoni ebotshelelwe emsebenzini, yayikhohlakele kwizibonelelo zayo zokungaqeshwa, inxibelelanisa intlalontle kunye nokuba ngumama, kwaye ayizange ibe nombono wokuvumela abamkeli baqhube umboniso, endaweni yoko banikezela loo mandla kwi-cadre yabasebenzi bezenhlalakahle. ithweswe uxanduva lokufundisa ngokutsha nokuvuselela โabaxumiโ babo.
Iingqikelelo eziqhelekileyo malunga "nomvuzo wosapho" kunye nendoda "isonka sesonka" zikwabeka indlela iiprojekthi zoncedo eziqhutywa ngayo, beshiya abafazi ecaleni. Wonke umntu, kuquka noHoover, wabona ubulumko bokuxhasa imisebenzi yoluntu. Abantu abatyekele ekhohlo, ngaphakathi nangaphandle kulawulo lweSivumelwano esitsha, babefuna ukuba loo mashishini axhaswe ngemali ngurhulumente kwaye aqhutywe. Kwaye abanye babe (oku akuthethi ukuba babethetha ukuba amashishini karhulumente anjalo ukuba anikeze indlela yokudlula kwi-socialism - abazange benze). Kodwa kungekudala ibhalansi yamandla yatshintsha, kwaye ubunini babucala baphumelela.
Ngokunjalo, ubuhlwempu nokugxothwa kwiindawo ngeendawo kuye kwabangela ingxaki enkulu yezindlu. Ukuyithetha nezindlu zikawonke-wonke akuzange kuhambe kwandawo. Endaweni yoko, imali yokubambisa yahlaziywa kwaye yaxhaswa ngeearhente ezahlukeneyo zeDeal Deal. Oko yaba ngumsindisi kwabanye abaninimzi kunye neebhanki kunye neenkampani eziboleka imali kuyo yonke indawo.
Yahamba ke. Ukujonga emva ngoku, emva kwamashumi eminyaka e-neoliberal kunye nokubuyiselwa kokugcinwa, yonke into eyenziwa yiNew Deal iyenze ibonakala inamandla, ayinakwenzeka ukuba ayicingeki. Kwaye kuyinyani ukuba iSivumelwano esitsha asinakucingelwa ngaphandle kwamashumi eminyaka oqhanqalazo oluchasene nongxowankulu olwandulelayo. Kodwa ikwayimeko yokuba iSivumelwano Esitsha sibe bubungqina obuphilayo bokuba idemokhrasi kunye ne-capitalism zinokubakho kunye.
Idemokhrasi inokulawula kweyona minqweno yobukapitali iqinisekileyo, ubungxowankulu ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo. Yayinokukwenza oko kungekuphela nje kubomi bukawonke-wonke kodwa kwanakwindawo emnyama, yendawo yokusebenzela apho ukungenelela kukawonke-wonke kwakwalelwe ngokungqongqo. Idemokhrasi yongxowankulu, idemokhrasi elawulwa ngurhulumente olawulayo kunye nentlalontle iphelisa, okanye ubuncinane ibeke kwi-cryogenic deep freeze, inkcubeko yokuchasana nongxowankulu. Isithembiso solingano emva koko siya kukhululwa ngendlela yokwabiwa kwakhona kwengeniso nangokwandiswa kokulingana okusesikweni phambi komthetho.
Ukuba ookhokho bethu abavukelayo babekhe banexhala malunga nokuxhaphazwa, malunga nengxaki ejongene "neeklasi zokuvelisa" (abasebenzi kunye nabanye), amaxesha ethu, sibulela ngokuyinxenye kwi-alchemy ye-New Deal, igxininise ekusetyenzisweni - indlela i-surplus isasazwa ngayo endaweni yoko. kunendlela eveliswa ngayo.
I-New Deal yayilixesha lolo tshintsho lwembali. Oko kulalanisa kwakusekelwe ekuvusweni kobukapitali kwinto eyayibonakala iyintlekele. Imbuyekezo yobuntu kolu tyalo-mali kobungxowankulu obuhlaziyiweyo yayiyintlalontle yoluntu kunye nedemokhrasi yezoshishino, nangona kunjalo yayithintelwe kakhulu.
Kodwa loo ngxoxo iveza ingxaki kasathana ilizwe ebelijijisana nayo kwisizukulwana esidlulileyo. I-capitalism ilawula, kodwa ixabiso liphezulu. Intlalontle kunye nedemokhrasi yindleko. I-capitalism, ekugqibeleni kwaye phantsi kweemeko zembali ezitshintshileyo, ifuna imali yayo. Ukuba ukulungelelana kukunyamezela uxinzelelo kubantu abasebenzayo ukugcina inkqubo iqhubekile iyakhula; kungoko umbutho wabasebenzi wenza isithembiso sentsebenziswano โsokuphakamisa zonke izikhephe,โ ukuvuma, ukuze uluntu luphela luhende ama-Amazons ngolungelelwano olutsha.
Yiyo ke le nto iSivumelwano esitsha sikhathaza ubomi bethu beli xesha loluntu. Umbuzo owawufuna ukuphendulwa - imali yakho okanye ubomi bakho - uhlala ungasonjululwa.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela