I-“Ferguson Effect”—ibango, elicatshulwe ngamanye amagosa ogcino-mthetho, lokuba ukwanda okukhoyo kulwaphulo-mthetho olunobundlobongela kwabangelwa yintshukumo echasene nogonyamelo lwamapolisa—asiyonyani. Kodwa nangona kunqongophala kobungqina besayensi yezentlalo ukuxhasa le ngcamango, uMlawuli we-FBI uJames Comey uya kukholelwa ukuba i-Black Lives Matter intshukumo ijongene nokunyuka kobundlobongela obubi.
Kwintetho eyayisiya kwindibano yaminyaka le yoMbutho weeNkosi zaMapolisa eChicago, U-Comey wachaza amapolisa kunye noluntu olumbalwa njengemigca emibini ngokuhambelanayo. “Isiganeko ngasinye esibandakanya ukuziphatha kakubi kwamapolisa okwenyani okanye okucingelwayo siqhuba umgca omnye ngale ndlela. Ngalo lonke ixesha igosa lihlaselwa kumgca womsebenzi, liqhuba omnye umgca ngale ndlela. Ngenene ndiziva imigca iqhubeka ikude komnye nomnye, isiganeko ngesehlo, ividiyo ngevidiyo, ngakumbi nangakumbi, ”utshilo. "Kanye njengokuba ezi migca zisithela kude enye kwenye-kwaye mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba zibaleka-sinengxaki yolwaphulo-mthetho olunobundlobongela kwezinye zezona ndawo zisesichengeni kwilizwe liphela."
Ukuzoba ukulingana okungeyonyani phakathi kobundlobongela obenziwe ngamapolisa kunye nobundlobongela obujoliswe emapoliseni, u-Comey ulanda iyantlukwano ekhulayo phakathi koluntu kunye nomkhosi wamapolisa ngenxa yokwanda kolwazi ngobundlobongela bamapolisa. Elo ntlukwano, uthi, likhokelela ekubeni amapolisa arhoxe izixhobo zawo zokulwa ulwaphulo-mthetho kuluntu oluchaphazeleka kakhulu lubundlobongela.
Njengomlweli kunye nenzululwazi yedatha USamuel Sinyangwe uyalatha, esi sikhundla sixhomekeke kwiimpazamo ezimbalwa ezahlukeneyo: okokuqala, ukuba amapolisa angabi ndlongondlongo ngenxa yokoyika ukuba lipolisa elilandelayo ukuba amaqhinga abo ahlolwe esidlangalaleni, kwaye okwesibini, ukuba ubupolisa obunobundlobongela bukhokelela ekunciphiseni ulwaphulo-mthetho olunobundlobongela. Abukho ubungqina obuxhasa oku, kwaye ukuba ukwehla kohlaselo lwamapolisa kwilizwe lonke kuyaqhubeka, umntu othile xelela le ntombazana ibethelwe umzimba yarhuqwa nguGosa uBen Fields kwiSikolo samaBanga aPhakamileyo i-Spring Valley e-Columbia, eMzantsi Carolina, ngokwala kwakhe ukunika utitshala iselula yakhe. Ukuba ubupolisa obunobundlongondlongo, obuquka uhlobo lobundlobongela obubanjwe kutshanje kwifilimu, bukhokelele ekunciphiseni ulwaphulo-mthetho, loo nto ibiya kuthetha ukuba ekuphela kwento amaziko ogcino-mthetho ayiza nayo ukunciphisa ugonyamelo kukusetyenziswa kogonyamelo olungakumbi, nokwaphulwa kwemithetho yabantu. amalungelo. Ngamanye amazwi, ekuphela kwendlela yokuthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo ngumthetho wemfazwe.
Endaweni yoko, ukubhenela "i-Ferguson Effect" yinzame yokujongela phantsi intshukumo esanda kuvuselelwa yengca yobulungisa bobuhlanga. Irhuluneli uChris Christie, umzekelo, kutshanje uye watyhola umbutho ngokuxhasa “ukuchas’ umthetho” kunye "nokubiza ukubulawa kwamapolisa." Kodwa le asinto intsha. Ngandlel’ ithile, kukujijwa kwendlela apho “ulwaphulo-mthetho oluntsundu” luthe lwasetyenziswa ukuphambukisa ingqalelo yethu kwiindlela amapolisa athe asetyenziswa ngayo ukuthoba nokuthomalalisa uluntu oluntsundu. Abantu abangathanda ukuthetha ngaloo nto kubundlobongela phakathi koluntu njengomba "wokwenene". Loo nto iphinda ibethelele ubumnyama-ngokungathi kukho into ecekisekayo ngokukodwa malunga nokubulala abantu abamnyama abanye abantu abamnyama. Enyanisweni, ngenxa yokuba iMelika yahlulelene kakhulu, kunokwenzeka ukuba umntu walo naluphi na uhlanga enze ugonyamelo kumntu wohlanga olunye kunolunye. Ngokufuthi ngakumbi, ulwaphulo-mthetho logonyamelo lwenziwa apho umntu ahlala khona nakumntu amaziyo. Ukuba kukho "ulwaphulo-mthetho olumnyama kumnyama," kukwakho "ulwaphulo-mthetho olumhlophe." Oku akuphelelanga nje kubantu abantsundu.
IMelika yahlulwe kakhulu, ngoko ke uninzi lobundlobongela buphakathi kobuhlanga.
Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha, ukuxhalaba malunga nokubizwa ngokuba "ulwaphulo-mthetho olumnyama" luyinyani. Kuyo yonke iminyaka yoo-1980 noo-1990, xa eli binzana laye laduma, iinkokeli zoluntu kunye namatsha ntliziyo awenza umsebenzi wawo ukuphelisa ubundlobongela phakathi kobuhlanga phakathi kwabantu abantsundu babengasoloko (basoloko) bezama ukuxola abantu abamnyama. Baye, kwiimeko ezininzi, boyikeka bubundlobongela, kunye nalo lonke umonzakalo wabancedisi, uluntu lwabo lwaluhlangabezana, kwaye babefuna ukwenza iindawo zabo zikhuseleke.
Kukuloo moya ndithe ndazama ukwamkela okaJohn McWhorter wakutshanje Washington Post op-ed, "I-Black Lives Matter nayo kufuneka ithathe 'ulwaphulo-mthetho olumnyama kumnyama.'” UMcWhorter uyaluvuma ubundlobongela bamapolisa njengengxaki kwaye uyaluxhasa uqhanqalazo, kodwa ukwakholelwa, njengoko ebhala, ukuba “Ubomi Obomnyama kufuneka buphuhlise iphiko lesibini, elizinikele ekuncothuleni igcuntswana lezaphuli-mthetho kwiindawo ezihlala abantu abamnyama ezibulala ngokulahla ngolo hlobo. phantse naso nasiphi na isixeko esikhulu eMelika, ukufunda ngeziganeko ezinjalo ngempelaveki kuyinto eqhelekileyo kangangokuba akwenzeki iindaba.”
Yintoni uMcWhorter ayiphosayo kukuba esi sizukulwana esitsha sikhathalele oko kubizwa ngokuba "ulwaphulo-mthetho olumnyama," nangona lila elo binzana lilahlekisayo. Uninzi lwemibutho ngoku idibene phantsi kwebhena yeBlack Lives Matter yenye yeenjongo zabo zeqonga ukuphelisa ubundlobongela phakathi koluntu-kwaye hayi nje ubundlobongela phakathi kwabafana abamnyama abancinci, njengoko "ulwaphulo-mthetho olumnyama" luhlala luhlala. okucingelwayo, kodwa kwanobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo, ubundlobongela obuphakathi kwabantu abathandanayo, kunye nobundlobongela obujoliswe kubantu abangavumelaniyo nesini. Kodwa, ababoni, njengoko uMcWhorter nabanye benzile, bawabone amapolisa, iintolongo, kunye nelizwe le-carceral njengenxalenye yesisombululo.
