UJean Bricmont ungunjingalwazi wefiziksi yethiyori kwiYunivesithi yaseLouvain, eBelgium, kwaye ulilungu leNkundla yaseBrussels. Ungumbhali we-Humanitarian Imperialism kunye no-co-mbhali, kunye no-Alan Sokal, we-Fashionable Nonsense: Ukuxhatshazwa kweNzululwazi ye-Postmodern Intellectuals. Ubhale ngokugxekayo malunga 'nokungenelela koluntu' ukususela kwimfazwe yaseKosovo ngo-1999. Kolu dliwano-ndlebe noThomas Kollmann uxoxa ngokuxhatshazwa kwentetho yamalungelo oluntu, ubudlelwane kunye ne-Iran kunye nexabiso lomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.
Uhlolisise indlela i-rhetoric yamalungelo oluntu ibonelele ngayo isigqubuthelo songenelelo lwamva nje lwempi yiNtshona. Nangona kunjalo, kulandela igagasi lehlabathi lokugxeka malunga nezizathu ezisemthethweni zohlaselo kunye nokuhlala kwe-Iraq, ngawaphi amathuba olwimi lwamalungelo oluntu njengendawo yokuhlangana yongenelelo lwexesha elizayo?
Uqwalaselo lokuqala kukuba ukungenelela komkhosi akubangelwa yintetho yamalungelo oluntu kodwa kwisigqibo, ziinkokeli zamazwe anamandla kunye neendlela zokungenelela, ukwenza oko. Njengoko iimfazwe zase-Iraq nase-Afghanistan beziqhubeka, andilindelanga ukuba i-US iqalise iimfazwe ezintsha kungekudala, ngaphandle kokuba i-Iran. Kodwa i-rhetoric yamalungelo oluntu iya kuqhubeka njengendlela yokudemoniza amazwe angoorhulumente abazimeleyo kakhulu eNtshona, njengeRashiya, i-Iran, iVenezuela, iCuba, iChina njl. .
Ngokumalunga ne-Iran, ucinga ukuba kukho amathuba okuba le mozulu ibe maxongo ukusa kwinqanaba lokuhlaselwa kwelizwe?
Andithandi ukuxela kwangaphambili, ngakumbi malunga neemfazwe, kuba andikholelwa ukuba kukho 'imithetho yembali' xa kuziwa kwimfazwe noxolo. Andikholelwa ukuba umkhosi wase-US ufuna ukuzibandakanya kolunye uhambo lomkhosi kwixesha elizayo elingekude, okanye iindawo eziphilileyo zezangqa ezilawulayo zase-US (kwaye, mhlawumbi, kubandakanya u-Obama). Nangona kunjalo, kukho ilizwe elinye elingayekiyo ukuba ne-hysterical nge-Iran kwaye ngu-Israel. Ngenxa yokomelela kweendawo ezihlala kuzo eNtshona, uxinzelelo kwi-Iran kusenokwenzeka ukuba luqhubele phambili kwikamva elibonakalayo. I-Iran, nangona kunjalo, inomnqweno kunye neendlela zokuxhathisa olu xinzelelo (kwaye loo nto izimeleyo ukuba ngubani ophetheyo apho, kuba umba ngowokuzimela kwesizwe, oxhaswa ngumntu wonke e-Iran).
Ke sinokuthi 'sibambeke' ixesha elide kwimeko engenangqondo: amaZionists aseNtshona, ancediswa liqela lamalungelo oluntu, abasetyhini okanye abalwela amalungelo abantu baya kuqhubeka bekhala kwisongelo se-Iran, kodwa kungabikho mpembelelo kwi-Iran. umgaqo-nkqubo (oya kuthi ngokuqinisekileyo uvumele ukukhala kuqhubeke).
Ekuphela kwesisombululo esinengqiqo iya kuba kukwamkela into yokuba, ukuba u-Israyeli unezixhobo zenyukliya, njengoko esenza, kwaye uzisebenzise ukugcina ukongama kwakhe okungenakuphikiswa kuMbindi Mpuma, amanye amazwe akuloo mmandla aya kuzama ukufumana izixhobo ezinjalo. Njengakwimeko yeMfazwe ebandayo, indlela yodwa yokuphuma iya kuba yi-detente, kodwa oko kubonisa ukwamkelwa kolunye uhlobo lwamalungelo amaPalestina kwaye oko akunangqondo.
Ngaba uyawuxhasa umbono ongomnye wamalungelo oluntu kulowo ulawula kwingxoxo eqhelekileyo eNtshona?
