Okokuqala kwimbali, ukucanda ukuqala kwenkulungwane yama-21, eyona nkampani inkulu ehlabathini yayingeyongxaki yeoli okanye umenzi wemoto, kodwa iWal-Mart, ikhonkco levenkile enkulu. Ixabiso elingumfuziselo lale nyaniso lilinganisa neziphumo zalo ezityumzayo: "luloyiso" lokungaziwa, ukutshintshwa kwendlela yemveli yokufumana into esiyidingayo ukuze sizondle, sinakekele izindlu zethu, izixhobo kunye namayeza, ngokwesiko ibandakanya ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu, kobutsha obukumgangatho ofanayo, "i-mercanntilized", kwaye apho sazi ngokuqhubekayo malunga nokuba ngubani, phi kwaye njani okanye phantsi kweemeko esizithengayo ziveliswa. Ngoku, singakwazi ukuthenga yonke into phantsi kophahla olufanayo, kwaye nangona iimpahla zibonakala zingabizi kakhulu, nto leyo eneneni iyinkohliso, yonke i-paradigm inokugqibela ibiza kakhulu. Ukuthenga namhlanje eWal-Mart kusenokuthetha ukulahlekelwa ngumsebenzi wakho okanye ukufaka isandla ekulahlekelweni ngomnye umntu kusapho lwakho okanye kuluntu ngaxa lithile ezantsi emgceni.
Umgaqo-nkqubo kaWal-Mart wamaxabiso aphantsi uyagcinwa ngelixa kukho ezinye iindawo zokuthenga kwindawo enye. Xa ezinye iivenkile zingena ngaphantsi, zingakwazi ukukhuphisana, akukho nto ithintela iWal-Mart ekunyuseni amaxabiso azo, nto leyo inkampani ehlala iyenza. I-Wal-Mart ibe nefuthe elibi kwezo ndawo apho ibonise khona, kwaye ngokutsho kweWal-Mart Watch, umbutho wabemi abachatshazelwa yimigaqo-nkqubo yenkampani, kuyo yonke imisebenzi emibini eyenziwayo xa ifudukela ekuhlaleni, emithathu ilahlekile.
I-Wal-Mart ikwindawo ye-19 phakathi koqoqosho olunamandla ali-100 ehlabathini รขโฌโ ama-49 kuphela kuwo angamazwe ngoku. Umhlolokazi kaSam Walton noonyana babo abane balawula i-38 pesenti yezabelo zayo. Ngowama-2004 bebekwindawo yesithandathu kubona bantu bazizityebi emhlabeni, benemali emalunga neebhiliyoni ezingama-20. Ukuba uSam Walton wayephila wayeya kuba sisityebi ngokuphindwe kabini njengoBill Gates, ongomnye kuluhlu kunye ne-46 yezigidigidi. Zombini ziyimbonakalo ecacileyo ye-megamonopoly yanamhlanje kunye nolawulo abalusebenzisayo kubathengi. Aba badla bodwa ngokuqinisekileyo banenjongo yokwandisa ulawulo lwabo. I-Wal-Mart, kunokuxoxwa ngayo, ineempembelelo ezinkulu, njengoko ithengisa uluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso kwaye isebenzisa amandla amakhulu kubaboneleli รขโฌโ kunye nabezopolitiko.
Yeyona khonkco inkulu yokuthengisa ngokuthe ngqo kubathengi eMntla Melika. E-US ineevenkile ezingaphezu kwamawaka amathathu eWal-Mart kunye nempahla ye-550 ye-Sam's Club. EMexico sele inama-54 eepesenti kwimarike, kunye neevenkile ezingama-687 kwizixeko ezingama-71, kubandakanya iWal-Mart, iSam's Club, iBodegas Aurrera, iSuperama kunye neSuburbia, ngaphandle kweevenkile zokutyela iVips, El Porton kunye neRagazzi. Sele ilawula amacandelo amakhulu kakhulu emarike eKhanada, eGreat Britain, eBrazil, eJamani nasePuerto Rico, kwaye impembelelo yayo iyanda kwezinye ezininzi, eJapan, umzekelo.
Ngoyena mqeshi wabucala mkhulu eUnited States naseMexico. Kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka ikhona iye yaqokelela imbali emangalisayo yokumangalelwa ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi, kuquka nokuthintela ngokungekho mthethweni ukudityaniswa kwabasebenzi bayo, kwaye malunga nayo yonke enye into enokunyhashwa kwamalungelo abasebenzi: ucalucalulo lwabakhubazekileyo, ucalucalulo ngokwesondo. , ukuqeshwa kwabantwana, ukunqongophala koncedo lwezempilo, kunye nexesha elongezelelekileyo elingahlawulwayo. E-US i-38 yepesenti yabasebenzi bayo abanalo ukhathalelo lwezempilo, kwaye imivuzo eyihlawulayo, ngokomyinge, ingaphantsi kwama-26 ekhulwini kunesiqhelo soshishino. NgoDisemba ka-2003 kwakukho amatyala eklasi angama-39 awayelindele inkampani kumazwe angama-30 awohlukeneyo e-US ngokuphulwa kwemithetho yexesha elongezelelweyo. Kumjikelo wenyanga ka-Okthobha, ka-2003 urhulumente wafumana abasebenzi bangaphandle abangama-250 abangenamaphepha, nababesebenza phantsi kweemeko ezimbi kakhulu. NgoJuni ka-2004 iWal-Mart yaphulukana nelona tyala likhulu kwimbali, apho abafazi abayi-1,600,000 babonisa ukuba baye baphathwa ngocalucalulo ngokwesini njengabasebenzi benkampani ukusukela ngo-1998.
Kodwa amaxabiso aphantsi enkampani awasekelwanga kuphela ekuxhatshazweni kwabasebenzi bayo kumazwe esebenza kuwo ngokuthe ngqo. Amaxabiso ayisiphumo esithe ngqo sokusetyenziswa okucwangcisiweyo kwe "maquiladoras" kwiimeko zokuxhatshazwa ngokugqithisileyo. Umsebenzi kwenye yezi, ehlala e-Bangladesh, uxelele iLos Angeles Times ngo-2003 ukuba usuku lwakhe lwesiqhelo lomsebenzi lwaluqala ngentsimbi yesi-8 kusasa ukuya kweyesi-3 kusasa, zili-10 okanye ezili-15 iintsuku zilandelelana. Yiloo nto efunekayo ukuze akwazi ukuphila xa efumana umvuzo awayewufumana. Kodwa kwakweli nqaku, umphathi weshishini wakhalaza ukuba kufuneka basebenze ngakumbi, njengoko iWal-Mart yayigrogrisa ngokuyisa imveliso eTshayina, apho yayinokufumana amaxabiso aphantsi.
Nangona kubi kakhulu, ukuxhaphaza abasebenzi ayikuphela kwesiphumo se-โWal-Martโ. Zininzi ezinye, kubandakanywa ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji entsha ukulandela izinto ezithengiweyo zabantu nasemva kokushiya ivenkile enkulu. Ukulawula kubonakala ngathi ligama lomdlalo kwi "Walmartization" yehlabathi.
Ukondla uBhuti Omkhulu.
Iivenkile ezinkulu ziyinxalenye yekhonkco lokutya elihambisa eyona mali ininzi. Ngokutsho kwabahlalutyi abathile impembelelo yabo iphezulu kwaye inokuqwenga lonke elinye ikhonkco langaphambili kwikhonkco, njengabavelisi bokutya nesiselo, abasasazi, kunye nababoneleli bezolimo.kunye nabavelisi. Ukuba bagqibela ngokubandakanyeka kula macandelo ekhonkco kuya kuxhomekeka kuqoqosho lomdlalo, ukuze ukuba kunexabiso eliphantsi ukuvumela ezinye iinkampani ukuba zikhuphisane ngokwazo, zingabandakanyeki. Isiphumo, nangona kunjalo, siyafana: ukugxininiswa kolawulo kunye namandla kwizandla ezincinci nezimbalwa. Oku akuphelelanga kwiWal-Mart kodwa kukwabandakanya nezinye izigebenga ezifana neCarrefour, Ahold, Costco okanye Tesco.
Kodwa i-Wal-Mart ibalasele ngakumbi kuba, ngaphandle kokuba yeyona nkampani inkulu ehlabathini, umvuzo wayo uphindaphindwe kane kunalowo ukhuphisana naye omkhulu, kwaye mkhulu kunezine ezilandelayo zidityanisiwe. Kuba ingoyena mthengisi mkhulu weemveliso zokutya kwinqanaba lehlabathi inempembelelo enkulu kwinto kwaye kuveliswa njani ukutya. Sele idlala, umzekelo, kwezolimo ngesivumelwano ngokuthe ngqo nabavelisi bezolimo. Ikwakwindawo yesithathu kwiintengiso kumayeza.
Ngokungathi akonelanga ukuba ligunya elinjalo lezoqoqosho, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokukhula kwemonopoly, iWal-Mart iyaqala, njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, ukusebenzisa ubugcisa obutsha ukufumana ulwazi malunga neepatheni zokuthenga kwabantu. Sele ivavanya, kwizixeko ezithathu zase-US, ukutshintshwa kweekhowudi zebha kwiinkqubo zokuchongwa ngokusebenzisa amaza kanomathotholo. Le yinkqubo โyokufakela iilebhileโ esebenzisa itshiphu yombane, engekho nkulu kunokhozo lwerayisi kwaye inokuba ncinane kakhulu, iqulethe ulwazi malunga nemveliso, ethi ikhutshelwe ngaphandle kwamacingo kwikhompyutha. Le chip iyakwazi ukugcina ulwazi oluninzi kunekhowudi yebha. Ingxaki kukuba uphawu lwayo lulandela umthengi ngaphandle kweengcango zevenkile enkulu. Ngokutsho kweWal-Mart, umthengi uya kuba nokukhetha ukucela kwi-checkout ukuba i-chip ivaliwe, ngaphandle kokuba ayinazo izicwangciso zokubhengeza le nto.
Isele izama ukusebenzisa iimveliso ezivela kuGillette kunye neProcter & Gamble, kunye nezinye ezifana neCoca Cola, iKodak, iNestle kunye nabanye abaninzi.
Ekuqaleni kwe-2004 i-Wal-Mart ixelele ababoneleli bayo abayintloko be-100 ukuba kuya kufuneka balungele ukubonelela le teknoloji ngoJanuwari, i-2005,
Inkqubo iya kuqala, ekuqaleni, kuphela njengendlela yokulandelela ukuthunyelwa kweevenkile, oko kukuthi, ayihambelani ngokuthe ngqo nokupakishwa okugoduka nomthengi. NgoNovemba iye yabhengeza ukuba uninzi lwababoneleli, kunye ne-37 eyongezelelweyo eyongeziweyo kuluhlu lokuqala luya kube lulungile. Ngoku ngumcimbi wexesha de iindleko zeechips zehle ngokwaneleyo ngaphambi kokuba zibandakanywe kuyo yonke into ethengwa ngumthengi.
Enyanisweni, oku kuthetha, umzekelo, ukuba abathengi ababhalisa amakhadi abo okuthenga ngetyala xa bengena evenkileni banokubhatalela ukuthenga kwabo ngaphandle kokungena kwi-cashier, njengoko iimveliso bezibhalisa ngokuzenzekelayo xa ziphuma. Kodwa uWal-Mart kunye nabanye abasebenzisa itekhnoloji baya kuba nolwazi oluchanekileyo malunga nokuba ngubani, yintoni, nini, kangakanani kwaye kusetyenziswa phi iimveliso.
Nangona i-Wal-Mart ingeyiyo yodwa evavanya itekhnoloji รขโฌโ kukho iTesco eGreat Britain, kunye neMetro, Carrefour kunye neHome Depot kwezinye iindawo, ingawona mandla makhulu emva kophuhliso lwayo. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba iteknoloji yaphuhliswa kuqala kwaye yaphunyezwa liSebe lezoKhuselo lase-US.
U-Orwell kufuneka ejikeleza engcwabeni lakhe. Ezi nkqubo zincinci zolawulo, "abazalwana abancinci", ukuba uyathanda, ziya kuhamba kakhulu kunoMzalwana omkhulu awayenombono wakhe.
I-paradigm ye-Walmartization ebhekiselele "kwihlabathi elonwabileyo" elixilongo ziinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe idinga ukungazi kwethu kunye nokungakhathali kwethu ukuze siphumelele. Okumangalisayo kukuba, abo baseleyo bengenakufikelela kumakhadi okuthenga ngetyala okanye okuthenga ngetyala รขโฌโ ngamanye amazwi, uninzi lwabemi besijikelezi-langa รขโฌโ baya kuhlala bengaphandle kokufikelela kule nkqubo yolawulo. Ngawo onke amandla ayo, iWal-Mart kunye nelinye ilizwe lifuna ukuba siphile. Asizidingi.
USilvia Ribeiro ngumphandi nge Iqela ETC.
Iguqulelwe ukusuka kwiSpanish nguDaniel Morduchowicz
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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