Ngaphezu kweshumi leminyaka iBolivia iye yagungqiswa kukunyuka kwabantu abaninzi kunye nokuhlangana okuye kwabangela imfuneko kunye nokuba nokwenzeka kwenguqu esisiseko kwezopolitiko nezentlalo.1 Ngowama-2005 imibutho yasekuhlaleni eyayikhokela imfazwe yamanzi negesi yelizwe yakwazi ukunyula urhulumente owathi ukususela ngoko wongamela inkqubo yotshintsho eye yazisa inkqubela.
Phakathi kwezi zezi: ukwamkelwa kobume bombuso obuxhaphakileyo obuthi okokuqala buthathele ingqalelo isininzi semveli yelizwe; ukufumana kwakhona ulawulo oluzimeleyo kubutyebi bendalo obubalulekileyo kunye namanyathelo okuqala abhekiselele kushishino olungapheliyo; uhlaziyo oluqhubekayo lwezolimo; kunye nophuhliso lweenkqubo zentlalo ezithe zaphucula kakhulu ubomi babantu abaqhelekileyo baseBolivia. Amalungelo edemokhrasi aye aqiniswa; iindlela zokuzilawula luluntu lwemveli esekiweyo; kunye neenkqubo zonyulo zandisiwe ukubandakanya unyulo oludumileyo nololwenkundla. Okona kuncinci ngokubaluleka, iBolivia ikwathathe inxaxheba ephambili kwintshukumo yeLatin American anti-impiriyalist kunye nolongamo kwaye yavela njengenkokeli enkulu kumlo wehlabathi wokulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu okubangelwa bubungxowankulu.
Kwinqaku lakhe lamva nje kweli phephancwadi, โUguquko oluchasene โnenkqubela phambiliโโ,2 UJeffery Webber unikezela ngesigxeko esiqatha kurhulumente we-MAS, ebonisa ngokubhekisele kwiingxabano zakutsha nje phakathi kukarhulumente kunye namaqela athile omthonyama abandakanya imiba yokusingqongileyo kunye nophuhliso. Isiphelo sakhe: urhulumente uhlala ezibophelele kwinkqubo ye-neoliberal esekelwe "kwi-fiscal austerity", "ukukhula okuphantsi kokunyuka kwamaxabiso", "uhlaziyo lwezolimo olungenamsebenzi", "inkcitho ephantsi yentlalontle" kunye "nobudlelwane kunye nenkunzi yelizwe", phakathi kweminye imigaqo-nkqubo. Ngaloo ndlela, yabelana "ngokuqhubeka ngakumbi kunokutshintsha kunye nemodeli ye-neoliberal ezuzwe njengelifa".
Ezi ziintetho ezimbaxa, yaye ezininzi ziyathandabuzeka. U-Webber ugxeka urhulumente ekucingelwa ukuba "ubucukubhede bemali", kodwa uyayishiya into yokuba inkcitho yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali inyuke phantse kane phakathi kuka-2004 kunye no-2012. Uhlasela urhulumente ngokufuna "ukunyuka kwamaxabiso aphantsi" kunye "nozinzo lwezoqoqosho", kodwa yintoni enye indlela yakhe: ukunyuka kwamaxabiso aphezulu. kunye nokungazinzi koqoqosho olukhulu? Ngokuqinisekileyo ezi yayiziimpawu zoorhulumente bangaphambili be-neoliberal. Ngaphaya koko, ngaba "akukho mfuneko" into yokuba kwiminyaka yakhe emihlanu yokuqala urhulumente weMorales ebechophele ulwabiwo ngokutsha okanye ukunikezelwa komhlaba oziihektare ezizigidi ezingama-41 kumalungu angaphezu kwama-900,000 oluntu lwabalimi bomthonyama?3 Kwaye ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente unokuchazwa ngokulula njengokwenza umanyano ukuze kuxhamle amazwe angaphandle, kutheni ilizwe laseBolivia ngoku lijongene nemingeni eli-12 yezomthetho kwiinkundla zamazwe ngamazwe eqalwe zezi nkampani zinye?