Andiqondi ukuba ndinombono ongomnye wamalungelo oluntu. Ndivuma ngokupheleleyo ukuba imigaqo yesiBhengezo seHlabathi liphela zinjongo ezinqwenelekayo. Kodwa kuphela ukuba umntu uquka amalungelo ezentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho ayinxalenye yeSibhengezo. Apho ndingavumelaniyo nokutolikwa okuqhelekileyo kwesi siBhengezo kukuba lo mva uthande ukungawahoyi amalungelo ezentlalo noqoqosho okanye athathele ingqalelo ukuba aya kulandela ekuhambeni kwexesha ukuba umntu uyawahlonipha amalungelo omntu kunye nezopolitiko, athi ke athathwe njenge. 'absolutes'.
Kodwa, okokuqala, ukuba ukuhlonelwa kwamalungelo omntu kunye nezopolitiko kukhokelela, ngesenzo 'semarike yamahhala', ukungafani okukhulu kobutyebi, andiyiboni indlela umntu angayithethelela ngayo loo meko njengento enqwenelekayo. Oku kusisiseko, ukugxekwa kombono wenkululeko wamalungelo oluntu owenziwe nguMarx kunye namanye amasoshiyali ngenkulungwane ye-19. Thelekisa, ngokomzekelo, iCuba kunye nenxalenye yeLatin America iphela. ECuba, amalungelo ezopolitiko anqongophele (nangona engekho kakhulu, xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iimeko ezininzi zembali), ngelixa ngoku kukho iidemokhrasi ezisesikweni kuninzi lweLatin America, kodwa 'nokunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu' okukhulu kwezentlalo noqoqosho. uhlobo. Umntu usenza njani isigqibo sokuba yeyiphi na imeko ekhethwayo?
Ngokuphathelele ingcamango yokuba, ekuhambeni kwexesha, amalungelo entlalo-qoqosho aya kulandela ukuba amanye ayahlonitshwa, andiboni bungqina baloo nto. Abantu ngamanye amaxesha baphikisa ukuba oku kuboniswa yimbali yaseNtshona, kodwa okuchasene noko kuyinyaniso. I-West yakha ukuchuma kwayo ngokuphulwa okukhulu kwamalungelo oluntu, ngokuchanekileyo uhlobo lomntu kunye nezopolitiko, ngokucinezelwa kwelungelo lokuvotela abasebenzi, abafazi kunye nabancinci, ulawulo lobuzwilakhe oluvulekileyo (kwiindawo ezininzi zaseYurophu), uloyiso lobukholoniyali, ukupheliswa kwemveli. abantu, njalo njalo. Uphuhliso lwethu ngokuqinisekileyo lwalunoburhalarhume ngakumbi kunolo lwaseTshayina ngoku, umzekelo. Nangona kunjalo, ama-impiriyali ethu obuntu akanakuyeka ukufundisa i-China ngokunyhashwa kwamalungelo abantu.
Ngaba unokuyiphuhlisa into oyithethayo xa uthetha nge-'absolutist' kumalungelo omntu kunye nawezopolitiko obhekisa kuwo?
Ndinika umzekelo kwincwadi yam: ngo-2003, uJacques Chirac, owayengumongameli waseFransi ngoko, wathi malunga neTunisia (ubuzwilakhe obunzima) ukuba imeko yamalungelo entlalo-qoqosho yayingcono kakhulu kunamanye amazwe. Andifuni ukuphawula ngenyaniso yaloo ngxelo, kodwa iimpendulo zaziqhelekile kwaye ziphantse zavumelana: bamgxeka uChirac ngokuthi amalungelo oluntu 'awahlulwe'. Kodwa, ukuba abantu babhiyozela idemokhrasi eMzantsi Afrika, eIndiya okanye eBrazil, akukho mntu unokuchasa ukuba kukho ukunyhashwa okukhulu kwamalungelo ezoqoqosho apho kwaye 'amalungelo oluntu awohlulwa-hlulwe'. Yintoni eyayihlekisayo kukuba iQela lamaKomanisi laseFransi lajoyina ukugwetywa, kweso siseko, ngelixa uChirac (owayengumKomanisi ebusheni bakhe) wayevakalisa nje inguqu epholileyo yeengcamango ezazikho iqela lamaKomanisi xa lalinjalo, kakuhle. , ubukomanisi, oko kukuthi, umntu akanakugqala inkululeko yezobupolitika ngaphandle kwayo yonke enye into.
Ndikwacaphula ingxelo kaJeane Kirkpatrick owathi, xa wayengunozakuzaku we-UN phantsi kwe-Reagan, wabiza amalungelo entlalo-qoqosho 'ileta eya kuSanta Claus'. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, ukuba inkokeli yaseTshayina ibize amalungelo ezopolitiko 'ileta eya kuSanta Claus', kuya kubakho isiphithiphithi eNtshona.
Luluphi uxanduva, ukuba lukhona, imibutho elwela amalungelo oluntu enalo lokuyilwa kwengxoxo ngamalungelo oluntu esebenzela ukugunyazisa 'ukungenelela koluntu'?
Ndicinga ukuba bathwele uxanduva oluninzi. Kakade ke, eminye imibutho mibi kuneminye: Ngokomzekelo, iHuman Rights Watch, ilandela ngokusondeleyo imigaqo-nkqubo yeSebe likaRhulumente. Imbali isoloko ibhalwe ngendlela egxekayo: jonga ukoyikeka kobukoloniyali! Okanye ngoStalinism! Kodwa, ngexesha apho kwakusenzeka ezo 'zothuso', inani elikhulu labantu abakrelekrele, abanyanisekileyo nabaneenjongo ezintle babaxhasa.
Ndicinga ukuba, xa imbali yeli xesha lethu iya kubhalwa ngendlela ebaluleke kakhulu kwixesha elizayo, abantu baya kukhwankqiswa kukuzenza amalungisa, ukuba calanye kunye nokumfamekisa okugqithiseleyo kwentetho yangoku yamalungelo oluntu aseNtshona. Baza kubhideka kukuthula ngazwi linye ngenxa yokwenzakala kwe-embargo echasene ne-Iraq, ukuthandabuza ngokuchasene neemfazwe ezichasene nelo lizwe, ukungakhathali okude kwiminqweno yelizwe lasePalestine, ukungabikho kokuphendula kwi-hysteria eIran. , ihlombe lemfazwe yaseKosovo, eyayiyimfazwe yokuqalisa zonke iimfazwe (zohlobo loluntu) kunye neliso elingaboniyo lajika ekubulaweni okukhulu eMpuma yeCongo, ngenxa yokungenelela kwamanye amazwe kwelo lizwe yiRwanda ne-Uganda.
Baya kuqonda kwakhona ukuba ingxaki ephambili yexesha lethu kuphuhliso eMzantsi, ukuba uphuhliso alulula kwaye alukho buhlungu, kwaye lubonisa ulongamo lwesizwe kunye nokuzimela, nto leyo kanye intlangano yamalungelo oluntu ayihoywayo kwaye ihlala ichasa.
Masingalibali ukuba iStalinism yayithetheleleka ngezibheno kwiimbono zobusoshiyali, kunye nekoloniyalizim 'yimishini yempucuko' kunye 'nomthwalo wabamhlophe'. I-impiriyalizim yanamhlanje, nangona ibuthathaka kakhulu kunangaphambili, ithetheleleka ngeentetho zamalungelo oluntu.
Kwakungasoloko kunjalo. Xa kwakusekwa i-Amnesty International, yayithathwa eNtshona njengobuhlobo kakhulu kubaguquli. Kodwa emva kokuphela kwemfazwe yaseVietnam, uCarter wayitshintsha i-rhetoric yase-US ebhekisa 'kumalungelo oluntu', eyathi yaba sesona sixhobo sokulwa nobukomanisi; kwandula ke, ngokukhula kwemibutho yamalungelo abantu, nokufuna kwayo inkxaso-mali, yaya ihlonelwa ngakumbi yaye yayinto eqhelekileyo.
Ngokuphathelele ukuhlonipha inkululeko nolongamo lwesizwe, bambi ngokuqinisekileyo bebeya kuphendula ngelithi akukho semthethweni ukuba urhulumente onguzwilakhe okhohlakeleyo afune ulongamo okanye uzimele geqe. Zithini izimvo zakho ngale nto?
Ndicinga ukuba lo mbuzo uvakalisa inguqulelo engqongqo yengcamango yamalungelo oluntu: amazwe alawulwa ngoozwilakhe akakho njengamazwe azimeleyo kwaye axhwilwa ngamazwe anamandla ngakumbi. Kodwa uhlaselo lwase-Iraq bekufanele ukuba lubonise ukuba ilizwe ayisiyiyo nje indlela yalo karhulumente. Ibandakanya kwakhona, phakathi kwezinye izinto ezininzi, imfundo kunye nenkqubo yezempilo e-Iraq ethe yatshatyalaliswa kakhulu ziimfazwe kunye nohlaselo. Kwaye, kude nokwakha kwakhona oko bakutshabalalisayo, abantu baseMelika ngoku bayarhoxa, phakathi kokuzivuyisa. Kodwa oko, ubuncinci, kubonisa ukuba ikamva labantu abahluphekayo base-Iraqi babalulekile xa babephantsi kolawulo oluthathwa njengolunobutshaba yi-US kunye no-Israyeli kwaye yayingakhathali nokuba yintoni na xa i-US ihamba.
Kakade ke, kwenzeka into efanayo xa iSoviet Union yawa: umgangatho ophantsi wokuphila wabantu ababelapho, owawuyinkxalabo enkulu kwiinkululeko zaseNtshona ngaphambi kokuwa, wehla ngakumbi, kodwa emva koko, aba nkululeko bafanayo baba nomdla ngokupheleleyo kwiinkululeko zabo. ukubandezeleka. Xa uPutin ezama ukubuyisela ulawulo lwaseRashiya kuqoqosho lwaseRashiya, ngokuqikelelwa kwangaphambili, inkxalabo yabantu baseRussia abahluphekayo yaphinda yavela.
Ngaphandle koko, xa unyulo luphumelele 'ngababi', uChavez, uMilosevic, uPutin, uHamas njl., iNtshona ibavakalisa nje ukuba ayinademokhrasi. Kakade ke, unyulo alunakuze lugqibelele, kwaye umba wokuba ngubani olawula amajelo eendaba usoloko uphakama. Kodwa kuthekani ngeNtshona? Ngubani olawula amajelo eendaba apha kwaye anenjongo kangakanani?
Ulwela umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe njengokhuselo oluluncedo kuhlaselo lombuso. Nangona kunjalo, akunjalo na ukuba kwinkqubo yangoku ye-UN, ubutshantliziyo beBhunga lezoKhuseleko okanye amalungu alo - njengaxa i-US / UK ibhukuqa ulawulo lwezohlwayo ngokuchasene ne-Iraq (1991-2003) - kwanele ukutshabalalisa iinzame ukukhuthaza naluphi na uhlobo lomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe?
Ewe kwaye hayi. Into endiyixhasayo nguMqulu weZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye nolongamo olulinganayo lwazo zonke izizwe esekwe phezu kwazo. Ndiyakholelwa kwakhona ukuba iivoti zeNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, nangona zingenawo amandla, zimele kakhulu iimbono zehlabathi kunezo zeBhunga lezoKhuseleko, elonakaliswe ngokwenene lilungelo le-veto ye-Great Powers. Ndisacinga ukuba inkqubo ye-UN, nangona ingafezekanga, imele ukuqhubela phambili okukhulu kwimeko eyayikho ngaphambi kweWW2. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ivumela uhlobo oluthile lweengxoxo phakathi kwezizwe ezahlukeneyo, ezithi, xa zizonke, zibe ngumba woxolo. Ngubani owaziyo ukuba kwenzeka ntoni ngeMfazwe Yomlomo ngaphandle kokutshintshiselana okunjalo?
Ngaphandle koko, ii-arhente ezininzi zeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zenza umsebenzi oluncedo. Inkqubo ye-UN iyavuma ukuba kukho into efana nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, othi, ephepheni ubuncinci, ukukhawulwa kokusetyenziswa kwamandla ngabanamandla. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, wonke umntu wayenokubona ukuba imfazwe echasene ne-Iraq yayingekho semthethweni-ngaphandle komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, umbono onjalo awunakuze uqulunqwe. Ngokwenyani, imfazwe yaseKosovo yayingekho mthethweni, nangona babembalwa kakhulu abantu baseNtshona abayivumayo loo nto.
Isiphako esisisiseko senkqubo ye-UN kukuba ayinayo nayiphi na ipolisa ukunyanzelisa izigqibo zayo, ubuncinci xa ibaleka ngokuchasene neemfuno zamazwe anamandla, njenge-US okanye i-Israel. Kwaye umphumo we-veto kukuba, rhoqo, akukho sigqibo sithathwayo ngokuchasene naloo mazwe. Sekunjalo, kukho inani lezigqibo ze-UN ezinokuthi amaPalestina azicele; kodwa ke, kuhleli nje oko: isiqwenga sephepha umntu anokulitshangatshangisa.
Into endiya kukhetha kukuba i-UN yakhiwe ngokutsha ukusuka ekuqaleni, kuqalwa ngentshukumo yamazwe angalungelelaniyo, ahlanganisana kwakhona uninzi lwabantu behlabathi, kwaye amazwe aseNtshona anokufaka isicelo kuwo kwaye ajoyine phantsi komqathango wokuba ahlangane ngokungqongqo. landela imigaqo: ukuhlonelwa kolongamo olulinganayo lwazo zonke iintlanga nokungaphazamisi kwimicimbi yangaphakathi yamanye amazwe.
Ngaba esi siphakamiso sokuseka enye indlela kwi-UN sifuna ukwakhiwa kweziko elifanayo, elifana ne-UN? Ukuba kunjalo, ngaba lo mngcipheko awuzukuba balkanization phakathi kweli qela okanye phakathi kweli qela kunye namanye amazwe ngaphakathi UN?
Ewe, ngokucacileyo ndiyithethile loo nto ngokuqhula, kuba andilindelanga ukuba iinkokeli zombutho ongahambelaniyo zithathele ingqalelo isindululo sam esithobekileyo. Kodwa into eyenzekayo kukuba, ngokunyukayo, umanyano lwezopolitiko lwenziwa phakathi kwamazwe aseMzantsi, naphakathi kwalawo anolawulo lwezopolitiko olwahluke kakhulu, njengeBrazil, iTurkey ne-Iran, okanye phakathi kweVenezuela ne-Iran, ukuze kuliwe namabhongo anamandla elizwe. US. Kwaye kufuneka kucace ukuba loo mabhongo akhokelele ndawo, abone intlekele e-Afghanistan, kwaye ayenze buthathaka i-US kumanqanaba aphesheya nasekhaya. Nangona kunjalo, sinokuthembela kwikhorasi yabantu abazibiza ngokuba ngabakhuseli bamalungelo oluntu ukuba bagxeke le mikhosi ichasene ne-hegemonic ngentetho yabo eqhelekileyo kwaye ngaloo ndlela bamfamekise uluntu lwaseNtshona kwiminqweno yesininzi sabemi behlabathi. Egameni ledemokhrasi, kunjalo.
Ngokubhekiselele kuqinisekiso lwakho jikelele lwendima yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, ude unike uphuculo olucetywayo kuwo, abanye abantu abasekhohlo bangaxoxa ngelithi akufuneki sivaleleke kulo naluphi na uhlobo lwenkqubo yomthetho, kanye njengokuba singenzi ngokwesiqhelo kumthetho wasekhaya.
Andiphikisi indlela yomthetho. Emva phayaa ngowe-1991, ndandiyichasile imfazwe yaseIraq, nangona yayisemthethweni ngengqiqo emxinwa, ekubeni yamkelwe liBhunga Lezokhuseleko. Isiseko somthetho sasimxinwa, kuba inxalenye yeBhunga yayinyotywa nje: iSoviet Union eyayifa ngoko yafumana imali eninzi evela eSaudi Arabia ukuze ixhase imfazwe, kwaye kwakukho ezinye iingcinezelo ezingenakucingelwa kwinkundla eqhelekileyo yobulungisa. ilizwe ledemokhrasi. Ngaphandle koko, ukungabikho kothethathethwano lokwenene kunye nemeko ekhethekileyo yelo candelo lehlabathi, apho iNtshona igxininisa ukuba uSirayeli unokuthatha imihlaba yama-Arabhu ukuba inqwenela, kodwa i-Kuwait kufuneka izimele, kuba i-oyile ye-pro-Western ivelisa. karhulumente, yayizizizathu ezaneleyo zokuchasa loo mfazwe.
Kodwa umntu kufuneka ahlule phakathi komgaqo eyasekwa phezu kwawo iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kunye nokusebenza kwazo. Isimo sam sengqondo apha sifana neso endinaso mayela noko maxa wambi kubizwa ngokuba bubulungisa bodidi. Ngenxa yokucalula okukhulu kulawulo lobulungisa, abanye abantu basekhohlo bakholisa ukuyikhaba yonke ingcamango 'yomthetho woohlohlesakhe'. Ndicinga ukuba le yimpazamo; mininzi imiba elungileyo kwimigaqo yenkqubo yethu yomthetho, emele inkqubela yokwenene kwiinkqubo zangaphambili. Kuyafana nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kunye ne-UN.
UThomas Kollmann yintatheli ezimeleyo eseLondon.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela