[Esi siqwenga sithatyathwe kwincwadi entsha kaThomas Frank, Mamela, Liberal, okanye Kwenzeke Ntoni Kwiqela laBantu? (Iincwadi zeMetropolitan).]
Xa ucinezela iiDemokhrasi kwizenzo zabo ezingakhuthaziyo - izivumelwano zabo zokurhweba simahla, umzekelo, okanye impendulo engalunganga kwi-Wall Street yokuziphatha kakubi - xa ubacinezela kuyo nayiphi na yezi zinto, baphendula ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba le yeyona nto ilungileyo nabani na ebenokuyenza. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, kwafuneka bajongane nala maRiphabhlikhi akhohlakeleyo, kwaye abo bantu baseRiphabhlikhi zoyikekayo abazange bavumele izinto ezilungileyo ukuba zidlule. Baye bangena kwi-Senate. Baye balawula izithili zeCongress. Kwaye ngaphandle koko, utshintsho luthatha ixesha elide. Ngokuqinisekileyo awucingi ukuba izinto ezipholileyo ukuya ku-dikidiki zenziwe nguBill Clinton kunye noBarack Obama eWashington ngokwenene zimele umphefumlo weDemokhrasi.
Ngoko ke masiye kwindawo eya kuyo. Masikhethe indawo apho ulawulo lweDemokhrasi lungenakuphikiswa, indawo apho uthintelo lweRiphabhlikhi kunye nolonakaliso lungenako ukonakalisa ulinge.
Masiye eBoston, eMassachusetts, ilizwe lokomoya lodidi lobuchwephesha kunye nendawo apho imbono yenkululeko yanamhlanje ivunyelwe ukuba ikhule kwaye ichume ngaphandle komngeni okanye izithintelo. Njengesihlalo semfundo ephakamileyo yaseMelika, kubonakala kungamangalisi ukuba iBoston kufuneka ibambelele kwelinye lawona mazwe aseDemokhrasi, indawo apho amaRiphabhlikhi anyuliweyo (njengerhuluneli entsha) engaqhelekanga kakhulu. Esi sisixeko esiye sayila imodeli yoqoqosho yeblue-state, apho impumelelo ivela kwimfundo ephakamileyo kunye namashishini asekelwe kulwazi olungqongileyo.
Ukuza koluntu lwasemva kwamashishini kuphathe kakuhle kakhulu le dolophu yakudala yaseMelika. I-Massachusetts ihlala kwindawo yokuqala kwi-State New Economy Index, umlinganiselo wendlela "esekelwe kulwazi, i-globalized, ishishini, i-IT-driven, kunye ne-innovation-based" indawo eyenzekayo. IBoston ikwinqanaba eliphezulu kuninzi lwezalathisi manani zeRichard Florida - ngo-2003, yayiyinombolo yokuqala "kwisalathiso seklasi yokudala," inani lesithathu kubuchule obutsha kunye nobuchwephesha obuphezulu - kwaye iincwadi zakhe ezininzi ziyamangala kugxininiso lwedolophu lwemali eyinkunzi, umtsalane wayo kubantu abatsha, okanye ixesha eyalukuhla ngayo inkampani ethile kude nendawo engakhanyiselwanga kwimimandla esemagqagaleni.
Uqoqosho lolwazi lwaseBoston lolona lubalaseleyo, kwaye lolona ludala. Ummandla we-metro waseBoston ubandakanya iikholeji zabucala kunye neeyunivesithi ezingama-85, ezona ndawo ziphezulu zamaziko aphakamileyo elizweni-mhlawumbi emhlabeni. Lo mmandla unazo zonke iingenelo ezincedisayo zokubonisa oku: abantu abafunde kakhulu, inani elikhulu ngokungaqhelekanga lamalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza, kunye nabawongwa ngembasa yeNobel ngaphezu kwaso nasiphi na esinye isixeko elizweni.
