Umthombo: Independent Media Institute
Unyaka ngamnye, ibhodi ye-International Monetary Fund (IMF) ibuthana kwikomkhulu layo eWashington, DC Kulo nyaka, i-IMF iya kudibana phantsi kobunkokheli benkosi entsha, uKristalina Georgieva, owawela isitrato esuka kwiBhanki yehlabathi ukuba athathe indawo. esi sithuba sivela kuChristine Lagarde. ILagarde, njengoko kwenzekayo, ilungiselela ukuwela uLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki ukuze ithathe iBhanki Ephakathi yaseYurophu. Kukho umdlalo wezitulo zomculo phezulu. Igcuntswana labaphathiswa libonakala lingena liphuma kule misebenzi.
Kule minyaka ingama-40 idlulileyo, i-IMF ine-ajenda efanayo: ukuqinisekisa ukuba amazwe asakhasayo ayayithobela imithetho yokudityaniswa kwehlabathi esekwe ngamazwe ongxowankulu aphuhlileyo. Ulawulo lwala mazwe asakhasayo alunamsebenzi, njengoko oorhulumente bawo kufuneka bavumelane noxinzelelo oluvela kwi-IMF malunga nomgaqo-nkqubo wezemali kunye norhwebo kunye ne-ajenda yabo yophuhliso. Naliphi na ilinge lokwaphula i-orthodoxy ye-IMF lihlangatyezwane nentlaninge yezohlwayo, kuquka nokunqwala kwe-IMF kubabolekisi bamazwe ngamazwe ukuba bangaliboleki ilizwe abagqibe ekubeni ligculelo. Iimali ziya kuqukuqela kuphela kumazwe acinezelekileyo ukuba ayasamkela isileyiti somgaqo-nkqubo esipheleleyo esiphuhliselwe bona kungengabenzi bomthetho, kodwa ngoosoqoqosho be-IMF eWashington, DC.
Kule minyaka ingamashumi amane, imililo itshile ezitalatweni zamazwe aye kwi-IMF emva koko kwanyanzeliswa ubungqongqo kubemi bawo. Ngeminyaka yoo-1980, olu qhalo lwaludla ngokubizwa ngokuba โzidube-dube ze-IMF.โ Kwacaca kuye wonke umntu ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo ye-IMF ixhokonxe abantu abaphelelwe lithemba ukuba baye ezitalatweni. Igama elathiywa ngolu qhushululu lalichanekile. Ugxininiso bekufuneka lube kwi-IMF hayi kwizidubedube ngokwazo. Olona qhushululu ludumileyo lwenzeka eVenezuelaโiCaracazo yowe-1989โeyavula inkqubo eyabangela uHugo Chavez ukuba alawule neyayidala iMvukelo yaseBolivarian. Kusengqiqweni ukubiza i-Arab Spring ka-2011 ngodushe lwe-IMF kuba yacatshukiswa yimigaqo-nkqubo ye-IMF yobungqongqo edibene nokunyuka kwamaxabiso okutya. Isiphithiphithi esikhoyo ngoku ukusuka ePakistan ukuya e-Ecuador kufuneka kufakwe phantsi kodushe lwe-IMF.
Ukusabela kolu qhalo, i-IMF isebenzise ulwimi olutsha ukuchaza le migaqo-nkqubo indala. Siva โngeendibano zentlaloโ kunye noLungiso lweStructural Adjustment 2.0 kwaye emva koko โubucukubhede obandisiweyoโ obumangalisayo. Iingxoxo zesini kunye nokusingqongileyo ngaphakathi kwe-IMF zonke zilungile, kodwa la ngamazwi nje ahombisa ulawulo olwenzekileyo lobungqongqo oluchaza i-IMF Article IV Consultations kunye ne-IMF Staff Papers. Ngaphantsi koncumo kukho ukhakhayiโukuthembela okoyikekayo kwimigaqo-nkqubo equlunqwe kukuthotywa kwemivuzo kunye nokucutheka kwecandelo likarhulumente, ngoomabophe kwinkcitho kawonke-wonke kunye nokukhululwa kweenkampani. Iintetho eziswiti azenzi nto ukwenza isakhelo somgaqo-nkqubo singabi ngqwabalala.
Abantu base-Ecuador bavuke ngokuchasene nesivumelwano sikaMongameli Moreno kunye ne-IMF. Kwafuneka abuyele emva ekunciphiseni izibonelelo zamafutha. UMoreno wayengenakuzikhethela. Uqhanqalazo belunokumkhulula nje ukuba ebebambe umgca. Kodwa ngoku uMoreno kufuneka abuyele kwi-IMF. Ukuba imilinganiselo yedemokhrasi iphumelele, i-IMF iya kufuneka ihloniphe "i-referendum" yabantu base-Ecuadorian. Kodwa akukho demokrasi kwi-IMF. Imatsha isiya kwigubu lomxhasi wayo ophambili. Okwangoku, iUnited States kunye 16.52 ekhulwini izabelo zokuvota ineqela elikhulu leevoti ebhodini. Ukulandela emva kakhulu yiJapan (i-6.15 ekhulwini), i-China (i-6.09 yeepesenti), i-Jamani (i-5.32 yeepesenti) kunye ne-UK kunye neFransi, nganye ipesenti ye-4.03. Nge "ingqungquthela," intloko ye-IMF yiYurophu, kodwa abantu baseYurophu abayilawuli i-IMF. Ngo-1998, iNew York Times vumela ukutyibilika ukuba i-IMF โisebenza njengenja kaNondyebo waseUnited States.โ I-US ine-veto esebenzayo kumgaqo-nkqubo we-IMF. Xa ihambelana neemfuno zase-US, i-IMF orthodoxy iyanqunyanyiswa (njengoko i-Mubarak's Egypt ngo-1987 kunye ne-1991). Xa kufanelekile i-US ukubeka izikrufu kwilizwe, yiloo nto kanye eyenziwa yi-IMF. Idemokhrasi kubantu base-Ecuador ayinamsebenzi; into echaphazelekayo kukuba-nge-hook okanye nge-crook-baguqa phambi kwe-IMF, kwaye emva kwabo i-United States, ithi. UMoreno uye warhoxisa ukucuthwa kweenkxaso-mali. Kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuba ebumnyameni abuyise la manxeba phantsi kwelinye igama. I-IMF ayiyi kumela nantoni na engaphantsi koko.
Iziphumo ze-IMF orthodoxy zihlala zibulala, kwaye imeko yaseMalawi njengesiqendu esibuhlungu kakhulu. Ngo-1996, abasebenzi be-IMF batyhalela urhulumente waseMalawi ukuba athengisele bucala uphuhliso lwakhe lwezolimo kunye nequmrhu lokuthengisa. Lo mbutho wawuphethe ukutya okuziinkozo eMalawi, kwaye wawulawula amaxabiso okuthengiswa kweenkozo kweli lizwe. Ukuthengiswa kombutho wabucala ngowe-1999 kwashiya urhulumente waseMalawi engenandlela yokukhusela abemi balo xa kukho unxunguphalo. Phakathi kuka-Oktobha ka-2001 kunye noMatshi ka-2002, ixabiso lombona lenyuka ngama-400 epesenti. Izikhukula ngo-2000-2001 kunye nonyaka wembalela wabeka imveliso yokutya kweli lizwe kwimbandezelo. Abantu baqalisa ukufa yindlalaโbabemalunga nama-3,000 2002. I-IMF ayizange irhoxe. IMalawi kwafuneka iqhubeke nokuhlawula ityala layo. Ngowama-70, yachitha i-$20 yezigidi zeerandi ekuhlawuleni amatyala ayo, nto leyo eyayiyi-2002 pesenti yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwesizwe (imali echithwa yiMalawi kwezempilo, imfundo nezolimo zidibene). Kwakungekho ndlela yokuya eMalawi, enengxaki yokutya isaqhubeka nanamhlanje. Umongameli waseMalawi ngelo xesha-uBakili Muluzi-uthe, "I-IMF ibekek' ityala ngengxaki yokutya." Okwenzekileyo eMalawi ngo-XNUMX kanye kanye okwenzeka kumazwe amaninzi awangena phantsi kwemela ye-IMF.
Akukho mntu kwintlanganiso ye-IMF oya kuphakamisa umbuzo wedemokhrasi, ngokumalunga nokusebenza kwe-IMF ngokwayo kunye nangobudlelwane be-IMF namazwe azimeleyo kwihlabathi jikelele. Izitrato zase-Ecuador zala isivumelwano se-IMF. Abavoti baseArgentina baya kwenza okufanayo kwiiveki ezimbalwa. Ngaba kuya kubakho indawo yokuqalisa incoko ngoku malunga nomahluko phakathi komgaqo-nkqubo we-IMF kunye nedemokhrasi? Esona sifundo siphambili kolu vukelo asikokuba abantu bafuna izibonelelo zepetroli okanye imali ezinzileyo; into abayifunayo ngaphezu kwayo nantoni na lulawulo lwedemokhrasi kuqoqosho lwabo.
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UVijay Prashad ngumbhali-mbali waseIndiya, umhleli kunye nentatheli. Ungumfo obhalayo kunye nomnxibelelanisi oyintloko kwi I-Globetrotter, iprojekthi ye-Independent Media Institute. Ungumhleli oyintloko we Iincwadi zeLeftWord kunye nomlawuli we-Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research. Ubhale iincwadi ezingaphezu kwamashumi amabini, kuquka Izizwe Ezimnyama: Imbali yaBantu yeHlabathi leSithathu (Ushicilelo olutsha, 2007), Iintlanga ezihlwempuzekileyo: Imbali enokwenzeka yoMzantsi weHlabathi (Verso, 2013), Ukufa kweSizwe kunye nekamva le-Arab Revolution (IYunivesithi yaseCalifornia Press, 2016) kunye Inkwenkwezi eBomvu phezu kweHlabathi leSithathu (LeftWord, 2017). Ubhalela rhoqo iFrontline, iHindu, iNewsclick, iAlterNet kunye neBirGรผn.
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