โImfazwe yeyona nto ibalaseleyo kwibutho labantu elinoomatshini ngokupheleleyo.โ
โ Lewis Mumford
Ukusukela ngo-9/11, izenzo zomkhosi kwihlabathi jikelele ziye zanda kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, uBukhosi base-US bukhokele indlela kulo mba: ukubetha kwedrone, ukuthuthunjiswa kunye nokubulawa kwabantu ukusuka e-Afghanistan nasePakistan, ukuya eYemen, eSomalia, eLibya, eIraq nangaphaya. Okwangoku, amazwe amaninzi ehlabathini lonke aye alwa ngamandla omkhosi, ethenga kumazwe angaphandle amanani arekhodiweyo ezixhobo neembumbulu.
Kulo mxholo, ubugcisa bomkhosi, ngakumbi iinkqubo zezixhobo ezingaphathwanga, ziye zenziwa zaphambili kumkhosi wanamhlanje. Uphuhliso lobukrelekrele bokwenziwa, i-nanotechnology kunye ne-biotechnology ineempembelelo ezingenakuchazwa kwikamva lemfazwe. Njengoko uPete Singer osuka kwiBrookings Institute esikhumbuza, โAsisathethi ngendlela yokulwa iimfazwe, sithetha ngabo balwa iimfazwe.โ Ngamanye amazwi, kuthetha ukuthini ukuba ikamva lokulwa imfazwe liqhutywa kakhulu ziirobhothi ezizimeleyo?
Ngapha koko, kufuneka sivavanye ikamva lomkhosi ngaphakathi kwimeko yokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokuwa kwendalo. Ngandlelโ ithile, ikamva sele lidlalwa kwiindawo ezinjengeSyria neAfghanistan, amazwe amabini adlakazwe luhlengahlengiso lwezoqoqosho lwe-neoliberal, ilifa lemfazwe yeMfazwe ebandayo kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu, oko uChristian Parenti akubiza ngokuba โyiNguqulelo Yentlekele.โ
I-Global Militarism iyanda
I-US, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, sesona sizwe siphuhliswe ngomkhosi emhlabeni. Ngokusondeleyo kwiziseko zomkhosi ezili-1,000, inqwaba yabakhweli beenqwelo-moya abanqumla kulwandlekazi oluninzi lweplanethi kunye neesathelayithi ezijikeleza umhlaba wonke, alikho elinye ilizwe emhlabeni elisondela kumandla omkhosi wase-US. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko uNoam Chomsky esikhumbuza, emva kwe-9/11, phantse lonke ilizwe lasebenzisa uhlaselo njengethuba lokulwa. Ukususela ngoko, inkqubo yezoqoqosho yehlabathi iye yawohloka, nto leyo ephazamisa ngakumbi ibutho labantu behlabathi esele liethe-ethe, yayandisa iingxwabangxwaba ekhoyo yaza yabangela ugonyamelo.
Ngenxa yoko, amazwe asehlabathini lonke ngoku alwa imfazwe ngendlela engazange ibonwe ngaphambili. Umzekelo, โi-India ithe yathenga kumazwe angaphandle ngaphezulu kwezixhobo eziphambili eziphindwe kabini kule minyaka mihlanu idlulileyo kunokuba yenze kwiminyaka emihlanu edlulileyo ephela ngo-2008โฆ iyenza ibe ngoyena mthengi mkhulu wezixhobo wehlabathi,โ utshilo uSneha Shankar kwi-International Business Times. Ngokubhekele phaya, uShankar, ecaphula uhlolisiso lwakutshanje lweStockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), ubhala athi, โukuthengwa kwezixhobo ezinkulu eIndiya kumazwe angaphandle ngokomthamo kuye kwanda nge-111 ekhulwini kwisithuba sowama-2009-2013 xa kuthelekiswa nexesha lowama-2004-2008, ngoxa isabelo sayo. ngokutsho kolu hlolisiso, ukuthengwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kunyuke ukuya kutsho kwi-14 ekhulwini ukusuka kwisi-7 ekhulwini kwangelo xesha linye.โ
Ngokophononongo lwe-SIPRI, i-Russia yeyona nto iphambili ekuboneleleni ngezixhobo e-Indiya, ibalelwa ngaphezulu kwe-75% yezixhobo ezithengiselwa ilizwe lase-Afrika. Ukongezelela, njengoko eli nqaku lisitsho, โiTshayina, ikwindawo yesibini ngobukhulu kumazwe angaphandle kwezixhobo, iye yaba ngumthengisi ophambili kuMzantsi Asia, ethabatha ama-54 ekhulwini ezixhobo ezithunyelwa ePakistan nama-82 ekhulwini ezinto ezithunyelwa eBangladesh.โ Ehlabathini lonke, iSaudi Arabia ngoku iyindawo yesihlanu enkulu kumazwe angaphandle kwezixhobo. Ngapha koko, ngo-2010, iSaudi Arabia kunye ne-US zavumelana kwisivumelwano esikhulu sezixhobo kwimbali yase-US, exabisa malunga neebhiliyoni ezingama-60 zeedola. Isivumelwano sibandakanya, "i-84 entsha ye-F-15 fighters, iphucula i-70 ngaphezulu, kwaye ithenge iintlobo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zeenqwelo-moya - i-70 Apaches, i-72 Hawks emnyama kunye ne-36 yeentaka ezincinci."
Njengesiqhelo, umdla wezopolitiko uthungelana ngokwendalo kunye nomdla woshishino. Ke, ishishini lezixhobo lizuze kakhulu kwi-post-9/11 geopolitical landscape. Ngokomzekelo, uVince Calio noAlexander EM Hess bebhalela iTime, banikela ingxelo, โAbona bavelisi bezixhobo abali-100 abakhulu kunye neekontraka zeenkonzo zomkhosi barekhoda i-$395 yebhiliyoni kwintengiso yezixhobo ngo-2012.โ Oyena mkhulu kwaba kontraka, uLockheed Martin, uxele i-36 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwiintengiso. Eyesibini ngobukhulu, i-Boeing, inike ingxelo yeedola ezingama-27.6 eebhiliyoni zeedola kwiintengiso, ngelixa iRaytheon, i-BAE Systems, kunye ne-General Dynamics zijikeleza ezona zintlanu ziphezulu, zonke zixela amashumi eebhiliyoni zeedola kwintengiso yezixhobo kwihlabathi liphela. Okubangela umdla kukuba, ezona zizwe zintlanu ziphezulu zisebenzisana nezixhobo kwihlabathi, i-US, i-UK, iJamani, i-China, kunye ne-Russia, ibandakanya amazwe amane kwamalungu amahlanu asisigxina kwiBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN, ngaphandle kweJamani.
Ikamva Lomkhosi
Okwangoku, kukho amazwe angaphezu kwamashumi amathathu kwihlabathi liphela aphuhlisa itekhnoloji yedrone. Njengalo lonke ugqatso lwezixhobo, xa isixhobo siphuhlisiwe, akukho 'kubuya umva.' Ngokomzekelo, emva kokuba kwenziwe ibhombu yeathom, ezinye iintlanga zazama ngamandla ukuzenzela ezazo izixhobo zenyukliya ezitshisa umhlaba. Namhlanje, kuyafana ngokubhekiselele kwiidrones kwaye, kutsha nje, iirobhothi zedabi ezizimeleyo: i-US inokuba lilizwe lokuqala ukuthumela izixhobo ezinje ekulweni, kodwa ayizukuba yeyokugqibela. Kwi-US, ukuthunyelwa kwezixhobo ezinjalo kunembali ende. Umzekelo, ukubuyela kumsebenzi kaPete Singer:
โIinqwelo-moya zokuqala ezizingelayo zasetyenziswa ngowe-1995 ebudeni bongquzulwano lweBalkan eBosnia naseKosovo. Ngo-2000, uMkhosi woMoya wawuphuhlisa iindlela zokuxhobisa iidrone ezizingelayo, njengoko zazisetyenziswa ngaphambili ngokukodwa kwimisebenzi yokuhlola. Kutshanje, xa [i-US] iqala iMfazwe e-Iraq, emva kwe-2003, bekukho iidrones ezimbalwa emoyeni. Okwangoku, kukho ngaphezulu kwe-5,300 drones ezisebenza kwindawo yomoya yaseIraq. Ukongeza, [i-US] yaya e-Iraq ineenkqubo zomhlaba ezingenabantu, ngoku [zi]ngaphezu kwe-12,000 esebenza kwindawo yokulwa. โ
Into eyaqala njengomatshini wokuhlola, ekugqibeleni yajika yaba sisixhobo sokubulala. Ngaphaya koko, kufanelekile ukuqaphela ukuba utshintsho olukhulu lwedrone ukusuka ekungabulalisi sixhobo ukuya kwisixhobo esibulalayo phantse aluchazwanga, aluxelwanga kwaye luthathwa njengobubudenge ukubuza ngexesha leminyaka yalo yokuqala. Ewe, iimpembelelo zezi ndlela kufuneka zicace ngokukhawuleza. Okona kubalulekileyo kukuba, ukuba iinkqubo zezixhobo zinokusetyenziswa ngaphandle kwengozi yokuncama ubomi babantu, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, izizwe, nabantu, baya kutyekela ngakumbi ekusebenziseni izixhobo ezinjalo. Ukuba abafana namabhinqa aselula anokubulala okanye abulale amajoni eentshaba ezisuka kumawakawaka eekhilomitha, ngaphandle kokubeka ubomi bawo esichengeni, kokukhona etyekela ngakumbi ekungeneleleni umkhosi.