Ipaseji yesiXeko iRoute 128 yayiyimodeli yokuqala yesithili sobuchwephesha basezidolophini, esinemigca ukusukela oko yakhiwa ngeekontraka zokhuselo kunye nabavelisi beekhompyuter. Iindawo ezikufutshane nale ndlela yegolide ziphakathi kwabona masipala bazizityebi kweli lizwe, kuhlala iinjineli, amagqwetha, kunye nabasebenzi basemoyeni. Izikolo zabo zikawonke-wonke zigqwesile, idolophu zabo zintle, kwaye emva kwiminyaka yamashumi asixhenxe abahlali babo abakhanyiselwe ngokwasentlalweni babengumzekelo womfanekiso "wenkululeko yasezidolophini."
Enye iprototype: iMassachusetts Institute of Technology, ehlala eCambridge, kulapho imbono yethu yale mihla yeyunivesithi njenge-incubator yamashishini oshishino yaqala khona. Ngokwengxelo yempumelelo yeMIT kolu didi, alumni besi sikolo baqale phantse iinkampani ezingama-26,000 kule minyaka idlulileyo, kubandakanya i-Intel, iHewlett Packard, kunye neQualcomm. Ukuba ubunokuthatha ezo nkampani zingama-26,000 njengesizwe esahlukileyo, ingxelo isixelela ukuba, uqoqosho lwayo beluya kuba lolona lunemveliso ehlabathini.
Ke kukho iinkxalabo ezininzi zaseBoston zebhayoloji kunye nezamayeza, ezidityaniswe ndawonye kwinto eyaziwa ngokuba yi โlife sciences super cluster,โ ethi, iqondwe kakuhle, iyinxalenye โyenkqubo yendaloโ apho iiPhDs โzinobudlelwaneโ namaventure capitalists nalapho Iifemu ezinkulu zoxubo-mayeza zinokuthenga ezincinci. Ngelixa amanye amashishini eshwabana, iqela elikhulu laseBoston liyakhula, kunye neengcali zenzululwazi yobomi behlabathi zikhanyisela i-Athene yaseMelika kunye โnamaziko amatsha okuvelisa izinto ezintshaโ azixhokonxa omnye emva komnye kwindawo ephithizelayo yemfundo yaseCambridge.
Ukucinga ngayo ngokunzulu ngakumbi, iBoston likomkhulu lamashishini amabini athe gqolo ukubhanga kumbindi waseMelika: ukufunda okukhulu kunye namayeza amakhulu, omabini abeka iindleko ekufuneka wonke umntu ngokusisiseko azihlawule kwaye ezonyuka ngesantya esikhawulezayo. kunomvuzo okanye ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Iwaka leedola ipilisi, i-30 enkulu ngesemester: amatyala athi ngokuthe ngcembe aminxe ubomi babantu apho nina phila yiloo nto eyenzileyo lo isixeko esityebe kakhulu.
Mhlawumbi iyavakala, ke, ukuba olunye udidi apho iMassachusetts ikwinqanaba eliphezulu kukungalingani. Nje ukuba undwendwe lushiye isiphithiphithi saseBoston, ufumanisa ukuba eli lizwe lizaliswe yinkxwaleko-eneedolophu zangaphambili zemveliso apho abasebenzi babukele indlela yabo yokuphila isiya iphuma, kunye nezixeko ezingaphezulu nje kweendawo zokugcina abantu kwiMedicare. Ngokutsho kolunye uhlolisiso, iMassachusetts inezinga lesibhozo elibi lokungalingani kwemivuzo phakathi kwamazwe; ngenye metric ikwindawo yesine. Nangona kunjalo ukhetha ukulinganisa ubutyebi obuhlukeneyo belizwe be-10% kwaye abanye, iMassachusetts ihlala ibonakala igqiba phakathi kweendawo ezingalinganiyo zelizwe.
