Uhlanga loluntu lumi kumjikelo wokuzitshabalalisa ngokwaso njengezidalwa eziphilayo, yaye luya kufa nayo inkoliso, ukuba asizizo zonke, iintlobo zezidalwa ezikrelekrele ezikwisijikelezi-langa esingumhlaba. Nawuphi na umzamo wokuphelisa imbono yenyukliya kunye nentsomi yayo echaza ukuba semthethweni kwezixhobo zenyukliya kunye nothintelo lwenyukliya kufuneka ifikelele ngokuthe ngqo kwinto yokuba ixesha lenyukliya lakhawulwa kwizono zokuqala zaseHiroshima naseNagasaki nge-6 kunye ne-9 ka-Agasti ka-1945. Iziqhushumbisi zeathom zaseHiroshima naseNagasaki zaziquka ulwaphulo-mthetho olujoliswe eluntwini kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe njengoko luchazwa nguMqulu waseNuremberg womhla wesi-8 ku-Agasti, 1945, kwaye lophule imimiselo esisiseko eliqela ehlonyelwe kwiNgqungquthela yaseHague enguNombolo 4. Ukuhlonipha iMithetho kunye neSiko leMfazwe kuMhlaba (1907), imigaqo yomthetho wemveli wamazwe ngamazwe ebekwe kwi-Draft Hague Rules of Air Warfare (1923), kunye ne-United States War Department Manual Manual 27-10, iMithetho yeMfazwe yoMhlaba ( 1940). Ngokwale Ncwadana yoMmandla kunye neMigaqo yaseNuremberg, onke amagosa karhulumente asekuhlaleni kunye namagosa omkhosi awayalela okanye athatha inxaxheba esazi ekuqhushumbisweni kweathom yaseHiroshima naseNagasaki ngebesohlwaywa ngokusemthethweni njengabaphuli-mthetho bemfazwe. Ukuqala kwayo nayiphi na inkqubela ekusombululeni ingxaki yenyukliya eluntwini kufuneka ivele ekuqondeni ukuba izixhobo zenyukliya azizange zibe zizixhobo ezisemthethweni zomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente, kodwa endaweni yoko bezisoloko zenza izixhobo ezingekho mthethweni zokuchas’ umthetho kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho kumazwe ngamazwe.
UKUSETYENZISWA KWEZIXHOBO ZENUCLEAR
Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya ekulweni, kwaye kusathintelwe ngokupheleleyo phantsi kwazo zonke iimeko ngumthetho wezizwe ngezizwe wesiqhelo kunye nowesintu: umzekelo, iMigaqo yaseNuremberg, iMimiselo yaseHague ka-1907, iNgqungquthela yeZizwe ngezizwe ngoThintelo kunye nokohlwaywa koLwaphulo-mthetho. Imbubhiso ka-1948, iiNgqungquthela ezine zeGeneva zika-1949 kunye neProtocol I yazo eyoNgezelelweyo yowe-1977, njl. njengolwaphulo-mthetho lwezizwe ngezizwe.
Ngenxa yoko, ngokweSigwebo saseNuremberg, amajoni aya kunyanzeleka ukuba angathobeli imiyalelo engqongqo ngokubhekisele ekuqaliseni nasekulweni imfazwe yenyukliya. Okwesibini, onke amagosa karhulumente kunye namagosa omkhosi anokuthi nangona kunjalo aqalise okanye aqhube imfazwe yenyukliya aya kuba noxanduva lwekhomishini yolwaphulo-mthetho lwaseNuremberg oluchasene noxolo, ulwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene noluntu, ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe, ukwaphulwa kweNgqungquthela ye-Geneva kunye neProtocol 1, kunye nokubulawa kwabantu, phakathi kolunye ulwaphulo-mthetho lwamazwe ngamazwe. Okwesithathu, abantu abanjalo abayi kuba nelungelo lokukhusela imiyalelo ephezulu, isenzo sikarhulumente, wena quoque, ukuzikhusela, igunya likamongameli, njl.njl. Okwesine, abantu abanjalo bangohlwaywa ngokusemthethweni nangokuqatha njengabenzi bobubi bemfazwe, ukuya kuthi ga ekubekweni kwesigwebo sentambo, ngaphandle kokumiselwa kwexesha.
ISANGO LOKUSEBENZISA IZIXHOBO ZENYUCLEAR
ISiqendu 2(4) soMnqophiso weZizwe eziManyeneyo ka-1945 siyakunqanda ukoyikiswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla ngaphandle kwakwiimeko zokuzikhusela ngokusemthethweni njengoko kuqatshelwe kwisiqendu 51 sayo. Kodwa nangona imfuneko yokuzikhusela ngokusemthethweni iyimqathango eyimfuneko yokuba semthethweni kwaso nasiphi na isongelo okanye ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, ngokuqinisekileyo akwanelanga. Ukwenzela ukuba semthethweni kwaso nasiphi na isoyikiso okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezigalo kufuneka kwakhona kuthathelwe ingqalelo imithetho yesiqhelo neyesiqhelo yamazwe ngamazwe yongquzulwano oluxhobileyo lobuntu.