Ngaphaya koko, ukuqhubela phambili kwiidrodi zaseJapan ezingezizo ezomkhosi kusinika umbono wesizukulwana esilandelayo seerobhothi zethafa ledabi. Namhlanje, abaphandi baphuhlisa iirobhothi ezinamandla obuchopho afunekayo ukuze bazibandakanye kwimisebenzi yedabi elizimeleyo. Ewe, isizukulwana esilandelayo seerobhothi zethafa ledabi asiyi kufuna abantu abasebenza. Inkampani yekhompyuter yaseJapan, iFujitsu, iphuhlise uluhlu lweerobhothi ezibizwa ngokuba yi-HOAP (Humanoid for Open Architecture Platform). Aba matshini bayakwazi ukufunda iintshukumo ngendlela abantu abafunda ngayo. Okwangoku, i-HOAP sisixhobo sokunceda abaphandi ekufundeni ubuNgcali boBuchule kunye nesoftware yeerobhothi ezizayo.
Inkqubo yolawulo ye-HOAP iqhutywa yiloo nto ibizwa ngokuba yiNethiwekhi yeNeural eQinisekisayo kwakhona (Dynamically Reconfigurable Neural Network) (DRNN). Ngokusisiseko oku kuthetha ukuthini ukuba abaphandi basebenzisa iikhompyuter ukulinganisa uhlobo lwemisebenzi eyenzekayo kwingqondo yomntu. Le nkqubo ivumela iirobhothi ukuba zifunde ngendlela efanayo neentsana zabantu. Njengoko uPete Singer esikhumbuza kwakhona, โInxalenye enkulu yophando lweArtificial Intelligence (AI) lilinge lokuphinda inkqubo yokufunda. Njengoko uthungelwano lwe-neural olwenziweyo lukhula, luya kuvumela iirobhothi ukuba zenze izinto ezintsonkothileyo. โ Ukubeka ngokwahlukileyo, kwixesha elizayo, abantu abasayi kuphinda baxelele iirobhothi indlela yokwenza imisebenzi, njengoko iirobhothi ziya kukwazi ukwenza izigqibo 'zomntu'.
Owona mbuzo ubalulekileyo uba: kukweliphi inqanaba apho sivumela oomatshini ukuba benze isigqibo malunga nokuba babulale okanye bangababulali abantu? Ngokophononongo olulungiselelwe yi-US Joint Forces Command, umkhosi wase-US uya kuba neteknoloji yokuphuhlisa iirobhothi zedabi ezizimeleyo ngonyaka we-2025. Ngamanye amazwi, ithemba leerobhothi ezenza isigqibo sokuthatha ubomi bomntu ngokwenene. Kwisithuba esingaphantsi kweminyaka elishumi, abantu ehlabathini lonke baya kujamelana nale nyaniso. Ngelishwa, iirobhothi ezizimeleyo zimele kuphela incam yomkhosi-yenzululwazi-yemveliso-eyinkimbinkimbi.
Kunyaka ophelileyo, iqela lezazinzulu ezikhokelayo, eziquka uStephen Hawking, uStuart Russell, nabanye, babhala inqaku kwi-Independent elinomxholo othi, โI-Transcendence iJonga iMpembelelo yobukrelekrele beArtificial Intelligence โ kodwa ngaba siyithatha i-AI ngokuNgqongileyo? Kwinqaku, i-Hawking kunye nenkampani ikhankanya ukuba izibonelelo ezinokubakho ze-AI zinokuba yinkqubela phambili yeenkwenkwezi kwimbali yempucuko yabantu, kodwa kwangaxeshanye baphonononga iziphumo ezingalunganga zobuchwephesha obunjalo:
โKwixesha elingekude, imikhosi yehlabathi icinga ngezixhobo ezizimeleyo ezinokukhetha nokuphelisa usukelo; iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo neHuman Rights Watch ziye zakhuthaza ukuba kubekho isivumelwano esivala izixhobo ezinjalo. Ngexesha eliphakathi, njengoko kugxininiswe ngu-Erik Brynjolfsson kunye no-Andrew McAfee kwiSidala soMatshini weSibini, i-AI inokuguqula uqoqosho lwethu ukuze izise ubutyebi obukhulu kunye nokugxothwa okukhulu.
Ababhali bayaqhubeka nokubonisa ukuba uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji ye-AI lunokuba yeyona mpumelelo ibalaseleyo eluntwini, โUmntu unokucinga ukuba itekhnoloji enje ngentekhnoloji igqwesa iimarike zezemali, ukuvelisa abaphandi babantu, ukukhohlisa iinkokeli zabantu, kunye nokuphuhlisa izixhobo esingenako nokuziqonda. Ngelixa ifuthe lexeshana elifutshane le-AI lixhomekeke ekubeni ngubani na oyilawulayo, ifuthe lexesha elide lixhomekeke ekubeni inokulawulwa kwaphela.โ
Ukutshintsha kweMozulu kunye nokuGuqulelana kwiNtlekele
Ngo-2011, umbhali kunye nentatheli uChristian Parenti wabhala incwadi ebaluleke kakhulu enesihloko esithi, Tropic of Chaos: Utshintsho lweMozulu kunye neJografi eNtsha yoBundlobongela. Ubukhulu becala, le ncwadi iphonononga oko uParenti akubiza ngokuba yi "Catastrophic Convergence," okanye ukudityaniswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho ye-neoliberal, impi yexesha leMfazwe ebandayo kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Kwiiveki ezininzi ezidlulileyo, ndahlala phantsi noMkristu kudliwano-ndlebe. Ndambuza malunga neNguqulelo yeNtlekele ngaphakathi kwimeko yaseSyria:
โISiriya ingumzekelo obalaseleyo. Kubekho imbalela eyoyikekayo apho, ehambelana nemilinganiselo engqongqo ebekwe ngurhulumente wase-Assad wokunceda amafama angamaSunni. Abaninzi kubo kwanyanzeleka ukuba bawushiye umhlaba, ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yembalela, ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokunqongophala kwenkxaso yokujongana ngokufanelekileyo nembalela. Emva koko, bafika ezixekweni, kwaye kukho ubungqongqo obungaphaya okwenzekayo. Oku kubonwa njengengcinezelo ye-Alawite elite ngokuchasene ne-sunni proletariat eyandayo ehlwempuzekileyo abaye balahlwa emhlabeni wabo. Le meko ke igqabhuka njengongquzulwano lwezenkolo, nto leyo eneneni ikukudityaniswa kweengxaki zokusingqongileyo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ye-neoliberal yezoqoqosho. Kakade ke, eyona ntlantsi yogonyamelo kuko konke oku sisibakala sokuba wonke lo mmandla uzaliswe zizixhobo. Ezinye zezi zixhobo zivela kwiMfazwe Yomlomo, kwaye eminye yale mipu ivela kumkhosi wamva nje wase-US kulo mmandla. โ
Ngokucacileyo, i-Catastrophic Convergence sisikhokelo esiluncedo esinokuqonda ngcono iingxabano zangoku nezexesha elizayo kwihlabathi jikelele. Ukucaca, i-Parenti ayiphikisani ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu luyimbangela ephambili yezi ngxabano, nangona oko kunokuba njalo kwixesha elizayo. Ingxoxo kaParenti yokuba ukutshintsha kwemozulu kudla ngokubangela uxinezeleko olukhoyo ludala uqhushululu olungakumbi. Ngamanye amaxesha, la mandla abetha ngaxeshanye, njengase-Afghanistan, apho uhlaselo olukhokelwa yi-US kunye nokuhlala kwelizwe kwadibana nenye yembalela embi kakhulu kwimbali yelizwe elidlakazwe yimfazwe. Njengoko uParenti esitsho, imfazwe iza, uqoqosho luyantlitheka, imipu isasazeke kwingingqi ukusuka kwimfazwe yexesha leMfazwe ebandayo, emva koko i-Afghanistan inyamezele imbalela enzima kwinkumbulo yamva nje, ibonakalisa ukungazinzi kwendalo okwenzeka eCalifornia, okukhokelela kuqhushululu, ubundlobongela kunye nokungazinzi. .
Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, ukuqikelela ikamva kusoloko kunzima, kodwa singasoloko sisebenzisa iingcinga zethu nolwazi olukhoyo ukwenza iingcebiso ezifanelekileyo. Ngolu khanyiso, kuya kuba luncedo ukuphonononga ukuba i-Catastrophic Convergence iya kujongeka njani kumxholo we-US-isizwe esinezixhobo ezininzi kunalo naliphi na elinye ilizwe emhlabeni, elidlakazwe yimigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho ye-neoliberal kwaye ngoku ifumana isabelo sayo esifanelekileyo. Imozulu embi kakhulu ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu. Ukuba amaziko ezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, ezenkolo kunye nezenkcubeko awatshintshwanga kakhulu okanye apheliswa e-US, sinokulindela ukuba iindlela ezigqithisileyo zobundlobongela zinyuke, ngakumbi njengoko imozulu, ubudlelwane boluntu kunye noqoqosho lusiya ludodobala.
Ukuqonda iMilitarism
Ukuze baxhathise umkhosi, abantu kufuneka baqonde impi kunye nemigangatho yayo emininzi. Apha, ndiphonononge kuphela amandla ambalwa omkhosi. Okubaluleke ngokulinganayo kuya kuba luphononongo lwendlela ubusolusapho kunye nenkcubeko edlala ngayo indima ekulweni abantu, uluntu, amaziko, njl njl. Umzekelo, umboniso bhanyabhanya waseMelika Sniper wenze imali engaphaya kwezigidi ezingama-250 zeerandi, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yeyona filimu yemfazwe yaseHollywood igqwesileyo ngalo lonke ixesha. Isixelela ntoni le nto malunga noluntu lwangoku lwaseMelika kunye nenkcubeko?
Okwangoku, eyona nto ibalulekileyo ekufuneka iqwalaselwe kukuba phantse zonke izizwe kwihlabathi liphela ziqhuba umkhosi ngesantya esikhawulezayo, zigalela intywenka yemali kuqeqesho lwasemkhosini, kubuchwepheshe nakwizixhobo. Ewe, ezi ziindaba ezimnandi kushishino lwezixhobo, kodwa iindaba ezimbi eluntwini. Ngaphaya koko, umzi-mveliso wezixhobo kunye noorhulumente kwihlabathi liphela baphuhlisa ezona zixhobo zomkhosi ziphezulu onokucinga ngazo, ngokugxila ngakumbi kwiirobhothi zasebaleni lomlo ezingenamntu kwaye, ngokwandayo, izixhobo ezizimeleyo zedabi. Ngaphezu koko, zonke ezi ndlela zenzeke ngaphakathi kwimeko yokutshintsha kwemozulu, zongeza omnye umthombo wobundlobongela nokungazinzi.
Ndiphonononga le miba ndingongezi kwimeko ekhoyo yokugxeka kunye nokungabi namandla, kodwa ukubonisa imiba emininzi yemfazwe yanamhlanje. Okwangoku, xa abantu abaninzi becinga ngemfazwe, bacinga ngeemfazwe zase-US, amapolisa, iintolongo, njl njl. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iimbonakaliso zomkhosi zihlala zishiywe zingahlolisiswanga kwaye azifane zixoxwe okanye zixoxwe. Apha, ndicinga ukuba incoko malunga nemfazwe yehlabathi, ikamva lobugcisa bezomkhosi kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu kubalulekile.
UVincent Emanuele ngumbhali, umlweli womzabalazo kunye nentatheli kanomathotholo ehlala kwaye esebenza eRust Belt. Ulilungu le-UAW Local 1981 kwaye unokufikelelwa kuyo [imeyile ikhuselwe]
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