Kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu eyadlulayo, isicwangciso-qhinga sokulwa novukelo kwingingqi yaseQuiche eGuatemala yashiya i-1,771 iMaya Ixil ibhubhile, amashumi amawaka egxothiwe, kwaye aqhekeza intlalo yoluntu. Eli phulo likhohlakeleyo lengcinezelo yombuso lenziwe nguGeneral Jose Efrain Rios Montt ngexesha lesahluko esimnyama songquzulwano lweminyaka engama-36, apho abantu baseGuatemala abangama-200,000 basweleka, uninzi lwabo yayingamaMayans omthonyama, kwaye abanye abangama-50,000 banyamalala. Namhlanje, ngaphandle kwenkcubeko egqugqisileyo yokungohlwaywa eGuatemala kunye nesigqubuthelo sokuthula esajikeleza loo minyaka, uRios Montt kunye noJose Mauricio Rodriguez Sanchez, igosa lakhe eliyintloko lezobuntlola, batshutshiswa eGuatemala ngembubhiso nolunye ulwaphulo-mthetho olunxamnye noluntu, usuku olungazange lubonwe ngaphambili. ingcinga iya kuza.
Ukukhethwa kwabanesibindi IGqwetha Jikelele uClaudia Paz y Paz ngowama-2010 kwaqalisa ixesha elitsha kumzabalazo waseGuatemala wokulwa nokungohlwaywa. Utyholwa ixesha elide ngezenzo zenkohlakalo, uRios Montt ukonwabela ukungatshutshiswa njengelungu leNkongolo iminyaka engama-20, kodwa wamangalelwa kamsinya nje emva kokuba emkile esikhundleni ngo-2012. umzekelo wembali kubantu baseGuatemala kunye noluntu lwehlabathi, emele okokuqala ukuba intloko yombuso ivele kwinkundla yesizwe ngetyala lokubulala.
Ngaphambili kwenkundla, iijaji ezintathu zihlala kunye ngokusondeleyo, ngamaxesha athile zidibana kwinkomfa, ecaleni kwesitulo esikhulu somthi esinabileyo ubude benkundla. Eludongeni olungasentla kuxhonywe idyasi yengalo yaseGuatemala: imipu enqamlezileyo ebonisa ukukhusela umhlaba, amakrele angumqondiso wembeko, kunye nomhla wenkululeko yaseGuatemala kwiSpain ebekwe phezu komsongo apho iquetzal ihleli khona, yonke into ijonge ngasemva kweqabunga le-bay. amasebe afuzisela uloyiso. Ezi mpawu ziphakamileyo nangona kunjalo zizaliswe yintsingiselo engaqondakaliyo kuninzi lwabantu baseGuatemala.
Inkxaso yeRios Montt
Elinye lawona maxesha anzima kungquzulwano lwangaphakathi lenzeka emva kobhukuqo-mbuso olwalungenagazi olwamisela uNjengele Rios Montt njengenkokeli yomkhosi ngoMatshi 23, 1982. Ebudeni beenyanga ezili-17 zolawulo lwakhe, uRios Montt waqatsela waza wamisela inkqubo yolawulo lobugrogrisi olwaqaliswa ngumanduleli wakhe. ULucas garcia. Ngelixa uRios Montt wayegxothwa kubhukuqo-mbuso olwalandelayo lomkhosi, umkhondo wegazi watyhila iqhinga lakhe elingenalusini lokulwa nokubulawa kwamadoda, abafazi, abantwana, ababuthathaka, kunye nabantu abadala, ekhatshwa yintshabalalo ebalwayo yelaphu labo. iindawo zookhokho.
Ayikwazanga ukutyumza ngokulula uvukelo oluxhobileyo oluncinci kunye nentshukumo exhaphakileyo phakathi kwabantu abaninzi baseGuatemala ababejongelwe phantsi ababebonakala besanda kunye nengcinezelo, uRios Montt waqulunqa isicwangciso esitsha sokutshabalalisa abashokobezi: "Ukuba awukwazi ukubamba iintlanzi, kufuneka ukhuphe amanzi olwandle". Ngokusekwe kwingqikelelo ephenjelelweyo yokuba abemi bomthonyama abanovelwano babonelela ngenkxaso yolungiselelo nangengcamango kubavukeli, iRios Montt yazimisela ukutshabalalisa ezo ndawo. Esi sicwangciso-qhinga saphuhliswa saza saphunyezwa ngenkxaso yase-US echuliweyo necacileyo: uqeqesho kwiindlela zokulwa nabavukeli e-United States. i Isikolo seMerika, kunye noncedo lobuntlola kunye nomkhosi kunye noncedo. URonald Reagan waqhubeka enika inkxaso emkhosini waseGuatemala nasemva kweengxelo ezixhaphakileyo zenkohlakalo, kubanga ukuba "uMongameli uRรญos Montt yindoda enemfezeko enkulu, nokuzinikela... Ndiyazi ukuba ufuna ukuphucula umgangatho wobomi babo bonke abantu baseGuatemala nokukhuthaza ubulungisa kwezentlalo".