Seething City kwiLiwa
Uyabona ukuba ndithetha ukuthini xa undwendwela i-Fall River, idolophu yakudala yokugaya iikhilomitha ezingama-50 kumzantsi weBoston. Umvuzo wamakhaya amaMedi kweso sixeko zii-$33,000, phakathi kwezona ziphantsi kweli lizwe; Intswela-ngqesho iphakathi kwezona ziphezulu, i-15% ngoMatshi 2014, phantse iminyaka emihlanu emva kokuphela kokudodobala koqoqosho. Amashumi amabini anesithathu ekhulwini abemi base-Fall River bahlala ebuhlwempu. Isixeko saphulukana neenkxalabo ezininzi zokwenza amalaphu kumashumi eminyaka eyadlulayo kwaye kunye nabo saphulukana nesizathu sokubakho. Abantu bebeyishiya le ndawo amashumi eminyaka.
Uninzi lweefektri ezingenanto apho ookhokho babo basebenza khona zisamile, nangona kunjalo. Izakhiwo eziqinileyo zenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba zegranite okanye izitena, ezi bhokisi zinkulu zilawula isixeko ngokubonakalayo - kuhlala kubonakala ngathi kukho enye okanye ezimbini kuzo kwi-vista, ngokuchasene kabuhlungu nayo nayiphi na iplasitiki enemibala edibeneyo yokutya okukhawulezayo iye yaqhwatywa emnyango olandelayo.
Uninzi lweefektri ezindala zixhonywe phezulu, iimpawu ezicacileyo zokungabi nathemba ukuya eluphahleni. Kodwa ezo zithe zaphinda zajongwa ngempumelelo ngandlelโ ithile zimbi ngakumbi, zizaliswe njengoko zidla ngokuba ngamashishini abonelela ngeesuti zexabiso eliphantsi okanye anceda ekukhotyokisweni ziziyobisi. Ikliniki ekwindawo yokusila eshiyiweyo inophawu efestileni olufundeka ngokulula โUmhlaza neGazi.โ
Umphumo wako konke oku kukukhumbuza ngethemba ngalinye ukuba le yindawo kunye nendlela yokuphila apho abezopolitiko baye barhoxisa iintsikelelo zabo. Njengeminye imiboniso emininzi yaseMelika, le yimveliso yamashumi eminyaka yokwenziwa kwemizi-mveliso, yenziwe ngamaRiphabhlikhi kwaye yahlengahlengiswa ziiDemocrats. Le yindawo apho ubutyebi bungabuyi bubuye-hayi ngenxa yokuba ubutyebi be-Fall River bungenakwenzeka okanye bungenakucingelwa, kodwa ngenxa yokuba iinkokeli zelizwe lethu zamkele ngokungenangqondo i-odolo yentlalontle ehlala ihlawula imivuzo yabantu abafana naba ngelixa bethengisa imivuzo yabaqalayo, abadali. , kunye neengcali.
Nditsho nethemba lokwenyani lesixeko ngamathuba amatsha engqesho - indawo yokugcina impahla yaseAmazon ngoku ekwinqanaba lokucwangcisa - iya kunceda ukuvala kobu budlelwane. Ukuba konke kuhamba ngokwesicwangciso, kwaye ukuba iAmazon ibambelela kwizenzo ebizihlambulule kwenye indawo, abantu abasuka kuMlambo iFall ngenye imini baya kwenza umsebenzi odinisayo ngezibonelelo ezimbalwa ngelixa bejongwa nge-elektroniki ukusebenza kakuhle, ukuze basindise abathengi abatyebileyo abakufutshane. Boston iipeni ezimbalwa xa bethenga iincwadi okanye izinto zombane.
Kodwa oko kuphelele kwikamva. Kule mihla, iphephandaba lasekuhlaleni lipapasha intaphane yamabali okubanjwa kweziyobisi, ukudutyulwa kwabantu, iingozi zeemoto ezinxilileyo, ubudenge bezobupolitika basekuhlaleni, โnezindlu ezifikelelekayoโ eziye zaphuphuma. Idolophu ijonge ngamehlo ayo ngobukrakra bomsindo ngokuchasene nabasebenzi bakarhulumente. Njengaku: Kutheni befanelwe bubomi obundilisekileyo ekubeni sonke singenalo kwaphela ithuba? Yiyo yonke indoda yakhe apha "kukhuphiswano lweimvuthuluka," njengoko umhlobo we-Fall River ebeka.
UVuko olukhulu loSomashishini
Ukuba i-Fall River igcwele amatye okusila angenanto, izitrato zaseBoston zinamafasilithi enzelwe ukwenza into entsha kunye noshishino lula kwaye lube lula. Ndothuswa kukufumanisa, ngexesha endilichithe ndihlola imeko yezopolitiko yesixeko, ukuba iBoston iqhayisa ngeSithili se-Innovation esigcweleyo, indawo yemizi-mveliso engasasetyenziswayo eye yacandelwa ukuyila-ingqikelelo yelizwe eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka emva koshishino. igridi yasezidolophini ngokwayo. Umbindi wobumelwane sisakhiwo esibizwa ngokuba "yiHolo yeSithili" - "Ikhaya eNtsha laseBoston leNtsha yokuTshintsha" - ebonakale kum njengegumbi elizukileyo lemisebenzi emininzi, elivalwe kwi-faรงade ebukhali, kunye nokwabelana ngophahla kunye nevenkile yokutyela ebonelela " ukutya okuvelileyo kubantu abavelisa izinto ezintsha. โ I-Wi-Fi yayikhululekile, izikrini kwiindonga zibonise iingcaphuno ezidumileyo malunga nobuchule, kwaye iindonga ngokwazo zigutyungelwe ngokugqitywa kwe-gloss high-gloss ekuthethwa ukuba kubhalwe kuyo kunye namanqaku okucima okomileyo; kodwa ngenye indlela lalingahlukanga kangako kwithala leencwadi eliqhelekileyo likawonke-wonke. Ngaphandle kokungabi nanto yokufunda, oko kukuthi.
Esi yayiyintshayelelo yam kwiziseko zophuhliso zesixeko, uninzi lwazo ezakhiwe ngoosomashishini abachubekileyo bezama ukubamba intwana yosomashishini. Kukho iindawo โzokusebenza ngokubambisanaโ, iiofisi ekwabelwana ngazo zokuqalisa ezingakwaziyo ukuhlawula eyona nto iyiyo. Kukho ukuqalisa "i-incubators" kunye nokuqalisa "i-accelerators," ezijolise ekunciphiseni umzabalazo ongunaphakade we-innovator kunye noluntu olungakhathaliyo: i-Startup Institute, umzekelo, kunye ne-MassChallenge eyaziwayo, "I-World's Largest Startup Accelerator," eqhuba ukhuphiswano lonyaka. kwiinkampani ezintsha kwaye unikezela ngamabhaso ekugqibeleni.
Kwaye ke kukho ezintsha Democrats, ekhokelwa owayesakuba yiRhuluneli uDeval Patrick, lowo wongamela urhulumente Massachusetts ukusuka 2007 ukuya 2015. Yena eqhelekileyo iinkokeli kudidi lwenkululeko; usenokuthi ungoyena mzekelo wabo uphumeleleyo. Kubonakala ngathi wonke umntu uyamthanda, kwanabachasi bakhe. Usisithethi sasesidlangalaleni esikrelekrele nesithetha kakuhle kwanendoda enobuchule, iteknoloji efunde kakhulu nekhululekileyo kushishino. Enkosi ekukhuleni kwakhe kwiprojekthi yezindlu zaseChicago, uyayiqonda imeko yabahluphekayo, kwaye (mhlawumbi eyona nto ingcono kunabo bonke) ungumpolitiki othembekileyo kwilizwe eliqhelene nobuqhophololo obuvuleleke ngokubanzi. UPatrick wayekwayirhuluneli yokuqala emnyama yaseMassachusetts kwaye, ngandlela thile, iDemocrat efanelekileyo yexesha likaBarack Obama - othi, njengoko kusenzeka, ngomnye wabalingane bakhe abasondeleyo kwezopolitiko.
Njengerhuluneli, uPatrick waba luhlobo lomvangeli wasemazweni wehlelo lokuvelisa izinto ezintsha. "Uqoqosho lwaseMassachusetts luqoqosho olutsha," wayethanda ukubhengeza, kwaye wenza amagqabantshintshi afanayo izihlandlo ezininzi, etshintsha kancinane ulungelelwaniso lwamagama aphambili anethemba: "Ukusungula into ephambili kuqoqosho lwaseMassachusetts," njalo njalo. Irhuluneli yavula โizikolo ezivelisa izinto ezintsha,โ uhlobo lwesikolo esinemivuzo ethe kratya. Utyikitye โiSocial Innovation Compact,โ enento yokwenza nokuhlangabezana โnemfuno yecandelo labucala letalente yokungena kwinqanaba lobuchwephesha.โ Kwintetho ka-2009 eyayibizwa ngokuba โyi-Innovation Economy,โ uPatrick wayicacisa ngakumbi ithiyori yezopolitiko yokusungula izinto ezintsha, exelela abaphulaphuli beentlobo zemibutho eSilicon Valley malunga โnoxinzelelo oluphezulu lwengqondoโ yaseMassachusetts kunye โnenqanaba lehlabathiโ kwiiyunivesithi, kwaye njani โ thina kurhulumente sisebenza ngokubambisana necandelo labucala kunye neeyunivesithi, ukomeleza amashishini ethu okuvelisa izinto ezintsha.โ
Yayithetha ukuthini yonke le nto? Ixesha elininzi, yayiyi-appleauce esulungekileyo-imigangatho emiselweyo yokukhutshwa rhoqo xa inkampani yamayeza ivula isakhiwo seofisi kwindawo ethile kurhulumente.
Ngamanye amaxesha, i-buzzword kaPatrick ayithandayo yeza nethegi yexabiso elikhulu, njengebhiliyoni yeedola kwinkxaso kunye nekhefu lerhafu elagunyaziswa yirhuluneli ngo-2008 ukukhuthaza iinkampani zamayeza kunye nebhayoloji ukuba zenze ishishini eMassachusetts. Ngamanye amaxesha, ukuthanda i-inno kuthetha ukuxhaphaza abantu endleleni yabo-umzekelo, abaqhubi beeteksi abaphila ubomi obuxhatshazwa ngokukhwela ii-apps ezifana no-Uber. Xa aba basebenzi benza uqhanqalazo olwahlukeneyo kwindawo yaseBoston, uPatrick wangenelela kwicala lenkampani yesoftware ekude. Kuyabonakala ukuba ukunceda abantu abakhwela iiteksi bekubalulekile kunomvuzo oncomekayo kubantu abaqhuba ezo teksi. Akukhange kube buhlungu into yokuba u-Uber aqeshe owayesakuba nguPatrick umncedisi njengomncedisi, kodwa eyona ngongoma yayiyeyokuba, ewe, yayiyinkqubo entsha: Uber wayelikamva, abaqhubi beeteksi babedlule, kwaye indlela yaseMassachusetts yayicacile.
Kungekudala emva koko, uPatrick waba yinto entsha ngokwakhe. Emva kokuba ixesha lakhe njengerhuluneli lifikelele esiphelweni kulo nyaka uphelileyo, waphumelela umsebenzi njengomlawuli olawulayo we-Bain Capital, i-private equity firm eyasekwa ngumanduleli wakhe u-Mitt Romney-yaye yagwetywa ngamandla yi-Democrats ngexesha lonyulo luka-2012. . UPatrick wathetha ngalo msebenzi ngathi wawusesinye isiqalo: โYayiyinto eyonwabisayo nefike ngexesha elifanelekileyo bendinomdla wokwakha ishishini uBain ebenomdla wokulakha,โ uxelele Wall Street Journal. U-Romney kuthiwa wamtsalela umnxeba ngokuvuyisana naye.