Iprofayili ye-neoliberalism
Ngamafutshane, uWebber akayihoyi inkqubela-phambili yokwenyani eyenziwe ngurhulumente waseMorales ekubuyiseleni umva iprojekthi ye-neoliberal eBolivia. I-Neoliberalism iqondwa ngcono njengeprojekthi yodidi ebifuna ukuphinda ibambe ukongamela kongxowankulu kumazwe ngamazwe emva kobunzima bezoqoqosho kwiminyaka yoo-1970. I-Neoliberalism, njengoko uWebber ngokwakhe wayetshilo ngaphambili, "yaqhutywa kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe ubukhulu becala phantsi koqeqesho lwelizwe lobukhosi laseMelika" kwaye yayinesicwangciso sayo esisisiseko kungekuphela nje "ukuthengiswa kwezixhobo ezazifudula ziseburhulumenteni okanye zikawonkewonke kodwa ukufunyanwa kwazo ngongxowankulu bamazwe ngamazwe. e-US nakwamanye uqoqosho olungundoqoโ.4
Ngaphaya koko, usekela-mongameli wangoku waseBolivia u-รlvaro Garcรญa Linera uye waqaphela ukuba i-neoliberalism ixhomekeke โkwiintsikaโ ezintathu ezongezelelweyo: โukuqhekeka kwamacandelo abasebenzi nemibutho yabasebenziโฆilizwe elinciphileyo, kunye nezithintelo ekuthathweni kwezigqibo zabantuโ.5
Impembelelo ye-neoliberalism eBolivia ibandakanya:6
l Ukuthengiswa okanye ukuchithwa kwezona nkampani zinkulu zorhulumente waseBolivia. Kwicandelo le-hydrocarbon, elithatha i-50 yepesenti yengeniso karhulumente, ukuthengiswa kwamashishini abucala kwakhatshwa kukuhla kwe-royalty iinkampani kufuneka zihlawule ukusuka kwi-50 yeepesenti ukuya kwi-18 ekhulwini. Abasebenzi be-YPBF (Yacimientos Petrolรญferos Fiscales Bolivianos) bancitshiswa ukusuka kwi-9,000 kwi-1985 ukuya kwi-600 ngo-2002.
l Ukuxhomekeka kukarhulumente koorhulumente bama-impiriyali bamazwe angaphandle, iikopolotyeni zamazwe ngamazwe kunye namaziko abo kwaba nzulu. Iimali-mboleko kunye noncedo lwamazwe ngamazwe lugubungela โmalunga nesiqingatha sotyalo-mali lukawonke-wonke lwaseBoliviaโ, kunye nentsilelo yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali nganye izisa iinkqubo zohlengahlengiso ezibekwe yi-IMF.
l Ukususwa kwenkxaso-mali karhulumente kwafaka icandelo lemizi-mveliso emincinane laseBolivia engxakini. Imisebenzi engama-35,000 yanyamalala kwicandelo lokuvelisa kuphela.
l Ngo-1988 icandelo elingekho sikweni liye lafikelela kuma-70 ekhulwini abasebenzi basezidolophini zaseBolivia, yaye iqaqobana lemisebenzi ethe yadalwa kumacandelo asemthethweni lalixhomekeke kuhlengahlengiso lwabasebenzi.
l Ukusekwa kwezivumelwano zokwabelana ngegunya phakathi kwamaqela emveli kunye nezithintelo ekubhaliseni unyulo lwamaqela angamanye kuqinise amandla oosopolitiki beniyoliberal ekuthathweni kwezigqibo zezopolitiko.
Thelekisa le ngxelo iyintlekele kunye naleyo karhulumente waseMorales. Ngelixa ilizwe laseBolivia liqhubeka nokuba ngongxowankulu, โkwaye urhulumente esebenza ngaphakathi kwenkqubo-sikhokelo yenkcubeko yongxowankulu eyendeleyo kunye nobudlelwane bentlaloโ, kuyinyani ngokulinganayo ukuba ngokudibanisa amadabi ayimpumelelo onyulo kunye novukelo, imikhosi yemveli edumileyo namhlanje iyalawula. izikhundla ezibalulekileyo zolawulo kurhulumente.7Kwezi zikhundla, basebenzise ingeniso yombuso eyandisiweyo, eveliswe ngokufakwa kuzwelonke okwenziwa kumacandelo ngamacandelo obuchule, ukuqalisa ukwaphula ukuxhomekeka kwawo koorhulumente bamazwe angaphandle. Esi sikhundla someleleyo sezoqoqosho siye savumela abo baqhuba ilizwe laseBolivia ukuba bamisele owabo umgaqo-nkqubo wasekhaya nowangaphandle, simahla kuzo naziphi na izinyanzeliso ezibekwe ngoorhulumente bama-impiriyali kunye namaziko emali ehlabathi ngembuyekezo yemali-mboleko. Amaqhina omkhosi waseMelika kumkhosi waseBolivia anqunyulwe.
Indibano yomgaqo-siseko ibhale umgaqo-siseko omtsha okokuqala ngqa uqonda isininzi ebesingaqukwanga ngaphambili kwaye uye wachacha.
ulawulo lukarhulumente kubutyebi bendalo. Ukusukela kuvoto eqinisekisa umgaqo-siseko omtsha inkqubo โyokuphelisa ubukoloniyaliโ kurhulumente iqhubekile, kutsha nje ngo-Okthobha ka-2010, ngokubanjwa konyulo lokuqala oludumileyo lwaseBolivia lokunyula amagunya enkundla. Isiphumo yaba linani elirekhodiweyo labasetyhini kunye nabantu bomthonyama abangene kwisebe lezomthetho likarhulumente.
Urhulumente we-Morales uphinde waqalisa inguqu ebalulekileyo kumgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle waseBolivia, eshiya ngasemva ukuthobela ngokwesiko e-US. Endaweni yoko, iBolivia ikhokele kumanyathelo okufuna umanyano kunye nemikhosi echasene nama impiriyali-zombini kwinqanaba loorhulumente kunye neentshukumo zentlalo-ngaphakathi kwimeko yeBolivarian Alliance of the Peoples of Our America (Alba), kunye nokwandisa intsebenziswano yengingqi, ngokusebenzisa amaziko afana neManyano yeZizwe zaseMzantsi Melika (UNASUR). Enye into ephambili ekugxilwe kuyo ibe kukwakhiwa komanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe lokulwela izisombululo zokwenene kwintlekele yemozulu, njengoko kungqinwe yiNgqungquthela yaBantu beHlabathi ngoTshintsho lweMozulu eyayibanjelwe e-Cochabamba ngo-Epreli wama-2010.
Enye imodeli
I-Webber iyayinaki ininzi yale mpumelelo kwaye endaweni yoko igxininise kwisicwangciso soshishino lwe-MAS kunye neengxabano zentlalo ezichazwe malunga nale nto. Kodwa ulimela kakubi iqhinga. Makhe sijonge kuqala, ngoko, ukuba siqulathe ntoni na esi sicwangciso, nanjengoko ilicandelo elingundoqo kumbono wezoqoqosho karhulumente. Inkcazo emfutshane inokufunyanwa kwinqaku lamva nje elingemodeli yezoqoqosho yaseBolivia nguLuis Alberto Arce Catacora, umphathiswa wezoqoqosho kunye nezezimali zoluntu.
Ku-Arce, "iModeli eNtsha yezoQoqosho, iNtlalo, yoBuKomanisi kunye neMveliso" urhulumente ayisebenzisayo "ayenzi ngathi iguqula ngokukhawuleza indlela yemveliso yongxowankulu, kodwa endaweni yoko ibeka iziseko zenguqu ekhokelela kwindlela entsha yokuvelisa i-socialist" .8
Ngokungafaniyo ne-neoliberalism, apho ixabiso le-surplus kunye nerenti zabiwe yinkunzi yezizwe ngezizwe, le modeli intsha, njengentshayelelo yamanqaku enqaku lakhe, ithathe amanyathelo abhekiselele:
ukuvuselela imarike yangaphakathi kunye nokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwiimarike zangaphandle. Kwangokunjalo, inike urhulumente inkcazo yokubukela, imnike imisebenzi efana nokucwangcisa uqoqosho, ukulawula amashishini karhulumente, ukutyala imali kwicandelo lemveliso, ukuthatha indima yomgcini-bhanki kunye nomlawuli kunye, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukwaba ngokutsha intsalela; ngokukhetha loo macandelo ayengaxhamli phantsi koorhulumente bangaphambili.
Eyona nto iphambili, u-Arce uthi, kukukhuthaza ukunxibelelana, ukusebenzisana kunye namashishini asekelwe kusapho (kunye nokwanda kwenkcitho yentlalontle). Isicwangciso esinjalo sibalulekile ekwakhiweni ngokutsha amandla abasebenzi kunye nemikhosi yokunxibelelana, ethe yacuthwa ngamashumi amabini eminyaka eniyoliberalism.