Ngaphantsi koko, isoyikiso sokusebenzisa izixhobo zenyukliya (oko kukuthi, ukunqanda inyukliya/ubugrogrisi) lubandakanya ulwaphulo-mthetho oluqhubekayo lwamazwe ngamazwe: oko kukuthi, ukucwangcisa, ukulungiselela, ukucela kunye neyelenqe lokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho lwaseNuremberg oluchasene noxolo, ulwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene noluntu, ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe, ukubulawa kwabantu, ngokunjalo. ukwaphulwa okunzulu kweNgqungquthela eZine zaseGeneva zowe-1949, iProtocol I eyoNgezelelweyo yowe-1977, iMimiselo yaseHague yowe-1907, kunye neNkomfa yeZizwe ngezizwe yokuThintela kunye nokohlwaywa koLwaphulo-mthetho lokuBulawa kwabantu ngo-1948, i-Inter alia. Ezi zizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezibizwa ngokuba zi-inchoate phantsi kweMithetho yaseNuremberg ezenza izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zamazwe ngamazwe ngokwazo.
Isigqibo esingenakuguqulwa kukuba ukuyila, ukuphanda, ukuvavanya, ukuveliswa, ukwenziwa, ukwenziwa, ukuthuthwa, ukuthunyelwa, ukufakela, ukugcinwa, ukugcinwa, ukufumba, ukuthengisa, nokuthenga kunye nesisongelo sokusebenzisa izixhobo zenyukliya kunye nazo zonke izixhobo zazo eziyimfuneko. ulwaphulo-mthetho phantsi kwemigaqo eyaziwayo yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Ke, abo benza izigqibo kurhulumente kuzo zonke izixhobo zenyukliya ezinoxanduva lokulawula izixhobo zabo zenyukliya namhlanje baphantsi koxanduva lolwaphulo-mthetho phantsi kweMigaqo yaseNuremberg yesi senzo solwaphulo-mthetho sokunqanda izixhobo zenyukliya / ubunqolobi abaye babenza mihla le kuwo onke amazwe kunye. abantu bamazwe ngamazwe. Apha ndinqwenela ukukhankanya amacandelo amane esisoyikiso sokusebenzisa izixhobo zenyukliya ezinetyala ngakumbi ngokwembono yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe: ukujolisa ngokuchasene nobuhlanga; ekujoliswe kuko ngokuchasene nesixeko; izixhobo zokuqala zokubetha kunye nezicwangciso ezingalindelekanga; kunye nokusetyenziswa okokuqala kwezixhobo zenyukliya nokugxotha uhlaselo oluqhelekileyo.
ULWAPHULO-MTHETHO NGEZIXHOBO ZENNUCLEAR KUNYE NOKUTHINTISWA KWE-NUCLEAR
Njengoko kunokumiselwa ngokuyinxenye kuhlalutyo olungaphambili, izixhobo zenyukliya zanamhlanje kunye nayo yonke inkqubo yothintelo lwenyukliya/ubugrogrisi obusetyenziswa ngoku kuzo zonke izixhobo zenyukliya zibulwaphulo-mthetho - hayi nje ngokungekho mthethweni, hayi nje ukuziphatha okubi, kodwa lulwaphulo-mthetho phantsi kokulunga- imigaqo emiselweyo yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Lo mbono ulula wobugebenga bezixhobo zenyukliya unokusetyenziswa ukugqobhoza kwingcinga yenyukliya apho abemi abaninzi abakumazwe ezixhobo zenyukliya baye banikezela. Kungalo mbono ulula wobugebenga bezixhobo zenyukliya apho abemi abachaphazelekayo banokuqhubeka beqonda ukungabikho mthethweni okungokwemvelo kunye nokuchas’ umthetho okusisiseko kwemigaqo-nkqubo abathi oorhulumente babo bayilandele ngamagama abo ngokuphathelene nokugcinwa nophuhliso oluqhubekayo lweenkqubo zezixhobo zenyukliya.