Amaxwebhu achazwa ngexesha lokugqibela kwe-90s, nangona kunjalo, abangela uMongameli wase-US ngoko Bill Clinton ukuba acele uxolo. Ukuqaphela ubunzima bobungqina kunye namandla awo omabini amaxwebhu angachazwanga aqulathe ubungqina obucacileyo bokubandakanyeka kwe-US kwizenzo zenkohlakalo kunye IKomishoni yeNkcazo yezeMbali ye-UN Ingxelo enemiqulu esithoba, uClinton wathi, "Kubalulekile ukuba ndichaze ngokucacileyo ukuba inkxaso yemikhosi yomkhosi okanye iiyunithi zobuntlola eziye zabandakanyeka kuxinzelelo olunobundlobongela noluxhaphakileyo oluchazwe kwingxelo yayingalunganga." Abanye abagxeki balugxekile olu xolo njengolungenanto kwaye luyalahlekisa ngokusilela ukuvuma ukuba inkxaso yaseMelika kucinezelo lomkhosi waseGuatemala yayingumzamo owenziwe ngabom wokuqhubela phambili iimfuno zezopolitiko nezoqoqosho, ngaphandle kokubandezeleka okungathethekiyo nokungabalekiyo ekwenzileyo.
Emva kokuphela kongquzulwano, iKomishoni Yokucacisa Ngembali yagqiba kwelokuba umkhosi wawungunobangela wokufa kwabantu abangama-93 ekhulwini, nokuba kwimimandla emine, iLizwe laseGuatemala liye labulala abemi bomthonyama baseMayan. UkuBuyiswa kweMemori yezeMbali umbiko [SP] yeCawa yamaKatolika yavumelana noko kufunyanisiweyo. Isebe laseQuiche laliyikhaya leMaya Ixil, elalijongwa ngumkhosi njengesibindi kunye nokuchasa, kwaye lixhathisa ngokungaqhelekanga ukuhluthwa imihlaba yookhokho babo. Umkhosi wagqiba kwelokuba abavukeli baye baphumelela ukufundiswa ngokupheleleyo kwe-Ixil, benandipha inkxaso yabemi abali-100 ekhulwini abakuloo mmandla, nangona inyaniso yayintsonkothile yaye iguqukile. Ayikwazanga ukucinezela ngokulula ukuxhathisa, umkhosi fixated kwi intshabalalo "yotshaba lwangaphakathi" ngeendawo zokubulala, iqhinga elibhalwe ngamangqina kwaye likhunjulwe kwizicwangciso zomkhosi ezineenkcukacha, kubandakanya Operation Sofia.
'Umhlaba otshisiweyo'
Kwiintsuku zokuqala zetyala lembubhiso, abo basinda kumgaqo-nkqubo weRios Montt โwomhlaba otshisiweyoโ banikela ubungqina ngeenkcukacha ezothusayo ngoxhatshazo abalufumanayo kunye nokoyikeka kwabo bakubonayo. Abalandeli bazalise inkundla ukuze banikele ubungqina kumaqabane abo, umgama omde ukusuka kwindoda eyayityholwa ngokutshabalalisa iindawo abahlala kuzo. Iingcali zinikela ubungqina malunga nomsebenzi wazo onzima wophando obonisa izizathu zokufa kwaye wanceda iintsapho ezisentlungwini ukuba zibuyise kwaye zingcwabe abo babathandayo. Emva kweeveki zobungqina obothusayo, inqanaba elilandelayo lovavanyo ligxile ekuboniseni isicwangciso somkhosi esiyilwe ngononophelo somkhosi waseGuatemala ukuba "tshabalalisa izinto ezibhukuqayoUkufezekisa loo njongo, umkhosi wabulala amadoda, abafazi, abantwana, iintsana, abantu abakhulileyo nabanempilo enkenenkene, kwaye ngabom baqhekeza ilaphu loluntu lwabo ngokutshisa izityalo, ukuxhela izilwanyana, ukutshabalalisa izinto zakudala zenkcubeko kunye nokuqhawula unxibelelwano olungcwele lokomoya. imihlaba yookhokho babo.
Ixesha elidlulileyo lalinxulunyaniswa ngokungenakulinganiswa nanamhlanje, xa uHugo Ramiro Leonardo Reyes, owayengumkhandi womkhosi, wangqina ngevidiyo kwindawo engachazwanga, esoyika impindezelo. Ingqina wenze imikhewu evakalayo kubaphulaphuli ngokubandakanya umongameli ohleliyo u-Otto Perez Molina kulwaphulo-mthetho olwenziwa eQuiche ngo-1982, xa wayesebenza njengomphathi wendawo. Oku kwakufana nezinye izityholo evela kumaqela alwela amalungelo abantu ukuba uPerez Molina wayebandakanyeka kulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe kuloo mmandla. Ezi zityholo zixhaswa ngu-a yokuzonwabisa ka Major Tito, i nom de guerre kaPerez Molina, emi phezu kwemizimba yabanqolobi abathi amangqina angcungcuthekiswa phambi kokuba abulawe eNebaj ngo-1982. UPerez Molina uqinisekisile kwiPrensa Libre ngowama-2000 wathi uMajor Tito wayesisibizo sakhe, nangona kamva walukhanyelayo olo nxibelelwano.
I-US ixhaswe ubundlavini bemeko ngamangqina ahlukeneyo njengoko kwenzeka kwixhala emva kwe Revolution yaseCuba kunye neMfazwe Yomlomo, xa i-US yayixhalabile ngokukodwa malunga ne-geopolitics ye-hemisphere. Ubhukuqo-mbuso olwaluxhaswe yi-US ngo-1954 lwabhukuqa uJacobo Arbenz owayenyulwe ngokwedemokhrasi, iinzame zakhe zohlaziyo lwezolimo zavuselela inkxalabo yase-US yokuba uhlaziyo lomhlaba lwase-Guatemala lubeka esichengeni imikhosi yase-US kunye nezopolitiko kunye nomdla worhwebo wabucala kulo mmandla. Abahlalutyi abaninzi bayayigxeka i-US "ingxelo embi yentsebenziswano yasemkhosini"eyakhokelela kwingcinezelo yombuso ebulalayo kubantu bayo kuMbindi Merika ngelo xesha, a intlawulo esaqhubeka unanamhla.
Abakhuseli bazama ukuthethelela iRios Montt ngezizathu ezininzi ezibambekayo, kwaye bazibandakanya kwiqhinga elicwangcisiweyo lokugunyazisa ukuthethwa kwetyala. Ukukhanyela ukuba ukubulawa kohlanga kwenzekile, amangqina okhuselo athi uninzi lwezenzo zenkohlakalo zibangelwa ngabavukeli ngokwabo, ngelixa okunye ukufa kwaphawulwa njengomonakalo owenziwe ngabom kungquzulwano lwangaphakathi apho iRios Montt ayinaxanduva. Ngaphezu koko, ukhuselo luthethe ukuba amaqela ajoliswe kwizizathu zengqondo, kwaye ingcinezelo yezopolitiko ayibandakanyi ukubulawa kwabantu. Umkhuseli uqhube wathi uRios Montt khange azilolonge umyalelo uxanduva phezu kwabo basemhlabeni eQuiche nakwezinye iindawo, kwaye wayengazi kwaye engakwazi ukulawula amalungu akhohlakeleyo omkhosi abulala abantu. Amagama kaRios Montt, akhunjulwe kudliwanondlebe lukaPamela Yates ngo-1982, abuyile ezomkhathaza: ngelixa uRios Montt owayengenamandla kangako ehleli nje etafileni yokhuselo, omncinci, oncumileyo kunye nomdlalo ophilayo odlalwa kwiscreen esingentla kwentloko yakhe, echaza ngokuzithemba ephendula umbuzo wolawulo lwakhe ukuba "ukuba andikwazi ukulawula uMkhosi, ndenza ntoni apha?"
Ulingo oluthatha ixesha elide
Ukukhulisa ilizwi lamaxhoba kubalulekile kwaye kunentsingiselo, kwaye ubungqina babo buye bavuselela incoko yesizwe eyayinembali malunga necala elimnyama lexesha elidlulileyo laseGuatemala. Kodwa izinto eziqhubela phambili zoluntu lwaseGuatemala azikho buhlungu malunga nokubakho kwenguqu yokukholelwa. Abasindileyo, amagqwetha, iijaji, amangqina kunye nabakhuseli bamalungelo oluntu baqhubeka befumana izoyikiso. Ukugwetyelwa ngokucacileyo akuyi kuba sisiphelo sendlela enzima esemthethweni eliye lahamba kuyo eli bali lingcolileyo. Kwanangaphambi kokuba ityala liqalwe, amagqwetha akhuselayo aye abandakanyeka kubuchule bokudibanisa kwaye ebebeka ngononophelo isiseko seendlela ezininzi zokubhena, bevakalisa inkcaso yabo kuwo onke amanqanaba enkqubo kwaye bebandakanyeka kwinto abagxeki abayibonakalisa njengephulo ngabom lokujongela phantsi ukuba semthethweni. letyala. Inkqubo yezibheno inokodlula ngokulula ubomi bendalo beRios Montt, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo iya kunyamezela ixesha elidlulileyo likaPaz y Paz njengeGqwetha Jikelele.
Ngaphandle kokugxekwa kwezizwe ngezizwe ngembubhiso kunye nopapasho lwamva nje lwetyala, abantu abaninzi baseGuatemala abayazi okanye bayayikhanyela into yokuba yenzekile imbubhiso, kuquka. Umongameli uPerez Molina kunye namalungu ishishini elite. Abanye ababenethemba lokuba ukujongwa kwetyala kuluntu kungaqhubela phambili inyaniso, inkumbulo kunye nobulungisa badakumbile ngenxa yentetho ehlehlayo eyivezileyo. Njengoko sasihleli enkundleni, umseki weFoundation Against Terrorism wayengqongwe ngabafoti bamaphephandaba, efota nekopi Uxwebhu lwephepha le-20 wahlawula ukuba ayisasaze kwiphephandaba lesizwe ngaloo mini. Luzaliswe ziifoto, olu xwebhu loyikekayo luchaza ibali elahluke ngokupheleleyo lexesha elidlulileyo, lityhola abavukeli kunye nabaxhasi babo ngokwenza le nkohlakalo kwaye baphembelela uluntu olwahlulelene ngokukrakra. Kusuku olulandelayo iphephandaba lapapasha iphepha elipheleleyo, ligxeka ityala kwaye lityhola abo basindileyo kunye nabaxhasi babo ngocalucalulo lwelizwe kunye nokuhlikihla amanxeba amadala, ingxelo abaninzi ababesoyikwa ukuba iza kuvuselela impindezelo enogonyamelo. Ukubala akuyi kuza lula eGuatemala.
Abanye abantu bakholelwa ekubeni nokuba sithini na isiphumo setyala, amalungu oluntu lwase-Ixil onakeleyo ekugqibeleni abonelelwe ngeqonga loluntu ukuze babalise iinyaniso zabo ezoyikekayo kunye nembeko yokukhumbula abafileyo babo. Njengoko ndandihleli neqela labasindi kwindyikityha yokufa singqonge itafile ende egqunywe ngamalaphu emveli, inkolelo yam ekubalulekeni koxolelwaniso yaba nzulu. Iqela lisibulele ngokubakhapha kwimizabalazo yalo, lisixelele ukuba lifumene amandla kumanyano lwethu, kwaye labelana ngamabali abo osizi olukhulu kunye nelahleko engathethekiyo. Salufunxa unxunguphalo noloyiko lwabo, saye sathotywa sakhuthazwa bubugorha babo, isidima, ukholo nokuzimisela kwabo okuqinileyo ukutyhila inyaniso, ukugcina inkumbulo nokufuna ubulungisa, ukuhlonipha abafileyo nokuqinisekisa ukuba imbali ayiphindi iphinde. Njengoko iinyembezi zazisehla ezidleleni zam, indoda enelizwi elithambileyo ingaphaya kwetafile yandijongisa, kwaye ngesenzo esichukumisayo sokunqwala ngobunono kunye noncumo oluthambileyo, yadlulisela uxabiso lwayo lokuba size kunika ubungqina kwaye saqinisekisa ubuntu bethu esabelana nabo.
Ukholo olungaxengaxengiyo lwexhoba kubulungisa bokugqibela lwaluza kuvavanywa kwiiyure nje ezimbalwa kamva, xa inkqubo yokugweba yathabatha inguqu eyothusayo nabakhi-mkhanya abaqaqadekileyo. Ijaji yokuqala eyayichophele izityholo yayisandulโ ukurhoxisa ukuxoxwa kwetyala, isigqibo esasiza kuxabisa abasindileyo kunye namagqwetha abo ixesha elingakumbi kunye nobunzima obusele buphelelwe yimali neemvakalelo. Xa uJaji uJazmin Barrios wachaza ukuba inkqubo iya kuqhubeka, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba amagqwetha akhuselayo enze i-walkout yemidlalo yeqonga, betyeshela uxanduva lwabo lobuchwephesha kunye neenqobo ezisesikweni.
Kwindibano eyayilindelwe yinkundla ngentsasa elandelayo, iJaji uBarrios engaguquguqukiyo nozinzileyo wafaka umbane kwinkundla eyayizele qhu njengoko wayefunda iingxoxo zakhe zomthetho ezicikozelayo nezixhasa ngokungenamkhethe, wabhengeza ukuzinikela kwakhe ekuthobeleni umthetho, waza wafunga ukuba ityala liza kuqhubeka. Xa kujongwe ulawulo lwezomthetho nezopolitiko, uJaji Barrios wazinqumamisa ezo ngxoxo elindele isigqibo sokugqibela esivela kwiNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko. Abakhi-mkhanyo benkundla baqhwaba izandla yimincili, bahlanganisana ngaphandle ukuze bamatshe ukuya kwiNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko, phakathi kwesingqi samagubu neebhanile zomanyano ezazibhengeza ukuba โSonke singama-Ixilsโ. Kwinkqubo ephawulwe zizitenxo kunye nokusilela, kunzima ukuqikelela okuza kulandela. Kodwa inye into ecacileyo: ubulungisa busenokulibaziseka kwakhona, kodwa abo basindileyo, amagqwetha azimiseleyo kunye nabaxhasi babo baya kuqhubeka nokulwa lo mzabalazo.
Akukho panacea, kodwa cathartic
Ngelixa kubalulekile okomfuziselo, akukho mntu ukholelwa ukuba ukugwetyelwa kweRios Montt kuya kuba liyeza. IGuatemala ijongene nemiceli mngeni ebonakala ingenakoyiswa, kwaye isigwebo esinetyala asiyi kuyiphelisa ubundlobongela obuthwaxa ilizwe, okanye ukudiliza ukungalingani kwelizwe okwendeleyo kwisakhiwo, ukungohlwaywa okuqhelekileyo, ubuhlanga obukhoyo, ubuhlwempu obugqugqisayo nobuqatha, amaziko anobuqhophololo, imizabalazo yamalungelo omhlaba eqhubekayo, ukubulawa kwabasetyhini, ukubulawa okujoliswe kuko kweenkokeli zoluntu, okanye isiphithiphithi esibangelwa kuko ukurhweba ngeziyobisi kwaye imigulukudu. Kodwa inyaniso, inkumbulo edibeneyo kunye nokuphiliswa kubalulekile kumaxhoba ezenzo zenkohlakalo kunye nelizwe ngokubanzi, njengoko uluntu olungacingeli ubundlobongela obudlulileyo luya kuqhubeka nokubandezeleka kwilifa elihlala lihleli.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuba abasindileyo abaphulukene nayo yonke into ngaphandle kobuntu babo ngandlela ithile banobabalo, inkalipho kunye nokholo olungagungqiyo lokuba ngaphandle kwayo yonke into, ubulungisa buya kwenziwa. Kwilizwe elinenkqubo yenkundla edume ngobuqhophololo, uJaji Barrios sisibane esikhuthazayo semfezeko, ukungakhethi buso, ukuzimela kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Iiveki ezizayo ziya kuba yingozi kubakhuseli bamalungelo oluntu, abasindileyo kunye nabaxhasi babo, njengoko izoyikiso zokukhupha impindezelo enobundlobongela zisanda. Kula maxesha anzima, ukukhapha kunye nomanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe lungenza umahluko onokulinganiswa nonentsingiselo kumoya wokuziphatha nokhuseleko lwale miphefumlo ikhaliphileyo nengenakuthinteleka.
Imbali yembali inde eGuatemala, kodwa mhlawumbi abasindileyo baya kuthethelelwa kwinkolelo yabo engagungqiyo yokuba izityholo ezichasene neRios Montt ziyakugoba ikamva kubulungisa.
ULauren Carasik nguMlawuli weKliniki yamaLungelo oLuntu yaMazwe ngaMazwe kwiSikolo soMthetho seYunivesithi yaseWestern New England.
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