Oosomashishini kuqala
Kumbhiyozo ka-2014 wobunkokeli beRhuluneli uPatrick, u-Eric Schmidt wakwaGoogle ubhengeze ukuba "ukuba ufuna ukusombulula iingxaki zoqoqosho e-US, yenza oosomashishini abaninzi." Olo hlobo lushwankathela ingcamango kolu manyano lwequmrhu: oosomashishini kuqala. Kodwa imfundiso enjalo iye njani yaba ngumbhalo ongcwele kwiqela elizinikele kwintlalo-ntle yabantu abaqhelekileyo? Kwaye konke oku kwenzeke njani kwilizwe elikhululekileyo laseMassachusetts?
Impendulo kukuba ndinenkululeko engalunganga. Uhlobo lwenkululeko eye yalawula iMassachusetts kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka adlulileyo ayizozinto zikaFranklin Roosevelt okanye i-United Auto Workers; yiNdlela ye-128/idolophu-iingcali ezahlukeneyo. (USenator uElizabeth Warren ngoyena ubalaseleyo kulo mgaqo.) Iinkululeko zodidi oluphezulu akothuswanga ngamabhaso amakhulu abo baphumeleleyo eluntwini. Ngokuchasene noko, oku kubonakala kungokwemvelo kubo - kuba bona are abaphumeleleyo kuluntu. Inkululeko yeengcali nje ayinwenweli kwimiba yokungalingani; le yindawo apho iintliziyo ezithambileyo zijika ngokukhawuleza zibe lukhuni.
I-innovation liberalism "yinkululeko yezityebi," ukusebenzisa ibinzana elithe ngqo lenkokeli yabasebenzi yasekhaya uHarris Gruman. Le mfundiso ayinamonde ngengcamango yokuba wonke umntu makabe nesabelo kubutyebi boluntu. Yintoni i-Massachusetts liberals pine yayo, ngokubanzi, yi-meritocracy egqibeleleyo - inkqubo apho eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuqinisekisa ukuba abanetalente yokwenene bangena kwizikolo ezifanelekileyo kwaye banyuke ngokunyuka kuluntu. Ngelishwa, nangona kunjalo, njengoko imodeli ye-blue-state yenza kucace kabuhlungu, akukho manyano kwi-meritocracy. Ingcinga yokuphumelela kwezemfundo iyayikhaba lula nayiphi na imbeko esinokuba nayo kwabo bathweswe izidanga.
Le yinto enomdla, akunjalo? Umbuso ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka apho iiDemokhrasi zigcina uxhulumaniso olucacileyo kwiimali eziphezulu kunye ne-pharma enkulu; apho bathe ngabom bakhetha ii-barons zesoftware ezikude kumalungu omsebenzi woluntu lwabo; kwaye apho izindululo zabo eziphambili zoqoqosho zinento yokwenza nokukhuthaza โubuchule obutsha,โ umbono omkhulu nothembisayo ohleli ungacacanga ngendlela ekrokrisayo. Kwaye ezi Democrats ezintsha azinabanga ukuba izandla zabo zanyanzeliswa ngamaRiphabhlikhi. Beza nale nkqubo bebodwa.
UThomas Frank ngumbhali wencwadi esanda kupapashwa Mamela, Liberal, okanye Kwenzeke Ntoni Kwiqela laBantu? (Iincwadi zeMetropolitan) esithathelwe kuso esi sincoko. Uye wabhala Uvelana noBillionaire, Iqela Lokonakalisa, yaye Yintoni ingxaki ngeKansas? phakathi kweminye imisebenzi. Ungumhleli ongumseki we IBhaffler.
Eli nqaku lavela okokuqala kwi-TomDispatch.com, iblogi yeSizwe yeZiko, ebonelela ngokuhamba ngokuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, iindaba, kunye noluvo oluvela kuTom Engelhardt, umhleli wexesha elide ekupapasheni, umseki weProjekthi yoBukhosi baseMelika, umbhali we Ukuphela kweNkcubeko yokuNqoba, njengenoveli, Iintsuku Zokugqibela Zopapasho. Incwadi yakhe yamva nje ngu Urhulumente we-Shadow: Uqwalaselo, iMikhosi eyimfihlo, kunye ne-State Security State kwilizwe eliMandla oLodwa (Iincwadi zeHaymarket).
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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