KuMcWhorter, injongo “kukudala[e] ukuthembana ngakumbi phakathi kwabantu abantsundu namapolisa.” Isehlo emva kwesehlo sobundlobongela obungathethelelekanga obusuka kumapolisa bubhekise kumadoda nabafazi abantsundu sibonisa ukuba ukuthembana akunakwenzeka, kwaye akunqweneleki. Endaweni yoko, injongo kukuphelisa ubukho bamapolisa rhoqo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le ntshukumo intsha iyayiqonda ingxaki yobundlobongela phakathi koluntu njengomntu ozelwe kukungalingani kwenkqubo kunye nobuhlanga beziko. Impendulo, ke, ayinakuba kukuncothula "igcuntswana lezaphuli-mthetho kwiindawo ezihlala abantu abantsundu" kodwa ukuqonda iimeko apho ubundlobongela buqhubela phambili-"ukungabinamsebenzi, ukuhlengahlengiswa kwezoqoqosho kunye nokungabikho kokufikelela kwiinkonzo zikamasipala ezinye iindawo ezithatha lula," njengoko. UMcWhorter uyabachaza-kwaye ubize utyalo-mali oluyimfuneko lokuthintela. Ukuchonga udidi lwabantu "njengabaphuli-mthetho" kwaye bangajongani nezizathu ezisisiseko "zolwaphulo-mthetho" ukuziphatha kuyanciphisa, akutshintshi. Isebenza kuphela ukubonisa ukuba kukho iqela labantu abanokuchithwa, abangengawo amaxhoba enkqubo efanayo yokungabikho kokusesikweni.
Yile nto iProjekthi yoLutsha oluMnyama i-100, kunye neminye imibutho emininzi, besisixelela xa bebanjelwe ukuqhankqalaza isicwangciso sikaSodolophu waseChicago uRahm Emanuel sokuqesha amapolisa angama-300 ngaphezulu kwaye anike i-200 yezigidi zeedola kwisebe lamapolisa. Kwakuloo ndibano inye apho uComey waye wanikela khona amagqabaza akhe “ngempembelelo kaFerguson,” abaququzeleli “bazibophe [bazibophe] kunye ngeebhokisi zokutshixa ngelixa babevala iindlela ezintathu ezijikeleze indawo yenkomfa ye-IACP eMcCormick Place…kwaye omnye umququzeleli wehlisa iflegi yaseMelika. yaza endaweni yayo yafaka iflegi enomxholo othi, ‘Unapologetically Black,’” Iphepha leFacebook le-BYP100 uyachaza, ngelixa enxibe iihoodies ezithi "Fund Black Futures." "I-BYP100, imibutho ehlangeneyo, kunye nabaxhasi boluntu baqhutywe ... amanyathelo angqalileyo kwinkomfa ye-IACP ukubonisa ukungxamiseka kokuphuma kumasebe amapolisa kunye nemibutho kunye nokwabiwa kwakhona kwemali kwiinkqubo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo egcina uluntu lwabaNtsundu lukhuselekile," i-Facebook post yaqhubeka. Umlo wokuphelisa ubundlobongela bamapolisa awuhlukanga koko ukuphelisa ubundlobongela phakathi kobuhlanga, kuba ziziphumo ezithe ngqo zenkqubo efanayo, kwaye kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngemilinganiselo efanayo.
Ukuchonga udidi lwabantu "njengabaphuli-mthetho" kwaye bangajongani nezizathu ezisisiseko "zolwaphulo-mthetho" ukuziphatha kuyanciphisa, akuguquki.
Kodwa kwabo bangonelisekanga ngolo hlobo lotyalo-mali lwexesha elide ekunciphiseni ubundlobongela, kukho amaqela afana I-SOS Crown Heights kwisiXeko saseNew York eyenza umsebenzi wokuchasana nobundlobongela, ngeqela leenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokufikelela eluntwini, kubandakanywa ungenelelo lobundlobongela nokufundisa ukulamla ungquzulwano. Bakwanceda nokudibanisa uluntu ngeenkonzo zempilo yengqondo kwaye bancedise ekukhangeleni imisebenzi. Kwaye oku kwenziwa ngaphandle kokubanjwa, ngaphandle kweentolongo, ngaphandle kwamapolisa, ngaphandle kombuso we-carceral.
Ingqwalasela yesizwe okwangoku isenokuba kubundlobongela bamapolisa, kodwa lo nto ayithethi ukuba lo mbutho utyeshela lonke uhlobo lobundlobongela olujongene noluntu oluntsundu. Ngokuchasene noko, yandisa ingqwalasela yayo ukuze kupheliswe zonke iintlobo zobundlobongela obucinezelayo nokwakha ikamva elingcono kubo bonke abantu abantsundu.
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