ITHELEKILEYO LAMAZWE NGEZWE LOKUTHINTELA NGENYUCLEAR/UBUGQABA
Uluntu kufuneka luphelise izixhobo zenyukliya ngaphambi kokuba izixhobo zenyukliya ziphelise uluntu. Nangona kunjalo, inani elincinane loorhulumente ehlabathini liyaqhubeka nokulondoloza izixhobo zenyukliya phezu kwayo nje imithetho yezizwe ngezizwe yolwaphulo-mthetho echaseneyo noko. Oku kukhokelele amanye amagqwetha ezizwe ngezizwe ukuba aphikisane ngokunyanisekileyo nangokungazenzisiyo ukuba ekubeni kukho izixhobo zenyukliya ezimbalwa kuluntu lwehlabathi, ngoko ke izixhobo zenyukliya kufuneka ngandlela thile zingabi lulwaphulo-mthetho kuba kungenjalo la mazwe ambalwa awanakuba nezixhobo zenyukliya. Ngamanye amazwi, ukusebenzisa intetho yamagqwetha, olu qheliselo lwelizwe elincinci lokunqanda inyukliya/ubugrogrisi olwenziwa ngamagunya amakhulu ngandlel’ ithile luyabugatya ubukho behlabathi. uluvo juris (o.k.t., imvakalelo yesinyanzeliso somthetho) malunga nolwaphulo-mthetho lwezixhobo zenyukliya.
Kukho impendulo elula kakhulu kule ngxoxo ikhethekileyo: Ukususela nini iqela elincinane lezaphuli-mthetho - kule meko, izixhobo zenyukliya zithi - likwazi ukumisela ukuba yintoni esemthethweni okanye engekho mthethweni kulo lonke uluntu ngokusebenzisa izaphuli-mthetho zabo. ukuziphatha? Liliphi ilungelo abanalo la mazwe ezixhobo zenyukliya lokuxoxa ukuba ngokuziphatha kwawo ngokwawo ngokwawo ngolwaphulo-mthetho ipso facto ukwenza izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zibe semthethweni? Akukho lizwe liphucukileyo linokuthi livumele iqela elincinane lamayelenqe olwaphulo-mthetho ukuba ligqwetha umthetho walo wasekhaya ngolu hlobo. Ngaphezu koko, zombini iNkundla yaseNuremberg kunye neNkundla yaseTokyo zayenza yacaca into yokuba iqela lamazwe asebenzela ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokufanayo alinalungelo lokuphuma kumyalelo womthetho wezizwe ngezizwe ngokubhenela ukuziphatha kwawo kolwaphulo-mthetho njengelona qela lincinane liqhelekileyo lokugxothwa kumazwe ngamazwe. Ex iniuria ius non ortur sisiqhelo somthetho wesintu wamazwe ngamazwe. Ilungelo alinakukhula liphuma kokungekho sikweni!
Ngokuchaseneyo noko, lonke uluntu luye lwaxhatshazwa liyelenqe lehlabathi lolwaphulo-mthetho oluqhubekayo oluqhutywa zizixhobo zenyukliya phantsi kwemfundiso eyaziwa ngokuba yi "nuclear deterrence," eneneni i-euphemism "yobunqolobi benyukliya." Eli yelenqe lolwaphulo-mthetho lamazwe ngamazwe lokunqanda inyukliya/ubunqolobi obusetyenziswa ngoku ngamazwe ezixhobo zenyukliya alahlukanga kulo naliphi na iyelenqe leqela lemigulukudu okanye iqela labagebenga. Ngabaphuli-mthetho. Ngoko ke kuxhomekeke kulo lonke uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe ukucinezela kunye nokuchitha eli yelenqe lolwaphulo-mthetho lamazwe ngamazwe ngokukhawuleza.
ILUNGELO LOMNTU LOKUCHASANA NE-NUCLEAR CIVIL
Kwimeko yokuba izixhobo zenyukliya zithintelwe, azikho mthethweni, kwaye zinolwaphulo-mthetho phantsi kwazo zonke iimeko nangaso nasiphi na isizathu, wonke umntu emhlabeni unelungelo elisisiseko lokukhululeka kolu qheliselo lolwaphulo-mthetho lokunqanda inyukliya/ubunqolobi kunye nembonakalo ehambelana nayo. yokuphela kwenyukliya. Ngoko ke, bonke abantu banelungelo elisisiseko phantsi komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe lokubandakanyeka kwizinto ezingenabundlobongela zochasa uluntu ngenjongo yokuthintela, ukuthintela, okanye ukuphelisa ikhomishini eqhubekayo yolu lwaphulo-mthetho lwamazwe ngamazwe. Wonke ummi woluntu lwehlabathi unelungelo kunye noxanduva lokuchasa ubukho bezixhobo zenyukliya ngazo naziphi na iindlela ezingenabundlobongela anazo. Kungenjalo, uluntu luya kufumana ishwangusha elifanayo neleedinosaurs, kwaye umhlaba uya kuba yinkangala enemitha. Ixesha lokuthintela ngoku!
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela