Tassos Tsakiroglou: Ucinga ukuba kungxamiseke kangakanani imfuneko yokuphuhlisa ukuqonda koqhakamshelwano phakathi kwengxaki enzulu yoqoqosho longxowankulu kunye nosoyikiso olukhawulezayo lwendalo?
UJohn Bellamy Foster: Ukungxamiseka kokuqonda unxibelelwano phakathi kwe Qoqosho impambano kunye ne Indalo unxunguphalo luvela kwiisongelo ezidityanisiweyo ezibeka kwiimeko eziphathekayo zabemi behlabathi kunye nokuphila kwexesha elide lomntu. Phezulu basenokubonakala bemele iingxaki ezicacileyo, kwanezichaswe ngokunzulu. Uqhagamshelo lwabo lokwenyani lubonakala kuphela xa singena kwinqanaba lemveliso kwaye size sibabone njengeengcambu kwinkqubo yokuqokelela inkunzi. Namhlanje akukho kuphuma kwiingxaki zoqoqosho kunye nezendalo ezisingqongileyo ezingafuniyo ukuphuma kobukapitali.
Wenza umahluko phakathi kwangoku "ingxaki ye-epochal" kunye "neengxaki eziqhelekileyo zophuhliso." Yintoni kanye kanye umahluko?
Iintlekele zezoqoqosho zamaxesha ngamaxesha ezinxulunyaniswa nomjikelo woshishino luphawu lwendalo lwenkqubo yokuqokelela inkunzi. Imonopoly capitalism ikwaxhomekeke kutyekelo loku Ukuqina okanye ukucotha kwexesha elide kwireyithi yokukhula. Ukukhula okucothayo ngoku kuyinto eqhelekileyo kwi-captitalism evuthiweyo - ngokuyinxenye ichaswa yi ukufakwa kwemali loqoqosho, oluthwele iingozi zalo zendalo. Xa zizonke ezi ziganeko ziquka into esinokuyibiza ngokuba ziingxaki zoqoqosho okanye โzophuhlisoโ.
Kodwa singakwazi kwakhona ukuthetha malunga nokuvela ngamaxesha athile enguqu kwimbali yoluntu yesiganeko se "ingxaki ye-epochal" ngengqiqo yobunzima besakhiwo sayo yonke indlela yemveliso, apho inkqubo ifika ngokuchasene nemida yayo yokuphelisa: yangaphakathi nangaphandle. Ingxaki ye-epochal enjalo ibonakala ekujongeni phantsi zonke iimeko eziphathekayo: ezoqoqosho kunye nendalo. Namhlanje imeko engxamisekileyo yeplanethi inkulu kangangokuba ukuvumelana kwezenzululwazi kusixelela ukuba ukusinda kwexesha elide loluntu kuyabuzwa; kwangaxeshanye sijongene nokudodobala kwezoqoqosho kunye nokwenziwa kwemali. Xa zizonke ezi meko zimele intlekele yexesha elipheleleyo lembali yoluntu.
Ngexesha lobunzima, amajelo eendaba kunye neshishini lonxibelelwano lidlala indima egqibeleleyo ekugcineni ucwangco lwentlalo, ekuthetheleleni iinkqubo ezingqongqo kunye nokunyelisa imizabalazo yochaso lwezopolitiko. Ngaba ikhona enye indlela?
Ngaphandle kobunyani obuxhaphakileyo bobukhapitali apho iklasi engabanini beendlela zokuvelisa izinto eziphathekayo ikwangabanini ngokubanzi iindlela zokuvelisa ngengqondo (okt unxibelelwano) - njengoko uMarx noEngels beyibeka Iingcamango zaseJamani โ kukho iingxaki zemidiya ezijoliswe kwixesha lethu. Omabini amajelo eendaba esintu kunye nobuntatheli obuchwephesha buchithwa ngokukhawuleza yi-Intanethi, yona ngokwayo ilawulwa ngesantya sokukhanya. Oku kuthetha, njengoko URobert McChesney ixoxa kuhlelo oluzayo lukaFebruwari lwe Ukuhlaziywa ngenyanga, kufuneka: (1) sijonge ukulawulwa kwe-Intanethi okutsha njengeentlobo ze-monopoly capital kwaye sichase isiseko sabo sobukho; kwaye (2) aphathe ubuntatheli njengento elulutho yoluntu efuna inkxaso-mali yoluntu ukuba kufuneka kuqinisekiswe imeko yedemokhrasi. Kwaye oku kuya kuba sisiqalo nje sovukelo lwamajelo eendaba. Njengoko kuthethwa kwi NgoJulayi-Agasti 2013 of Ukuhlaziywa ngenyanga ekhohlo kubalulekile ukuvuselela ukugxeka kwayo okukhulu kwe izixhobo zenkcubeko eyavela ngokufutshane ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1960 (emiliselwe kwiimbono zangaphambili ze UBertolt Brecht) kodwa kamva yalityalwa.
Apha eGrisi sinezambuku zesityhilelo malunga norhwaphilizo malunga nezigidi zeeyuro ezivela kwizinyobo ezivela kwizixhobo zomkhosi. Omnye wabaphathiswa ebesele evalelwe. Zithini iindleko zezentlalo zenkcitho yasemkhosini?
Iindleko zentlalo ye umkhosi wongxowankulu inkulu njengexabiso lemveliso yongxowankulu ngokwayo: ukungalingani, ukuxhatshazwa, inkcitho, intshabalalo, urhwaphilizo olugqugqisayo, kunye nokubekw' esweni kodidi loluntu lwethu - ubomi babantu obulahlekileyo kunye nobuchule bokuyila. Umkhosi usetyenziselwa ukugcina uqoqosho lwehlabathi lwama impiriyali iphelele โ ukunqanda utshintsho, kunye nokuqinisekisa ingcinezelo. Ukuchaswa komkhosi kunye ne-impiriyalizim ke ngoko kuyimfuno yokuqala yentshukumo yehlabathi yokuchasa.
Ihamba phi le ngxaki ikhoyo yongxowankulu idemokhrasi yezentlalo, ngenxa yolawulo lweniyoliberalism kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwe Urhulumente wentlalontle?
Neoliberalism imele i ukufa kwedemokhrasi yezentlalo kwiminyaka ye imonopoly-finance capital. Idemokhrasi yezentlalo yayifanele ukuba "bubungxowankulu obunobuso bomntu." Igumbi elincinci kakhulu eliseleyo kwinkqubo nkqu nokuzenzisa oku. Ingozi yekhohlo igxile kwi-critque yayo I-neoliberalism endaweni yokuba ukhapitali buqu kukuba oku kudla ngokufihla umnqweno ongenalwazi wokubuyisela idemokhrasi yezentlalo endaweni yokuqaphela iinyani ezikhoyo kunye nenyaniso yokuba nayiphi na intshukumo ephambili ifuna isoshiyali yokwenene njengento yayo. Loo nto ayithethi ukuba kufuneka siyeke ukulwela iinguqu kodwa kule mihla kufuneka zidityaniswe nazo qhinga kwinguqu yentlalo esisiseko. Akukho mhlaba uphakathi okanye iNdlela yesiThathu.
Utshilo "[I] kumxholo wobunzima obukhoyo obukhoyo kukho ubungqina obunamandla bemvuselelo evelayo yohlalutyo lukaMarxist." Uyichaza njani le nto?
UJean-Paul Sartre wabhala oko "Ingxoxo echasene neMarxist kukuphela kwento ecacileyo yokuvuselelwa kwembono yangaphambi kweMarxist." Into awayeyithetha yayikukuba kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba kuthintelwe ukuthanda izinto eziphathekayo ngokwembali kuwo nawuphi na umzabalazo oqhubela phambili, ekubeni wawumele intshukumo yenguqu yoluntu eyayicinezelwe ngokwabo. Ukuvuselelwa kohlalutyo lukaMarxian luyimveliso engenakuphepheka yokubuya kwembali: yomzabalazo odibeneyo kungekhona nje ukuqonda ihlabathi kodwa ukutshintsha.
UJohn Bellamy Foster ngumhleli we Ukuhlaziywa ngenyanga kunye nonjingalwazi wezentlalontle kwiYunivesithi yaseOregon. Incwadi yakhe yamva nje, ebhalwe noRobert W. McChesney, yi Ingxaki engapheliyo: Indlela iMonopoly-Finance Capital idala ngayo ukuZinzisa kunye nesiphithiphithi ukusuka e-USA ukuya eTshayina (ENew York: Uphononongo lweNyanga yeendaba, ngo-2012). Uhlelo olutsha lwencwadi yakhe Ithiyori yeMonopoly Capitalism iya kupapashwa ngoAprili 2014. UTassos Tsakiroglou ngumhleli wezopolitiko waseAthens. Ijenali yabahleli (ฮฯฮทฮผฮตฯฮฏฮดฮฑ ฯฯฮฝ ฮฃฯ ฮฝฯฮฑฮบฯฯฮฝ/ฮfimerida ton Syntakton). Landela iTsakiroglou kuTwitter @tsakir. Udliwano-ndlebe lokuqala ngesiGrike lunokufundwa apha <www.efsyn.gr/?p=165468>.
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