Ngamafutshane: qinisekisa kwakhona ulongamo lukarhulumente kuqoqosho nangaphezulu kwemithombo yendalo; ukuphuma kwimeko yesiqhelo yaseBolivia yokuthengisa imathiriyeli kumazwe angaphandle ngoshishino nokukhuthaza amanye amacandelo emveliso afana nelemveliso nezolimo; kwabiwe ngokutsha ubutyebi besizwe ukuze kuliwe nentlupheko; kunye nokuqinisa amandla ombutho wabasebenzi kunye nemikhosi yokunxibelelana njengeentsika ezimbini ezibalulekileyo zalo naluphi na utshintsho olunokwenzeka kwisocialism eBolivia namhlanje. Imbono elolo hlobo, efuna ukuqhubela phambili umdla wabasebenzi baseBolivia ngeendleko zenkunzi yelizwe jikelele, isenokuchaswa ngabathile njengohlaziyo nje, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo ayilulo neoliberalism.
Utshintsho kubume boqoqosho
Ke urhulumente weMorales wenze njani malunga nokuguqula ezi mbono zibe yinyani? Inxalenye ephambili yale "modeli entsha yezoqoqosho" yayikukumiselwa kwecandelo elibalulekileyo le-hydrocarbon kunyaka wokuqala worhulumente we-Morales, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekugqityweni ngokupheleleyo kwemithetho yomdlalo kweli candelo, kwaye yazisa izibonelelo zangoko Abantu baseBolivia. Nangona phantsi kweniyoliberalism inkunzi yezizwe ngezizwe iye yavunyelwa ukuba yamkele ama-82 epesenti yobutyebi obuveliswe ngerenti yegesi, phantsi kolawulo olutsha urhulumente ugcina phakathi kwama-80 nama-90 epesenti. Oku kuthetha ukuba isixa sisonke sengeniso yerhasi efunyenwe ngurhulumente kwiminyaka emithandathu yokuqala yorhulumente weMorales yayiqikelelwa ngokuphindwe kasixhenxe kunaleyo yafunyanwa kwiminyaka emihlanu edlulileyo yoshishino lwabucala lweneoliberal.9
Ngelixa abo bangaphandle bekhupha uninzi lwerhasi yaseBolivia, bakwenza oko njengeekontraka eziqeshwe ngurhulumente, nto leyo emisela umyinge kunye nexabiso lethontsi ngalinye lerhasi yaseBolivia eveliswayo. Xa beye basilela ukuthobela izivumelwano zabo, urhulumente akazange oyike ukubanika ilizwe. Okwangoku, injongo karhulumente we-MAS kukwakha ngokutsha i-YPBF, eqala ngokuhluthwa kwaloo macandelo enkampani ebishishina, kwaye ukusuka apho ngokuqhubekayo eyinika intatho-nxaxheba ethe ngqo enkulu kwicandelo.
Ukwenziwa kwezizwe ngezizwe okungaphaya kuye kwavumela urhulumente ukuba abe ngoyena mdlali mkhulu kwicandelo lothungelwano kunye nombane kwaye aqalise ukubuyisela la macandelo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba abemi baseBolivia bafikelela ngakumbi kwiinkonzo ezisisiseko. Ngenxa yoko, inani lamakhaya adityaniselwe igesi liye landa ngama-835 ekhulwini, ipesenti yamakhaya asemaphandleni anombane axhumeke ukuya kutsho kuma-50 ekhulwini ukusuka kuma-20 ekhulwini, yaye inani loomasipala abanonxibelelwano lwezonxibelelwano lisuke kwi-110 laya kutsho kuma-324. ngaphandle kwama-339 ewonke).10
Ngokutshintsha ubutyebi obuveliswe kula macandelo bubhekisele kwinkcitho yentlalontle, inqanaba lentlupheko liye lehla ukusuka kuma-60 epesenti ngo-2005 ukuya kuma-49.6 epesenti ngo-2010, ngelixa umsantsa phakathi kweepesenti ezili-10 kunye ne-10 yezona zihlwempuzekileyo zehla ukusuka kwi-128 ngokuphindwe kabini ubutyebi ukuya kuma-60 ngokuphindwe kabini. ubutyebi.11Ngeli xesha, ukuqondiswa ngokutsha kobutyebi ekukhuthazeni amanye amacandelo emveliso kukhokelele ekwehleni kwentswela-ngqesho ukusuka kwi-8.2 yeepesenti ngo-2005 ukuya kwi-5.7 yeepesenti ngo-2010, nokudala inani lamashishini amancinci anokuthi ulawulo lawo lunikezelwe kuluntu lwasekuhlaleni njengoko. inxalenye yokukhuthaza icandelo lonxibelelwano.12
Eli candelo likwafumene ingqwalaselo ephambili kwimigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente yezolimo: umhlaba ongaphezulu kwezigidi ezingama-35 zeehektare unikezelwe njengepropati yoluntu okanye ubekwe phantsi kolawulo oluthe ngqo lwabemi bomthonyama bokuqala.13 I-EMAPA esanda kusekwa (i-Empresa de Apoyo a la producciรณn de Alimentos) iqinisekise ukuba abavelisi abancinci banokufikelela okukhethiweyo kwizixhobo, iimpahla, i-0 yepesenti yemali mboleko, kunye neemarike ezixhaswa ngurhulumente.14
Ngokujongwa ngokubanzi, amanyathelo athathiweyo ukubuyisela ulongamo kuqoqosho lwaseBolivia abone ilizwe libe ngoyena mdlali mkhulu kuqoqosho lwelizwe. Namhlanje obuninzi bobutyebi baseBolivia buhlala eBolivia kwaye busetyenziselwa ukwandisa imakethi yangaphakathi ngoshishino, ukukhuthaza icandelo lokunxibelelana kunye nokuhlasela ubuhlwempu. Ngokucacileyo le asiyondlela ye-neoliberal-nokuba kukukhulelwa okanye ekubulaweni.
Ngaphezu koko, yenye ethe gqolo ukufumana inkxaso engathethekiyo kwiiklasi zabasebenzi baseBolivia, kungekhona nje ngexesha lonyulo. Uloyiso lukaMorales lolonyulo, kude nokutshintsha โiipolitiki ezithandwayo ezitratweni nasemaphandleni zisiwe kwibala lonyuloโ njengoko uWebber esitsho, endaweni yoko yaba sisiqalo sokuqina komzabalazo weklasi, owaphumela kwidabi elipheleleyo lokulwela igunya elathi isiphumo salo samiselwa ngumbutho. ungenelelo olugqibeleleyo lwenkitha.
Apho uWebber abona โi-electrosis sclerosisโ, oongxowankulu bemveli baseBolivia babona isoyikiso sokwenene kumandla abo ezopolitiko nezoqoqosho. Baphendule ngokuqalisa uhlaselo oluchasene ne-revolutionary olwafikelela incopho ngeenzame zabo zobhukuqo-mbuso ezingaphumelelanga zikaSeptemba 2008. Isiphumo solu ngquzulwano samiselwa bubume obunzulu bokuhlanganiswa kweeklasi zelo xesha, kudityaniswe nobuchule bobunkokeli be-MAS bokwandisa ngokuthe gqolo nokudibanisa isiseko sabo senkxaso phakathi kweeklasi ezithandwayo, ngaphakathi emkhosini, nakwamanye amazwe. Inkcaso yephiko lasekunene ithunyelwe kwi-tailspin engekabuyi kuyo. Kunyulo olwalandelayo urhulumente we-Morales waphinda wonyulwa ngerekhodi ye-64 yevoti yokuvunywa, ephumelela isininzi kwi-legislature kunye ne-senate. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva akukabikho enye indlela yezopolitiko esebenzayo nehambelanayo kwi-MAS nokuba ngasekhohlo okanye ngasekunene.
"Uxinzelelo lokudala"
I-Webber ibhekisela kwiingxabano eziqhubekayo phakathi kweentshukumo zentlalo kunye norhulumente malunga neeprojekthi zophuhliso lwengingqi, ukuhanjiswa kwezibonelelo, iingxabano zemivuzo, njl njl, njengobungqina obungekuphela nje kokukhula kokungahambelani okuthandwayo kunye ne-MAS kodwa ukuba i-MAS ingumqobo kwinkqubela phambili. Uyavuma, nangona kunjalo, ukuba akukho "projekthi yenguqu kunye nentlalontle ekhohlo kwi-MAS" ikhona, kwaye akukho nanye kule mizabalazo efana "noguquko okanye ikhefu lobusoshiyali" kunye norhulumente weMorales.15
Ubunkokeli be-MAS bujonga imeko yangoku kunye nohlobo lweengxabano eziye zavela kumaxesha amva nje ngokwahlukileyo. Umbono wabo uchazwe kwiphetshana elinamaphepha angama-74 nguGarcรญa Linera malunga nento ayibiza ngokuba "yingxaki yokudala kwi-revolution".16 Uxoxa ukuba ukuhlangana kwemikhosi yezentlalo ukusukela oko kuphumelela kungquzulwano ngo-2008 kuvule ixesha elitsha kwixesha loguquko lwangoku lwaseBolivia โelingaphawulwanga bubukho bokungavisisani phakathi kweebhlokhi zamandla ezichasayo, phakathi kweeprojekthi ezingangqinelaniyo zoluntuโ, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kodwa enye leyo. "iya kuphawulwa kubukho bokuchasana phakathi kweblok yesizwe edumileyo, oko kukuthi, ngoxinzelelo phakathi kwamacandelo kanye akhokela iNkqubo yoTshintsho". Uthi, oku kuphikisana, โayikho nje indawo yesibini kodwa creative kuba banamandla okunceda ukuqhubela phambili ikhondo le revolution ngokwayoโ.17
Olu xinzelelo luthatha iindlela ezahlukeneyo. Ubani unento yokwenza nobudlelwane phakathi kokuthambekela kukarhulumente ekugxininiseni ukwenza izigqibo kunye nentsebenziswano yemibutho yezentlalo โyokuhlalisana okupheleleyo nokuqhubekayo kweengxoxo nezigqibo eziphathelele kwimiba exhalabisayoโ. Oku "kukudala, ukuthetha, ukuvelisa kunye noxinzelelo oluyimfuneko", wongezelela.
Ukruthakruthwano lwesibini lobuchule luphakathi kwesidingo soguqulo loguquko lokubandakanya amacandelo abanzi kunye โnesidingo sokuqinisekisa ukuba abantu bemveli, inkampu, abasebenzi neenkokeli ezidumileyoโ kule nkqubo.18 Eyesithathu ibandakanya ukruthakruthwano โphakathi komdla jikelele woluntu luphela kunye nomdla othile wecandelo lomntu ngamnyeโฆphakathi komzabalazo oqhelekileyo, wobukomanisi, wobukomanisi kunye nokukhangelwa komdla womntu ngamnye, wecandelo, othile nowabucalaโ.19
Kwaye okokugqibela, uGarcรญa Linera walatha kwingxabano yesine, phakathi kwesidingo sokuphuhlisa kunye nokwenza uqoqosho lwaseBolivia kunye nesidingo sokuhlonela amalungelo kaMama woMhlaba.20 Indawo yokuqala yokusombulula le ngxwabangxwaba, utsho uGarcรญa Linera, kufuneka iqinisekise ukufikelela kwabantu kwiinkonzo ezisisiseko ngelixa ikhusela okusingqongileyo.
TIPNIS ungquzulwano lohola wendlela
Oku kusizisa kungquzulwano olwaphuhliswa ngo-2011 malunga nesicwangciso sikarhulumente sokwakha uhola wendlela odibanisa iVilla Tunari (kwisebe laseCochabamba) kunye neSan Ignacio de Moxos (kwisebe laseBeni) ngokusebenzisa intsimi yemveli kunye nepaki yesizwe eyaziwa ngokuba yi-TIPNIS (Territorio Indรญgena del). Parque Nacional Isiboro-Sรฉcurre). UWebber ubona olu ngquzulwano njengoqinisekiso lwethisisi yakhe yokuba urhulumente we-MAS "neoliberal" ngoku ujongelwa phantsi "ngokuphikisana kweklasi" ephantsi kwemodeli yophuhliso.
Kwimeko kaWebber, umzabalazo ongaphaya kohola wendlela uxabene nabantu bomthonyama abahluphekayo ngokuchasene neqela labalimi abazizityebi kunye. cocalerosidityaniswe "nabavelisi besoya kushishino lwezolimo", inkunzi yemali yaseBolivia, "i-Brazilian sub-imperialism", kunye ne-petroleum multinationals, zonke ziphantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente we-MAS-kwaye bonke bazimisele ukuhlutha "ububele, ngokuyinxenye.
amaqela asekuhlaleni angenabungxowankuluโ asalawula kule paki. Aba balimi bangamahlwempu kunye nabaxhasi babo bakwazi f
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela