Umongameli osandula kunyulwa waseBolivia, uEvo Morales, kutshanje ufungise abaphathiswa abali-16 abaza kuseka ikhabhinethi yakhe entsha karhulumente. Okokuqala ngqa kwimbali ye-180 yeminyaka yaseBolivia njengelizwe elizimeleyo, uninzi lwabo ngoku bagcwalisa izikhundla eziphezulu kurhulumente ngabemthonyama, kwaye abaninzi baphuma ngaphandle kwezangqa zamandla emveli.
Ngexesha lonyulo lonyaka ophelileyo, esinye sezona zigxeko zixhaphakileyo ngokuchasene noMorales, umIndiya wase-Aymara ongazange waya kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, yayikukuba, ngokungafaniyo nomchasi wakhe osondeleyo, owayesakuba ngumongameli wase-US uJorge Quiroga, uMorales wayengenawo amava. kunye nemfundo emfaneleyo umgqatswa wobumongameli. Emva koloyiso loloyiso olungazange lubonwe ngaphambili, ngoku njengoko uMorales esenza urhulumente wakhe kwaye eqala umsebenzi wokulawula, izigxeko โzokungabi namavaโ ziphinde zavela.
Ingcali yezoQoqosho isandula ukutyhola ukhetho lwekhabhinethi yaseMorales ngokubetha "iradicalism," ichaza ukuba abaphathiswa abatsha baseBolivia "phantse bonke banamava amancinci kurhulumente njengoMnu. Moralesโฆรขโฌโข (01/ 26/06)
Okucingwa ngokuba 'ngamava' kurhulumente weMorales, nangona kunjalo, kunokubaluleka okukodwa kwezopolitiko apha kwelona lizwe lihlwempuzekileyo kunye nelona lizwe lingumthonyama eMzantsi Melika, apho izikhundla zolawulo ngokwembali bezigcinelwe igcuntswana elilusu olukhanyayo lwecriollo elite.
Uloyiso lolonyulo lukaDisemba olungazange lubonwe ngaphambili lweMorales yinxalenye yotshintsho olukhulu lwezopolitiko elizweni, ukudala inyani entsha apho iCampesino, abasebenzi, abantu bomthonyama, kunye nezinye iintshukumo zentlalo zizifumana sele zilawula.
รขโฌหIKhabhinethi yoTshintshoรขโฌโข
Kumsitho wokufungela oko uMorales akuthathe njenge "ikhabhinethi yakhe yotshintsho," uCasimira Rodrรguez ufunga phambi kwesihlwele seekhamera. Eneentsimbi ezimbini ezilukiweyo ezantsi emqolo, uRodriguez ume kwitshawuli, ihempe yelayisi, kunye nesiketi esimphetho esibanzi esibizwa ngokuba yipollera, nto leyo ukusukela ngeNkulungwane ye-18 baye banxiba isinxibo sabafazi bomthonyama kwinxalenye enkulu yeBolivia.
URodrรguez ngumIndiya wokuqala wase-Quechua waseBolivia ukuba abe ngumphathiswa karhulumente. Amava akhe, hayi inkangeleko yakhe kuphela, ahluke ngokukhethekileyo kwabo beme apha phambi kwakhe.
Xa uRodrรguez wayeneminyaka eli-13 ubudala, wathatyathwa kwilali yakhe yasemaphandleni eMizque waza waziswa kwisixeko saseCochabamba, ngesithembiso sokuba, esikhundleni sokusebenza kwakhe, wayeya kufundiswa aze anyanyekelwe abazali bakhe be-campesino ababengenakuyihlawula. Endaweni yoko, uRodrรguez wavalelwa ebukhobokeni- enyanzelwa ukuba asebenze iiyure ezinde engafumani mvuzo kwaye exhatshazwa rhoqo ngabaqeshi bakhe- de ekugqibeleni wahlangulwa kwiminyaka emibini kamva.
Amava kaRodrรguez ngelishwa asinto ingaqhelekanga kubafazi abaninzi baseBolivia, apho ucalucalulo olungokwembali lobuhlanga noqoqosho luhlala luqinile. Umsebenzi wasekhaya uphantse wehliselwa kuphela kwisiQuechua nesi-Aymara abafazi abanyanzelwa ngezizathu zoqoqosho ukuba bafuduke besuka ezilalini baye ezidolophini.
Ngoku, nangona kunjalo, kwiminyaka nje engama-39 ubudala, uCasimira Rodrรguez unguMphathiswa omtsha wezoBulungisa eBolivia.
Ukuqhawula ngeMbali
Ikhuthazwe yiminyaka engama-20 yokusilela kwemigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho (ebizwa ngokuba yi-neo-liberal policy apha), eye yatshabalalisa uqoqosho lwaseBolivia kwaye yandisa ucalucalulo lwezoqoqosho nezopolitiko, iphulo likaMorales likhwele igagasi lemfuno ethandwayo yotshintsho olunzulu lwesakhiwo, kubandakanywa nokubekwa ngokwelizwe koovimba berhasi yelizwe kunye nohlenga-hlengiso lukarhulumente.
Xa kuziwa ekudaleni urhulumente omtsha ngabantu baseBolivia, kubantu baseBolivia, nangona kunjalo, lo mmandla awuchazwanga. IBolivia inembali ende yoorhulumente abangalawulanga uninzi lwabantu baseBolivia. Ikwanayo nembali yoorhulumente abathi kwiindawo ezininzi, bebengalawuli kwaphela.
Ukusukela ngexesha lobuKoloniyali, ulawulo kunye nokwenziwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo eBolivia ngokufuthi kuye kwanikelwa kwizinto zamazwe angaphandle. Ngokufika kwe-Washington Consensus imodeli yeneo-liberal yoqoqosho, loo midla ithathe imo eyahlukileyo kule minyaka ingama-20 idlulileyo. Amashishini epetroleum eTransnational anikwa i-10 yezigidi zeerandi zokugcina igesi e-Bolivia ngaphandle kweendleko kwaye ngoku asebenza phantse akukho mmiselo. Amaziko ezemali kumazwe ngamazwe afana neBhanki yeHlabathi kunye neNgxowa-mali yeMali yaMazwe ngaMazwe aphinde abhala ngokutsha yonke imimandla yomthetho waseBolivia ukuququzelela ushishino lwabucala kumashishini karhulumente welizwe, kwaye ngoku alawula ngaphezulu kwama-50 epesenti yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lukarhulumente. Uzakuzo wase-US kunye neMfazwe yase-US kwiZiyobisi zikhokela izinto eziphambili kwimikhosi yomkhosi waseBolivia kwaye yabhala umthetho obanzi weziyobisi welizwe, ibeka umbono wokuba netyala de kufunyaniswe ukuba msulwa kwabo batyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho olunxulumene neziyobisi.
Ifuthe lale minyaka ingama-20 yokuyekelela kulawulo kuqoqosho lwamazwe angaphandle licacile. Inkampani yaseChile eyathenga umgaqo kaloliwe welizwe wayithengisa ngelaphu. Iinkampani zase-US kunye ne-French ezithathe iinkqubo zamanzi zikamasipala e-Cochabamba naseLa Paz zinyuse izinga lamanzi ukuya kuma-200%. Umgaqo-nkqubo weziyobisi owenziwe e-US uye waququzelela ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu ngumkhosi, ukongeza ekuvalelwa kwe-40% yabo bahlala kwiintolongo zaseBolivia, uninzi lwabo olungazange lubekwe ityala. Ngoxa iqaqobana loosomashishini nabezobupolitika baye bazityebisa, iBolivia xa iyonke inomlinganiselo ophakamileyo wokungaqeshwa nomgangatho ophantsi wokuphila kuneminyaka engama-20 ngaphambili. Ingeniso karhulumente eyayikhe yaveliswa ngamashishini karhulumente ngoku kufuneka ibolekwe kubabolekisi bamazwe ngamazwe, kwaye isiphumo setyala lelizwe lingaphaya kwezigidi ezingama-4,500 zeerandi.
Izithembiso zemigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho nezopolitiko ezibekwe kumazwe angaphandle zingqineke zikude lee kwinyani efunyanwa sisininzi sabemi baseBolivia. Ukuphendula, abemi baye bangena ezitalatweni kuqhanqalazo oluninzi oluphindaphindiweyo kule minyaka mithathu idlulileyo. Amakhulu abantu aye abulawa okanye enzakaliswa lugonyamelo lukarhulumente olwalandelayo, yaye oomongameli ababini abalandelelanayo bashenxiswa ezikhundleni.
Oko ilizwe elikubizele kona, kudidi kunye nobuhlanga, lutshintsho olukhulu-urhulumente wabantu baseBolivia, kubantu baseBolivia- into iMorales ayibiza ngokuba "kukwenziwa kukarhulumente kuzwelonke."
Umngeni
Ucelomngeni oluphambi korhulumente omtsha waseBolivia asingomncinane. Umsebenzi wokuphumeza iinguqu ezinzulu kulwakhiwo kunye nokuzama ukuphuma ngaphandle kwemilinganiselo yangoku yoqoqosho lwehlabathi, kwilizwe elihlala lahlulelene kakhulu nelinamatyala amaninzi, awusayi kuba lula.
Kodwa, okuxakayo, urhulumente omtsha waseBolivia โongenamavaโ unezinto ezimbalwa ezimxhasayo.
Unyulwe ngaphezulu kwe-20% yomda, kwaye ngevoti yokuqala edumileyo kunye nenani labavoti eliphakamileyo kwimbali yaseBolivia, igunya elidumileyo leMorales' lotshintsho alizange libonwe ngaphambili. Ukhetho lwekhabhinethi yakhe yangaphandle lubonisa eli gunya, lithatha amava abo ngaphakathi kwemibutho yezentlalo kunye nezangqa zezemfundo ezidityanisiweyo kumashumi eminyaka besokola ukudala inkqubo yezoqoqosho nezopolitiko.
U-Andres Solis Rada, uMphathiswa omtsha weHydrocarbons ligqwetha kunye nentatheli, kunye nommeli welizwe elide. UWalter Villarroel, uMphathiswa omtsha weMigodi, yinkokeli yomanyano lwabasebenzi-mgodini. U-Nila Heredia, uMphathiswa wezeMpilo omtsha, ngumsebenzi wezempilo kawonke-wonke ixesha elide kunye nommeli wentlalontle owagxothwa nguzwilakhe we-Banzer ngeminyaka yee-รขโฌห70s. U-Abel Mamani, uMphathiswa omtsha wezaManzi, ukhokele iinzame ngo-2004 zokurhoxisa ukuthengiswa kwenkqubo yamanzi yaseLa Paz. UMphathiswa wezoBulungisa u-Rodrรguez wonyulwa njengoNobhala Jikelele we-Confederation of Women Domestic Workers yase-Latin America kunye ne-Caribbean, kwaye wayenoxanduva lokuyilwa kunye nokwamkelwa komthetho wesizwe owathi okokuqala wanikezela amalungelo kubasebenzi base-Bolivia abangaphezu kwe-132,000.
Njengoko uMorales emi phambi kwekhabhinethi yakhe entsha kwisinxibo sakhe esidumileyo sejezi enemigca, endaweni yesuti yeshishini lentshona yabo bangaphambi kwakhe, uchaza isigunyaziso sikarhulumente omtsha. รขโฌหLe yikhabhinethi yokuqala yotshintsho, ekhethelwe ukuzalisekisa utshintsho kwidemokhrasi ngokuchasene nomfuziselo weniyo-nkululeko, nokusombulula iingxaki zesakhiwo nezentlalo elizweni.
Ngaba Ingasebenza?
NgoMhla wokuQaliswa kwibhari yehotele eLa Paz, uDavid Garzon othengisa ibhari umamele iNtetho yokuqala yesizwe yaseMorales njengoMongameli. Uhlambalaza, bobabini bayonwabile kwaye bayothuka njengoko uMorales ebhengeza i-50% yokuhlawula umvuzo wobongameli kwaye ukhuthaza i-congress ukuba iphumeze okufanayo.
Ndimbuza ukuba ucinga ntoni ngentetho kaMongameli omtsha. "Kuhle kakhulu," utsho egxininisa, "ngcono kunabanye abongameli bangaphambili."
Xa ebuzwa ukuba kutheni, uphendula athi, รขโฌหUbandezelekile yaye uyaliqonda ilizwe.
Kwiiveki ezimfutshane ukususela kunyulo, uMorales usebenzise uloyiso lwakhe ngobuchule. Kwanangaphambi kokuba athathe isikhundla, uMorales waqalisa ukhenketho lwelizwekazi-4 enikezela izivumelwano ezahlukeneyo zenkxaso yamazwe ngamazwe, kubandakanywa ukuxolelwa kwamatyala avela eSpain, iinkqubo zokufunda nokubhala ezivela eCuba, izivumelwano zorhwebo neChina, uncedo lobugcisa kuphuhliso lweoyile negesi evela eBrazil, kunye nesoya isivumelwano sedizili kunye neVenezuela.
Uvavanyo loluntu lwamva nje luka-Apoyo Opiniรยณn y Mercado lubonisa ukuba ukuthandwa emva konyulo lwaseMorales kunyuke ukuya kuma-74%.
Ndiyabuza uGarzon ukuba ucinga ukuba uMorales kunye norhulumente wakhe abanamava abo anqongopheleyo banokuphumelela ukwenza utshintsho olunzulu ilizwe elilindele.
โEwe,โ utsho. รขโฌหUnako ngenxa yokuba uxhaswa ngabantu.รขโฌโข
Njengoko uRodrรguez eyicacisa, รขโฌหukuphatha ubulungisa kakuhle akuyomfuneko ukuba ube ligqwetha.
Indlela ephambi kwamalungu karhulumente omtsha waseBolivia ngokuqinisekileyo ayizukuba lula. Iintshukumo zentlalo ngokwazo azikhange zibe ngaphandle kokugxekwa ngurhulumente weMorales, nokuba kungenxa yomanyano lwezopolitiko kukhetho lwabaphathiswa okanye ulwalathiso lomgaqo-nkqubo. Ixesha liyakuxela ngokukhawuleza ukuba amava karhulumente awodwa abalungiselele ukujongana nomsebenzi onzima wokuqhubela ilizwe phambili.
Kubantu abaninzi baseBolivia, nangona kunjalo, ukubona kumabonwakude umfanekiso kaCasimira Rodrรguez, owayesakuba ngumsebenzi wasekhaya kwi-braids yakhe kunye ne-pollera, efungiswe njengoMphathiswa karhulumente, kufana nokuzibona ngokwabo.
Kwilizwe apho uninzi lwabantu ngokwembali bebephila ngokukhethelwa bucala nengcinezelo, ngamava amatsha lawo.
Isenokuba ngamava afunwa yiBolivia.
**UGretchen Gordon ngumbhali kwiLatin America kunye neGlobalization. Uhlala eCochabamba, eBolivia kwaye unokufikelelwa kuyo [imeyile ikhuselwe]
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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